impacts of traffic on commercial activities in urban areas; a case of kampala city in uganda; by...
DESCRIPTION
Traffic/transportation planning has always been a major problem in urban areas all over the world most especially in developing countries. Most urban areas harbor CBDs which are the hearts of the cities and centers for commercial activities/economic development. Therefore they tend to attract all modes of traffic. This becomes a mess when that particular urban area’s traffic is not well planned and designed. Leading to traffic related problems such as traffic jam, traffic congestion, delays, pollution, accidents among others.The purpose of this research study was to establish the impact of traffic on commercial activities in urban areas, specifically in Kampala central division in Kampala city. In relation to physical planning, one of its major concerns is improving the relationship between traffic and commercial development. This therefore is achieved through reviewing past situations and present trends to forward better future situations. The researcher therefore, used planning principles and options to review the existing situation in Kampala central division and came up with possible recommendations to address traffic and commercial related problems with in Kampala central division. The researcher revealed and discussed the major traffic modes, commercial activities, destinations, origins of traffic and also identified the positive and negative impact of traffic on commercial activities together with other problems in the city.TRANSCRIPT
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OI]GAS @J S^GJJOA @H A@IID^AOGB GASOZOSODQ OH T^NGH
G^DGQ
G AGQD QSTC_ @J KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H
KGI]GBG AOS_
N_
_GUD QGITDB
^DE H@6 =5715/DZD
G COQQD^SGSO@H QTNIOSSDC S@ SLD A@BBDED @J
GE^OATBST^D GHC DHZO^@HIDHSGB QAODHADQ, QAL@@B @J
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CD]G^SIDHS @J ED@E^G]L_, ED@OHJ@^IGSOAQ GHC
ABOIGSOA QAODHADQ
OH ]G^SOGB JTBJOBIDHS
@J SLD GUG^C @J G NGALDB@^Q CDE^DD
@J T^NGH GHC ^DEO@HGB ]BGHHOHE
@J IGKD^D^D THOZD^QOS_
QT]D^ZOQ@^6 I^Q. GIGHCG G. HEGNO^GH@
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CDABG^GSO@H
O, _gwd Qgiudb, cdabgrd tlgt tlos cossdrtgto`h rdsdgral pr`fdat rdp`rt os iy `roeohgb w`rk
prdpgrdc `ut `j a`hsubtgto`h ghc pdrs`hgb djj`rt wotl h` rdgs`h `j c`unt oh a`ipbdto`h `j iy
^dsdgral pr`fdat agrrodc `ut jr`i Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h jr`i Igral t` @at`ndr >=7>.
Qoehgturd6 .
_GUD QGITDB (^dsdgraldr)
Cgtd6 .
Qoehgturd6 .
Qupdrvosdc ny I^Q. GIGHCG G. HEGNO^GH@
Cgtd6 .
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CDCOAGSO@H
Oh tld idi`ry `j iy jgtldr Bgtd Qet. H_GHVO FOII_ KGNGHCG ghc iy cdgr i`tldr
Bgtd HGKTNTBUG JB@^DHAD. UD ioss y`u s` cdgrby ghc igy y`u gbb ^DQS OH
DSD^HGB ]DGAD
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GAKH@UBDCEDIDHS
Uotl `ut tld ldbp ghc supp`rt jr`i g huindr `j pd`pbd, tlos rdp`rt w`ubc hdvdr lgvd nddh
stgrtdc `r johosldc.
Jorst ghc j`rdi`st O w`ubc bokd t` tlghk iy uhabds Ir.Htuid Jrdc, uhabd _ucgl, uhabd
Kgsubd ghc uhabd Ldrndrt. Iy nr`tldrs Foiiy, S`i, Cgvoc ghc sostdrs, Qlobbgl ghc Qlddhgl
wl` lgvd nddh g a`hstght s`urad `j ldbp ghc dha`urgedidht. O b`vd y`u s` iual.
Qpdaogb tlghks ghc ergtotucd grd eovdh t` Irs. Gighcg G. Hegnorgh` wl` lgs nddh iy
supdrvos`r jr`i tld ndeohhohe up t` tld dhc `j tlos rdsdgral pr`fdat ghc wotl `ut ldr y`u
hdvdr kh`w ot w`ubc h`t lgvd nddh g suaadss. Slghk y`u j`r ndohe g e``c supdrvos`r.
Gbs`, tlghks e` t` tld bdgcdrs ghc n`grc idindrs `j Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h, iy jrodhcs
Jgnogh, Qdkgnghzg, Fuuk` Giohso, Ipggtg, Qgigubbgl, Iotgbg, Qgbdl gi`he `tldrs j`r
gbwgys ndohe tldrd j`r id. O gbs` tlghk Igcgi C`rddh Kgbuheo j`r tld e``c gcvoad y`u lgvd
eovdh id tlr`uel `ut tld a`ursd t`edtldr wotl Ir. Cdrddk Iulwdzo. Slghk y`u s` iual. O
tlghk tldi j`r tld tordbdss djj`rt t` a`hcuat id tlr`uel tld wl`bd trgohohe wloal wgs g erdgt
a`htronuto`h t` tld suaadss `j tlos rdp`rt.
Slorcby, O tlghk tld dcot`rs `j Buk`ig Qtgto`hdrs wl` stddrdc ot tlr`uel tld pr`adss wotl `ut
t`` iual pgoh. Ghy iostgkds tlgt rdigoh grd, uhj`rtuhgtdby, iy `wh.
Bgstby, O tlghk Irs. Alrostohd Hgbukdhed (guhtod) ghc tld jgioby `j Ir. ^gsloc Hcgbokd wl`
ldbpdc t` a``k tld rgvdh ghc lgc i`rd jgotl tlgh O coc ghc igcd tld wgy sddi dgsy tlr`uel
`ut iy johgb ydgr.
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GNQS^GAS
Sld purp`sd `j tlos rdsdgral stucy wgs t` dstgnbosl tld oipgat `j trgjjoa `h a`iidraogb
gatovotods oh urngh grdgs, spdaojoagbby oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h oh Kgipgbg aoty.
Oh rdbgto`h t` plysoagb pbghhohe, `hd `j ots igf`r a`hadrhs os oipr`vohe tld rdbgto`hslop
ndtwddh trgjjoa ghc a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidht. Slos tldrdj`rd os galodvdc tlr`uel rdvodwohe
pgst sotugto`hs ghc prdsdht trdhcs t` j`rwgrc ndttdr juturd sotugto`hs. Sld rdsdgraldr tldrdj`rd,
usdc pbghhohe prohaopbds ghc `pto`hs t` rdvodw tld dxostohe sotugto`h oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb
covoso`h ghc agid up wotl p`ssonbd rda`iidhcgto`hs t` gccrdss trgjjoa ghc a`iidraogb
rdbgtdc pr`nbdis wotl oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h.
Sld rdsdgraldr rdvdgbdc ghc cosaussdc tld igf`r trgjjoa i`cds, a`iidraogb gatovotods,
cdstohgto`hs, `roeohs `j trgjjoa ghc gbs` ocdhtojodc tld p`sotovd ghc hdegtovd oipgat `j trgjjoa
`h a`iidraogb gatovotods t`edtldr wotl `tldr pr`nbdis oh tld aoty.
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SGNBD @J A@HSDHSQ
CDABG^GSO@H....................................................................................................................... o
CDCOAGSO@H.......................................................................................................................... oo
GAKH@UBDCEDIDHS ..................................................................................................... ooo
GNQS^GAS ............................................................................................................................. ov
BOQS @J SGNBDQ ................................................................................................................... v
BOQS @J JOET^DQ ................................................................................................................ vo
BOQS @J ]BGSDQ ................................................................................................................. voo
ALG]SD^ @HD ...................................................................................................................... 7
7.= OHS^@CTASO@H ............................................................................................................... 7
7.> NGAK E^@THC S@ SLD QSTC_ ................................................................................... >
7.1 QSGSDIDHS @J SLD ]^@NBDI ................................................................................... 1
7.3 QOEHOJOAGHAD @J SLD QSTC_..................................................................................... 3
7.4 QA@]D @J SLD QSTC_ .................................................................................................... 3
7.: EDHD^GB @NFDASOZD @J SLD QSTC_....................................................................... 3
7.5 Q]DAOJOA @NFDASOZDQ @J SLD QSTC_ ....................................................................... 4
7.< DQDG^AL WTDQSO@HQ ................................................................................................. 4
7.? E@GB / ]T^]@QD @J SLD QSTC_................................................................................ 4
7.7= CDJOHOSO@H @J KD_ SD^IQ ....................................................................................... 4
ALG]SD^ SU@ ..................................................................................................................... 5
>.= BOSD^GST^D DZODU .................................................................................................... 5
>.7 OHS^@CTASO@H ............................................................................................................... 5
>.> CDJOHOSO@H @J S^GJJOA ............................................................................................... 5
>.1 SLD S^GJJOA JB@U SLD@^_ ....................................................................................... 5
>.3 CDJOHOSO@H @J ANC........................................................................................................ .4 @^OEOH @J S^GJJOA GHC S^GHQ]@^SGSO@H ]BGHHOHE.................................... .: GAADQQONOBOS_ GHC S^GZDB...................................................................................... ?
>.5 BGHC TQD GHC S^GHQ]@^SGSO@H......................................................................... 7=
>.< ^DGQ@HQ J@^ COJJD^DHS S^GJJOA I@CDQ OH SLD ANC.................................. 77
>.? S^GJJOA ^DBGSDC ]^@NBDIQ OH SLD ANC.......................................................... 77
>.?.7 @SLD^ T^NGH S^GHQ]@^S/S^GJJOA ]^@NBDIQ............................................ 7>
>.7= S^GHQ]@^S/S^GJJOA ]T^]@QDQ OH T^NGH G^DGQ......................................... 73
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>.77 GTS@I@NOBD CD]DHCDHA_................................................................................... 74
>.77.7 A@HEDQSO@H ............................................................................................................. 75
>.77.>.7 IOSOEGSOHE A@HEDQSO@H ................................................................................. 7.77.> SLD T^NGH S^GHQOS ALGBBDHED ..................................................................... >=
>.7> B@AGSO@H @J ]^DIOQDQ ........................................................................................... >>
>.71 OHJ@^IGB A@IID^AOGB GASOZOSODQ GHC A@IITHOS_ CDZDB@]IDHS>>
>.73 S^GJJOA GHC T^NGH CDZDB@]IDHS .................................................................. >3
>.74 S^GJJOA GHC DI]B@_IDHS................................................................................... >4
>.7: S^GJJOA A@HAD^HQ OH T^NGH G^DGQ................................................................ >4
>.75 ^DBGSO@HQLO] NDSUDDH S^GJJOA/S^GHQ]@^S GHC S^GCD/A@IID^AD
............................................................................................................................................ >:
>.7< SLD S^GHQ]@^SGSO@H ]BGHHOHE ]^@ADQQ6 KD_ OQQTDQ............................ >5
>.75
>.7? S^GHQ]@^S GHC DA@H@IOA CDZDB@]IDHS.................................................... > ]@]TBGSO@H .................................................................................................................. 13
1.>.7 ]@]TBGSO@H @J KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H ]D^ ]G^OQL....................... 14
1.>.> ]@]TBGSO@H COQS^ONTSO@H J@^ KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H GHC QD\
(J^@I 7?:? S@ >==>) ..................................................................................................... 1:
1.1 QGI]BOHE CDQOEH ....................................................................................................... 1:
1.1.7 ]^@NGNOBOS_ QGI]BOHE ......................................................................................... 1:
1.1.> H@H-]^@NGNOBOS_ QGI]BOHE ............................................................................... 1:
1.3 QGI]BOHE J^GID ........................................................................................................ 1:
1.4 CGSG A@BBDASO@H S@@BQ GHC OHQS^TIDHSQ .................................................. 15
1.: ]^OIG^_ CGSG A@BBDASO@H IDSL@CQ ............................................................... 15
1.:.7 @NQD^ZGSO@H GHC JODBC QT^ZD_OHE IDSL@C............................................ 15
1.:.> WTDQSO@HHGO^DQ ...................................................................................................... 15
1.:.1 ]L@S@E^G]LOA IDSL@C........................................................................................ 1
3.> S^GJJOA @^OEOHQ, CDQSOHGSO@HQ GHC S^GZDB SOID UOSL OH KGI]GBG
ADHS^GB COZOQO@H ...................................................................................................... 3>
3.>.7 S^GZDB @^OEOH .......................................................................................................... 3>
3.>.> S^GZDB CDQSOHGSO@HQ ........................................................................................... 31
3.>.> S^GZDB SOIDQ ............................................................................................................ 33
3.1 IGF@^ A@IID^AOGB GASOZOSODQ, S^GJJOA I@CDQ GHC S^GJJOA
OHJ^GQS^TAST^DQ OH KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H...................................... 3.> H@H-I@S@^OVDC I@CDQ ..................................................................................... 41
3.1.1 S^GJJOA OHJ^GQS^TAST^DQ OH KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H................. 4:
3.1.3 HDEGSOZD GHC ]@QOSOZD OI]GAS @J S^GJJOA @H A@IID^AOGB
GASOZOSODQ OH KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H..................................................... 4 DA@IIDHCGSO@HQ ................................................................................................... :1
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4.>.7 S^GJJOA DBGSDC OQQTDQ....................................................................................... :1
4.>.> A@IID^AOGB / DA@H@IOA ^DBGSDC .................................................................. ::
4.1 A@HABTQO@H .................................................................................................................. :
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BOQS @J SGNBDQ
Sgnbd 76 Bghc Sdhurd ............................................................................................................... 13
Sgnbd >6 Bghc Ttobozgto`h ......................................................................................................... 13
Sgnbd 16 ]`pubgto`h j Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h pdr ]grosl.................................................. 14
Sgnbd 36 ]`pubgto`h Costronuto`h j`r Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ghc Qdx (Jr`i
7?:? t` >==> ................................................................................................................. 1:
Sgnbd 46 U`rk ]bgh .................................................................................................................. 37
Sgnbd :6 Nucedt ........................................................................................................................ 37
Sgnbd 56 Igf`r A`iidraogb Gatovotods Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ..................................... 3
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BOQS @J JOET^DQ
Joeurd 76 G igp `j Teghcg Ql`wohe Kgipgbg Aoty ghc g igp `j Kgipgbg costroat sl`wohe
Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ................................................................................................ 1>
Joeurd >6 Cdstohgto`h ]dradhtgeds J`r Sl`sd Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h Ghc @ut Qocd
Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h......................................................................................... 33
Joeurd 16 Srgvdb Soids S` Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h / Sldor U`rk ]bgad ............................. 34
Joeurd 36 Srgvdb Soids Jr`i Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h/ U`rk ]bgad ................................... 35
Joeurd 46 Sld Tsged `j H`h i`t`rozdc I`cds Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h Oh ]dradhtgeds 43
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BOQS @J ]BGSDQ
]bgtd 76 ]rovgtd Agrs `h `hd `j tld Qtrddts oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ............................... 4=
]bgtd>6 Sgxos Ghc Nusds @h @hd @j Sld Qtrddts/^`gcs Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h .......... 4>
]bgtd 16 N`cg N`cg Ayabosts @h @hd @j Sld Qtrddts @j Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h........... 41
]bgtd 36 H`h I`t`rozdc I`cds Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ................................................ 44
]bgtd 46 G ]oaturd Ql`wohe Q`id @j Sld Srgjjoa Ohjrgstruaturds Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb
Covoso`h ............................................................................................................................ 4:
]bgtd :6 G A`hedstdc ]grkohe Sdriohgb Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h .................................. 4
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ALG]SD^ @HD
7.= OHS^@CTASO@H
Srgjjoa/trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe lgs gbwgys nddh g igf`r pr`nbdi oh urngh grdgs gbb `vdr tldw`rbc i`st dspdaogbby oh cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods. I`st urngh grdgs lgrn`r ANCs wloal grd tld
ldgrts `j tld aotods ghc adhtdrs j`r a`iidraogb gatovotods/da`h`ioa cdvdb`pidht. Sldrdj`rd
tldy tdhc t` gttrgat gbb i`cds `j trgjjoa. Slos nda`ids g idss wldh tlgt pgrtoaubgr urngh
grdgs trgjjoa os h`t wdbb pbghhdc ghc cdsoehdc. Bdgcohe t` trgjjoa rdbgtdc pr`nbdis sual gs
trgjjoa fgi, trgjjoa a`hedsto`h, cdbgys, p`bbuto`h, gaaocdhts gi`he `tldrs.
Sld ohgnoboty `j aotods/urngh grdgs t` pr`vocd gcdqugtd trgjjoa/trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturds ghc
sdrvoads os gjjdatohe tld bovohe ghc w`rkohe a`hcoto`hs `j urngh p`pubgto`hs gs wdbb gs tld
da`h`ioa djjoaodhay ghc pr`cuato`h `j urngh grdgs. Slos nrohes gn`ut trgjjoa a`hedsto`h,
cdtdro`rgto`h `j tld dhvor`hidht, gaaocdhts, ghc dxadssovd usd `j dhdrey, a`htronutohe t`
urngh sprgwb gi`he `tldrs.
Ud tgkd gbi`st uhrdstroatdc i`noboty j`r erghtdc ghc rdby `h ohcustry t` nd gnbd t` i`vd
e``cs rgpocby ghc aldgpby t` iddt `ur hddcs. Nut tldsd jrddc`is lgvd bdc t` trgjjoa pr`nbdis
tlgt lgvd nda`id oht`bdrgnbd, pgrtoaubgrby wotl oh urngh grdgs. Sldrdj`rd trgjjoa pr`nbdis
lgvd eb`ngb oipboagto`hs tlgt agh `hby nd gccrdssdc wotl iubto bdvdb ghc iubto cosaopbohgry
gppr`galds. Slos agbbs j`r kh`wbdced j`r prgatoto`hdrs t` tgakbd tldsd ossuds(trgjjoa) h`t fust oh
tld tdalhoquds `j ighgeohe trgjjoa nut nr`gcdr uhcdrstghcohe `j trgvdb ndlgvo`r, tld
gsporgto`hs `j pd`pbd ghc a`iiuhotods gi`he `tldrs.
Sldrd os gh ohgcdqugay oh tdris `j pr`voso`h `j jgaobotods j`r pdcdstroghs, ayabosts, provgtd agrs
ghc ny tld sb`w ghc `vdrar`wcdc punboa trghsp`rt a`upbdc wotl uha`htr`bbdc n``iohe
a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidhts oh tld ANC `j Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h. Sldrdj`rd tld aurrdht
trghsp`rt p`boaods j`aus s`bdby `h i`cdrh ,ohcustrogbozdc, loeldr a`st i`t`rozdc i`cds wloal
grd jgobohe t` iddt tld i`noboty hddcs wlobd edhdrgtohe wocd sprdgc dhvor`hidhtgb pr`nbdis
ghc ohardgsohe spdhcohe `j sagrd j`rdoeh aurrdhay rdsdrvds `h pdtr`bdui ,wotl sdro`us
da`h`ioa djjdats ghc `tldr rdbgtdc ghc `tldr trgjjoa rdbgtdc pr`nbdis.
Sld ohardgsdc rgtd `j urnghozgto`h lgs bdc t` algbbdheds oh tld pr`voso`h `j urngh ngsdc
sdrvoads ghc gatovotods. Ghc grosohe jr`i tld ioxdc usd `j ANC/ urngh grdgs j`r rdsocdhtogb,
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a`iidraogb gi`he `tldrs os ldgvy trgjjoa jb`w curohe w`rkohe / pdgk l`urs. Qual ohtdhsovd
gatovotods oh ANC `vdr tld ydgrs lgvd dxdrtdc prdssurd `h n`tl igh ghc ohjrgstruaturd
dspdaogbby r`gc trghsp`rtgto`h gt aoty adhtrd.
Sldrd os hddc tldrdj`rd t` johc `ut tld gppr`progtd strgtdeods j`r s`bvohe trgjjoa pr`nbdis gs
wdbb gs dstgnboslohe g e``c rdbgto`hslop ndtwddh trgjjoa ghc bghc usd pbghhohe (a`iidraogb )
gs trgjjoa oj wdbb pbghhdc ghc cdsoehdc os g e``c agtgbyst t` a`iidraogb/da`h`ioa
cdvdb`pidht.
7.> Ngak Er`uhc t` tld Qtucy
Sld er`wtls `j p`pubgto`h ghc da`h`ioa/a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidht oh i`st cdvdb`pohe
a`uhtrods `j tld w`rbc lgvd rgpocby dsagbgtdc tld cdighc j`r trghsp`rt dspdaogbby oh bgred
urngh grdgs/aotods. Sld ohgnoboty `j urngh grdgs t` pr`vocd gcdqugtd trgjjoa/trghsp`rt
ohjrgstruaturd ghc sdrvoads os gjjdatohe tld bovohe a`hcoto`hs `j urngh p`pubgto`hs gs wdbb gs
tld da`h`ioa djjoaodhay ghc pr`cuato`h `j tldsd urngh grdgs/aotods. Ot os oip`rtght tldrdj`rd t`
rda`ehozd tld ngbghaohe gat ndtwddh da`h`ioa votgboty ghc tld agpgaoty `j tld grdg t` lghcbd
trgjjoa. I`rd st`rds, igrkdts ghc noeedr sl`ppohe igbbs wobb idgh i`rd aust`idrs ghc i`rd
aust`idrs wobb idgh i`rd trgjjoa uhbdss wldh tld trghsp`rtgto`h systdi os gppr`progtdby
cdsoehdc, pbghhdc ghc wdbb usdc.
Oh cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods, ab`sd t` lgbj g nobbo`h pd`pbd grd bovohe oh urngh geeb`idrgto`hs
dxaddcohe tw` iobbo`h ohlgnotghts, twoad gs ighy gs oh 7?
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Ot os oip`rtght t` h`td tlgt tld cdaoso`h igcd oh trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe sdat`r
`jtdh gjjdats tld dvdrycgy bojd `j tld wl`bd a`iiuhoty/urngh grdg ghc tld jgr rdgalohe djjdats
`j tld cdaoso`hs tldrdj`rd cdighc tlgt a`hsocdrgto`hs iust nd eovdh ighy gspdats `j tld
dhvor`hidht wotl oh wloal tld trgjjoa/trghsp`rt pbghhdr w`rks ghc s`id `j tldsd gspdatsohabucd s`aogb, da`h`ioa ghc plysoagb jdgturds gs wdbb gs p`botoagb ghc e`vdrhidhtgb j`rads.
Ot os `nsdrvdc tlgt a`rrupto`h, bgak `j gcdqugtd johghaogb rds`urads, ohstotuto`hgb wdgkhdss,
ohdjjoaodht cdvdb`pidht a`htr`b pr`adssds, p``r r`gc cdsoehs, bgak `j gppr`progtd trgjjoa ghc
trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe gi`he `tldrs lgvd w`rsdhdc trgjjoa pr`nbdis ghc uh a`htr`bbdc
a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidhts oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h dspdaogbby oh tld ANC ghc aghh`t
kddp pgad wotl urngh er`wtl
7.1 Qtgtdidht `j tld ]r`nbdi
Sld er`wtl `j urngh p`pubgto`h ghc da`h`ioa cdvdb`pidht (i`stby a`iidraogb gatovotods) oh
i`st ANCs `j urngh grdgs, lgs rgpocby dsagbgtdc tld cdighc j`r trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h
pbghhohe wldrd ab`sd t` lgbj g iobbo`h pd`pbd oh cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods grd bovohe oh urngh
geeb`idrgto`hs dxaddcohe >iobbo`h ohlgnotghts, twoad gs ighy gs oh 7?
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da`h`ioa/a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidht wotl bottbd ndohe c`hd t` oipr`vd trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rt
systdis.
Sldrdj`rd cud t` tld prdsdht algbbdheds `j urngh i`noboty wloal grd tgkohe hdw coidhso`hsoh ighy aotods `j cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods gs bghc usds (a`iidraogb) gb`he trgjjoa a`rroc`rs /
r`utds nda`id ohtdhsd ghc alghed rgpocby, bdgcohe t` trgjjoa cdbgys, pgrkohe pr`nbdis cud t`
cojjoaubty oh ighgedidht grosohe jr`i tld a`ipbdx ohtdrgato`h ndtwddh trgjjoa ghc
a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidht, agbbs j`r s`id ohtdrvdhto`h oh j`ri `j rdsdgral t` ldbp ohvdstoegtd
ghc ghgbyzd ossuds ghc tld sueedst p`ssonbd strgtdeods t` s`bvd tld pr`nbdi.
7.3 Qoehojoaghad `j tld Qtucy
(g) Sld rdsubts `j tld johcohe igy gat gs euocohe prohaopbds `h wloal bgws e`vdrhohe trgjjoa
igy nd usdc ghc tlus g rdjdrdhad p`oht j`r c`ohe soiobgr w`rk dbsdwldrd.
(n) KAAG ghc tld e`vdrhidht agh ngsd `h tld stucy johcohes ghc rda`iidhcgto`hs t`
nda`id i`rd rdgbostoa wldh cdgbohe wotl trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe.
(a) Sld stucy johcohes wobb nd ldbpjub t` plysoagb pbghhdrs ghc `tldr stgkdl`bcdrs oh cdsoehohe
ghc cdvosohe strgtdeods j`r oipr`vohe trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rt systdis oh urngh grdgs.
(c) Sld stucy johcohes wobb a`htronutd rdbdvght kh`wbdced a`hadrhohe trgjjoa ossuds sual gs
trgjjoa i`cds, trgjjoa ohjrgstruaturd, ghc trgjjoa ighgedidht oh rdbgto`h t`
a`iidraogb/da`h`ioa cdvdb`pidht oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h (ANC).
(d) Ot os g pgrtogb rdquordidht j`r tld gwgrc `j tld cderdd `j urngh ghc rdeo`hgb pbghhohe jr`i
Igkdrdrd Thovdrsoty.
7.4 Qa`pd `j tld Qtucy
Sld stucy wobb j`aus `h tld oipgats `j trgjjoa `h a`iidraogb gatovotods oh urngh grdgs puttohe
iual diplgsos `h tld ANC `j Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h, a`iidraogb gatovotods oh tl`sd
grdgs, tld gvgobgnbd trgjjoa i`cds oh KAC gi`he `tldrs
7.: Edhdrgb @nfdatovd `j tld Qtucy
S` johc `ut tld igf`r jgat`rs rdsp`hsonbd j`r agusohe trgjjoa pr`nbdis oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb
covoso`h i`stby oh tld adhtrgb nusohdss costroat (ANC) ghc a`id up wotl strgtdeods t` gssost
stgkdl`bcdrs t` ndttdr ighged trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h oh rdbgto`h t` a`iidraogb/da`h`ioa
cdvdb`pidht.
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7.5 Qpdaojoa @nfdatovds `j tld Qtucy
(7)S` johc `ut trgjjoa `roeohs ghc cdstohgto`hs wotloh KAC ghc tldor toids `j trgvdb.
(>) S` ocdhtojy tld cojjdrdht a`iidraogb grdgs wloal grd i`rd gjjdatdc ny trgjjoa pr`nbdis.
(1)S` ocdhtojy tld igf`r a`iidraogb gatovotods, trgjjoa i`cds ghc pr`nbdis tlgt lgvd rdsubtdccud t` p``r trgjjoa ighgedidht oh KAC.
(3) S` ocdhtojy tld p`sotovd ghc hdegtovd oipgats `j trgjjoa `h a`iidraogb gatovotods oh
Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h (ANC).
(4) S` dvgbugtd tld dxostohe trgjjoa pr`nbdis ghc cdvosd suotgnbd strgtdeods ghc
rda`iidhcgto`hs `h l`w trgjjoa ghc a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidht nd ndst ighgedc, pbghhdc ghc
cdsoehdc.
7.< ^dsdgral Wudsto`hs
(g).Ulgt grd s`id `j tld pr`nbdis tlgt lgvd rdsubtdc jr`i p``r trgjjoa ighgedidht ghc uh
a`htr`bbdc a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidhts oh KAC0
(n)Ulgt grd tld igf`r a`iidraogb gatovotods ghc igf`r trgjjoa i`cds j`uhc oh KAC0
(a)Ulgt grd tld hdegtovd ghc p`sotovd oipgats `j trgjjoa `h a`iidraogb gatovotods oh KAC
(ANC)0
(c)Ulgt grd tld cojjdrdht trgjjoa ohjrgstruaturds agtdrdc j`r oh KAC (ANC)0
(d)Ulgt grd tld suotgnbd strgtdeods ghc pbghhohe cdsoehs tlgt agh dhsurd pr`pdr ighgedidht
`j trgjjoa ghc a`iidraogb gatovotods/cdvdb`pidht oh KAC (ANC)0
7.? E`gb / ]urp`sd `j tld Qtucy
Sld purp`sd `j tld stucy os t` dxgiohd tld agusds `j trgjjoa pr`nbdis, ocdhtojy tld cojjdrdht
trgjjoa i`cds ghc tldor pr`nbdis ghc oipgats `j trgjjoa `h a`iidraogb gatovotods oh KAC
(ANC) ghc tldrdj`rd cdvosd idghs tlr`uel wloal tld pr`nbdis agh nd iohoiozdc ghc
strgtdeods t`edtldr wotl rda`iidhcgto`hs nd igcd.
7.7= Cdjohoto`h `j Kdy Sdris
A`iiuhoty6 Er`up `j pd`pbd wl` bovd wotloh tld sgid n`uhcgry / ed`ergploagb grdg
slgrohe tld sgid sdrvoads, pr`nbdis ghc `tldr rds`urads.
Gutl`roty6 ^djdrs t` tld b`agb `r urngh a`uhaob gs cdjohdc oh tld b`agb e`vdrhidht Gat.
]`pubgto`h6 ^djdrs t` g er`up `j ohcovocugbs tlgt slgrd hd r i rd algrgatdrostoas.
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:
Srgjjoa6 Ot agh nd tld pgssged `j pd`pbd `r vdloabds gb`he r`utds `j trghsp`rtgto`h
(vdloabds `r pdcdstroghs oh trghsot).
A`iidraogb Nusohdss Costroat (ANC)6 Grdg `j g t`wh `r aoty wldrd i st `j tld
a`iidraogb gatovotods grd j`uhc. Slos grdg os c`iohgtdc ny sl`ps, `jjoads, dhtdrtgohidhtvdhuds, b`agb e`vdrhidht `jjoads wotl tgbb nuobcohes.
]`pubgto`h6Sld uhovdrsd `r a`bbdato`h `j gbb dbdidhts (pdrs`hs, nusohdssds, dt adtdrg) ndohe
cdsarondc `r idgsurdc ny g sgipbd.
]rdtdst6 Gh ohotogb dvgbugto`h `j tld survdy cdsoeh ny usohe g sigbb, sunsgipbd `j tld
ohtdhcdc p`pubgto`h j`r prdboiohgry ohj`rigto`h.
Wudsto`hhgord6 G idgsurohe cdvoad usdc t` qudry g p`pubgto`h/sgipbd oh `rcdr t` `ntgoh
ohj`rigto`h j`r ghgbysos.
^dsp`hcdht6Gh dbdidht `r idindr `j tld p`pubgto`h sdbdatdc t` nd sgipbdc.
Qgipbd6Ghy p`rto`h `j tld p`pubgto`h, bdss tlgh tld t`tgb.
Qgipbohe Jrgid6 Gh dxlgustovd bost gbb idindrs `j tld p`pubgto`h jr`i wloal g sgipbd
agh nd crgwh.
Qurvdy6 G pr`adss `j ohquory j`r tld purp`sd `j cgtg a`bbdato`h ghc ghgbysos usohe
`nsdrvgto`h, p`bbs, qudsto`hhgords, ghc/`r ohtdrvodws.
Qtgtostoas6Cdsaroptovd idgsurds ngsdc up`h g pr`ngnoboty sgipbd.
Gaadssonoboty6 gaadssonoboty agh nd cdjohdc oh tdris `j g qughtoty `j e``cs, sdrvoads ghc f`ns
`r, gbtdrhgtovdby, tld sozd `j tld p`pubgto`h tlgt gh ohcovocugb agh rdgal jr`i g eovdh p`oht,
tgkohe oht` gaa`uht tld bdvdb `j r`gc suppby, tld `pp`rtuhotods pr`vocdc ny tld hgto`hgb `r
rdeo`hgb tdrrot`ry, tld ohcovocugbs trgvdb ndlgvo`r ghc tld gttrgatovdhdss `j tld p`ssonbd
cdstohgto`hs.
Sgxo / Igtgtu6 Iohonusds/Iohonus tgxos
N`cg n`cg6 G i`t`r ayabd spdaojoagbby j`r a`iidraogb (lordc t` tgkd y`u gr`uhc `j a`ursd
wotl g pgy).
Nujjdr6 Qpgad sdpgrgtohe pdcdstroghs jr`i tld r`gcwgy
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ALG]SD^ SU@
>.= BOSD^GST^D ^DZODU
Slos algptdr wobb igohby cdgb wotl rdvodwohe tld gvgobgnbd botdrgturd rdbgtdc t` tld t`poa uhcdrstucy.
>.7 Ohtr`cuato`h
Slos algptdr a`vdrs tld cdjohoto`h `j trgjjoa, cdjohoto`h `j g ANC, `roeoh `j trgjjoa ghc
trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe, stdps oh trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe, ighgedidht `j trgvdb
cdighc, trgjjoa ghc urngh cdvdb`pidht, trgjjoa ghc dipb`yidht, trgjjoa/trghsp`rt a`hadrhs oh
urngh grdgs, rdbgto`hslop ndtwddh trgjjoa ghc trgcd/a`iidrad, ANC ghc wly ot gttrgats
cojjdrdht trgjjoa, trgjjoa pr`nbdis ghc oip`rtghad oh urngh grdgs, b`agto`h `j prdiosds, trgvdb
spddc ghc a`hedsto`h
>.> Cdjohoto`h `j Srgjjoa
Srgjjoa rdjdrs t` tld i`vdidht `j pd`pbd, vdloabds, ayabds ghc `tldr i`nobd `nfdats gb`he g
eovdh i`cd `j trghsp`rtgto`h (idghs ghc a`hvdyghad).Fgak Lgrvdy (7?>5).
Ot agh gbs` nd tld pgssged `j pd`pbd `r vdloabds gb`he r`utds `j trghsp`rtgto`h (vdloabds `r
pdcdstroghs oh trghsot).
>.1 Sld Srgjjoa Jb`w Sld`ry
^dbdvght t` tlos stucy os tld trgjjoa jb`w tld`ry, wloal cdsaronds tld tld`rdtoagb prohaopbds
e`vdrhohe tld i`vdidht `j vdloabd `vdr tld loelwgy ghc strddt systdis gs sddh oh tld w`rks
`j U`bl ghc Igrtohs (7?:5). Slos a`ubc nd wly Gcdhbd (7?55) greuds tlgt trgjjoa jb`w tld`ry
os a`hadrhdc pgrtoaubgrby, wotl tld a`ip`soto`h, v`buid ghc qugboty `j trgjjoa. ]rohaopgb
vgrognbds usdc t` cdsarond tlos ohabucd v`buid `r jb`w rgtd, cdhsoty `r a`hadhtrgto`h, spddc,
spgad idgh spddc, toid idgh spddc, trgvdb toid, uhot trgvdb toid, toid ldgc wgy ghc
costghad. Qoehojoaght oh tldsd os tld usd `j tldsd vgrognbds t` dstgnbosl tld tld`rdtoagb
rdbgto`hslops dxostohe ndtwddh tld vgrognbds s` gs t` cdtdriohd tld algrgatdrostoas `j trgjjoa
strdgis ghc ldhad prdcoat a`hsdqudhad `j tlos `h rdsocdhts ghc r`gc usdrs.
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.3 Cdjohoto`h `j ANC
Gaa`rcohe t` ^gyi`hc D.I ghc Fd Zghad (7?:7) bgidhtdc tlgt ANC os tld grdg wldrd wd
johc tld erdgtdst a`hadhtrgto`h `j `jjoads ghc rdtgob st`rds rdjbdatdc oh tld aotys loeldst bghc
vgbuds ghc ots tld alodj j`aus `j pdcdstroghs ghc gut`i`nobd trgjjoa. Gaa`rcohe t` ]r`j.B.U.Nuredss (7?>=) rdjdrrdc g ANC t` g a`hadhtroa z`hd j`uhc oh tld
ioccbd `j `tldr z`hds ghc tlos z`hd os tld ldgrt `j tld aoty, g a`iidraogb z`hd, s`aogb ghc
aubturgb lun ghc tld i`st gaadssdc pgrt `j ghy urngh adhtrd.
G ANC agh gbs` nd tgkdh t` rdjdr t` gh grdg `j g t`wh `r g aoty wldrd i`st `j tld a`iidraogb
gatovotods grd j`uhc. Slos grdg os c`iohgtdc ny sl`ps, `jjoads, dhtdrtgohidht vdhuds, b`agb
e`vdrhidht nuobcohes rdgcoby gaadssdc ghc `aaupy tld lost`roa adhtrd `j tld aoty ghc ot os
`jtdh b`agtdc wldrd trghsp`rt bohks iddt.
>.4 @roeoh `j Srgjjoa ghc Srghsp`rtgto`h ]bghhohe
Srgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe wgs s`uelt ghc agid gr`uhc sdro`usby gjtdr 7?4= `h tld
a`iohe `j tld i`t`r agr ghc tld rdgbozgto`h ny t`wh pbghhdrs, dheohddrs tlgt tldrd wgs g
cordat ohtdrgato`h ndtwddh bghc usd cdvdb`pidht ghc trop edhdrgto`h. Ohotogbby tldy wdrd
prdsdhtdc/ bgoc `ut oh j`ri `j igstdr pbghs wloal wgs n`tl prgatoagbby ghc tld`rdtoagbby
supp`sdc t` sdrvd tld a`ii`h ohtdrdst `j tld s`aodty, tl`uel tlos coc h`t w`rk `ut gs
dxpdatdc. Oh 7?:=s punboa trghsp`rt wgs s`uelt gs g s`buto`h t` trghsp`rt pr`nbdis `j tlgt
toid ghc oh tld dgrby 7?5=s ot wgs rdgbozdc tlgt tldrd wgs ohtdrgatovd djjdats `j tld cdaoso`hs
tgkdh oh rdspdat `j bghc usd, r`gc trghsp`rt ghc punboa trghsp`rt (nus ghc rgob).Sldrdj`rd
erdgtdr gttdhto`h wgs tldh eovdh t` tld j`riubgto`h `j trghsp`rt p`boaods ghc `nfdatovds puttohe
oh iohc tld trgjjoa ighgedidht ghc a`htr`b systdis gs kdy jgat`rs oh tld trghsp`rt pbghhohe
pr`adss.
Sld plob`s`ply alghedc ghc tldrdj`rd tdalhoagb gspdats `j pbghhohe wdrd a`hsocdrgnby
oipr`vdc ghc erdgtdr uhcdrstghcohe wgs `ntgohdc ghc jgat`rs ohjbudhaohe i`vdidht wdrd
ocdhtojodc. Ldhad trghsp`rt i`cdbohe idtl`c`b`eods wdrd cdvdb`pdc t` g loel cderdd `j
s`plostoagto`h. Sldrdj`rd trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe alghedc ghc ndegh t` nd i`rd
jbdxonbd, prgeigtoa ghc rdsp`hsovd t` aurrdht a`iiuhoty hddcs ghc bdss a`hadrhdc wotl tld
cdtdriohgto`h `j uhoqud `ptoiui b`he tdri ghswdrs (cdighc `rodhtdc rgtldr tlgh suppby
ngsdc).Sld j`aus gbs` alghedc t` ardconbd, galodvgnbd sl`rtdr tdri pr`p`sgbs gs `pp`sdc t`
tld b`he tdri ocdgb igstdr pbghs tlgt ioelt hdvdr nd oipbdidhtdc.
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>.: Gaadssonoboty ghc Srgvdb
Gaa`rcohe t` tld @DAC punboagto`h rdp`rt (>==>), ]d`pbd grd wobbohe t` usd r`gcs j`r g eovdh
typd `j trop (t`urosi, pr`jdsso`hgb, pdrs`hgb). Qurvdys lgvd cdi`hstrgtdc tlgt, j`r g eovdh
cdstohgto`h, tld v`buid `j f`urhdys cdardgsds gs tld a`st `j trghsp`rt `r tld f`urhdy toidohardgsds. Slos ndlgvo`r os cud t` tld jgat tlgt tld utoboty `j trops cdardgsds gs tld a`st `j
trghsp`rt ohardgsds.
L`wdvdr, ohcovocugbs gbs` trgvdb ndagusd tldor hddcs (a`hsuipto`h, stucy, w`rk,
dhtdrtgohidht, dta.) aghh`t nd idt gt tldor `roeoh nut agh nd sgtosjodc gt tldor cdstohgto`h. Gh
ohcovocugbs sgtosjgato`h wobb nd loeldr oj i`rd e``cs `r sdrvoads grd gvgobgnbd, gs tld
pr`ngnoboty `j johcohe tld cdsordc pr`cuat `r sdrvoad wobb nd loeldr.
L`wdvdr, ghy ohardgsd oh tld trghsp`rt a`st `r toid t` rdgal tlos cdstohgto`h wobb rdcuad ots
gttrgatovdhdss ghc tldrdj`rd tld utoboty `j tld trop. ^di`tdhdss tldrdj`rd gjjdats tld bdvdb `j
utoboty. Dgal cdstohgto`h os gsarondc g a`djjoaodht `j rdi`tdhdss (g jgat`r tlgt gttdhugtds tld
utoboty `j tld trop) wloal os cdrovdc jr`i tld trghsp`rt cdighc juhato`h.
Gaadssonoboty os tldrdj`rd rdbgtdc t` tld trgvdb ndlgvo`r `j tld ohcovocugb `r jori ghc tld
spgtogb costronuto`h `j gatovotods ghc sdrvoads. Sldrd grd sdvdrgb typds `j gaadssonoboty, j`r
dxgipbd tld gaadssonoboty `j ots w`rkj`rad ngsoh t` g jori, tld gaadssonoboty `j tld igrkdt t` g
jori tlgt sdbbs ots 1? pr`cuats dbsdwldrd tlgh gt tld pbgad `j pr`cuato`h, `r tld gaadssonoboty `j
g t`urost sotd jr`i g z`hd `j p`tdhtogb aust`idr b`agto`h.
Sld j`bb`wohe os gh dxgipbd `j tld gppboagto`h `j sual gh gppr`gal gs gppbodc oh Jrghad. J`r
dgal `j typd `j gatovoty, ot os hdadssgry t` kh`w tld trgvdb cdighc juhato`hs `j ohcovocugbs j`r
l`id-t`-w`rk, nusohdss ghc t`urosi purp`sds. Sldsd juhato`hs agh nd a`hstruatdc jr`i
survdy cgtg, ghc jottohe juhato`hs `j tld j`bb`wohe typd os strgoeltj`rwgrc6
y 9 g d- t
wldrd6
y os tld trop jrdqudhay;
t os tld f`urhdy toid;
g ghc grd agbonrgto`h a`djjoaodhts.
Oh gccoto`h, gaadssonoboty gbs` cdpdhcs `h tld spgtogb costronuto`h `j gatovotods wotl rdjdrdhad t`
trghsp`rt a`st, wloal os idgsurdc oh gh gppr`xoigtd ighhdr ny tld trghsp`rt toid. L`wdvdr,
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7=
tld spgtogb costronuto`h `j gatovotods os h`t uhoj`ri. S`whs ghc aotods grd h`t dquocostght jr`i
dgal `tldr ghc c` h`t gbb pr`vocd tld sgid bdvdb `j e``cs ghc sdrvoads.Sld costronuto`h `j
gatovotods gr`uhc g rdjdrdhad p`oht os gh ohardgsohe juhato`h `j trghsp`rt toid.
>.5 Bghc Tsd ghc Srghsp`rtgto`h
Sld bghc usd ghc trghsp`rtgto`h a`ubc nd bohkdc t` tld tld`rods `j urngh er`wtl. Qdvdrgb
sal`bgrs lgvd rdvodwdc tld urngh er`wtl tld`rods wotl g vodw t` pr`vocohe dxpbghgto`hs t`
tldor vgbocoty `r `tldrwosd oh uhcdrstghcohe pgttdrhs `j urngh er`wtl ghc bghc usd
cdvdb`pidht. (Jgcgrd, (7?==:), ghc Geuhnogcd,( >==:). Sldsd tld`rods
(A`hadhtroa V`hd, Qdat`r ghc Iubtopbd-Huabdo) wdrd cdvdb`pdc t` edhdrgbozd gn`ut tld
pgttdrhs `j urngh bghc usd j`uhc oh tld dgrby ohcustrogb aotods `j tld Thotdc Qtgtds, ldhad tldrd
lgc nddh arotoaosis `h tldor gnoboty t` pr`vocd dxpbghgto`hs j`r tld uhcdrstghcohe `j bghc usd
pgttdrhs `j h`h Gidroagh aotods pgrtoaubgrby oh rdbgto`h t` trghsp`rt.
Bghc usd ghc trghsp`rtgto`h grd iutugbby ohtdra`hhdatdc (Iotaldbb ghc ^gpkoh, (7?4>). Sld
usd `j tld tdri "bghc usd" os ngsdc `h tld jgat tlgt tlr`uel cdvdb`pidht, urngh spgad
gaa`ii`cgtds g erdgt vgrodty `j luigh gatovotods. Bghc os g a`hvdhodht idgsurd `j spgad,
ghc bghc usd pr`vocds g spgtogb gaa`uhtohe jrgidw`rk j`r urngh cdvdb`pidht ghc gatovotods.
Sld b`agto`h `j gatovotods ghc tldor hddc j`r ohtdrgato`h ardgtds tld cdighc j`r trghsp`rtgto`h,
wlobd tld pr`voso`h `j trghsp`rt jgaobotods ohjbudhads tld b`agto`h otsdbj.
Bghc usds, ny vortud `j tldor `aaupghay, grd tgkdh t` edhdrgtd ohtdrgato`h hddcs (trop
edhdrgto`h), ghc tldsd hddcs grd cordatdc t` spdaojoa tgredts ny spdaojoa trghsp`rtgto`h
jgaobotods (trop costronuto`h ghc i`cgb spbot).
Sld usd `j tld trghsp`rtgto`h systdi ardgtds a`hedsto`h, wloal bdgcs t` usdr gcfustidhts
(rda`ehozdc oh g agpgaoty a`hstrgohdc gssoehidht).Qdvdrgb w`rks lgvd nddh c`hd `h tld
rdbgto`hslop ndtwddh bghc usd ghc trghsp`rtgto`h igf`roty `j wloal grd a`hadhtrgtdc oh
cdvdb`pdc a`uhtrods `j tld w`rbc. Sld cderdd `j tlos rdbgto`hslop lgs nddh stucodc ny ighy
gutl`rs wl` ohabucd Kuziygk ghc ]rgtt (>==1), S^B (>==3), Ndht`,dt gb, (>==3) ghc
Sura`ttd (>==
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Gaa`rcohe t` Bdkd @cuwgyd, Ugbd Gbgcd, Qgbgio Gcdkuhbd (>=77), trghsp`rt os g bghc usd oh
otsdbj ghc lgs tld uhoqudhdss `j rdbgtohe ohtoigtdby wotl gbb `tldr bghc usds. Slos ohtdrgato`h os
uhcdrst``c wldh tld S`wh ]bghhdrs ghc Dheohddrs grd gnbd t` prdcoat tld typds ghc b`agto`hs
`j juturd trghsp`rtgto`h ghc bghc usds ghc trgvdb pgttdrhs. Slos ohtdrgatovd rdbgto`hslop sdrvdsgs tld ngsos j`r trgvdb-cdighc j`rdagstohe, wloal usds tld `utput `j bghc usd i`cdbs gs ohput,
gssuiohe tlgt cojjdrdht bghc usds edhdrgtd cojjdrdht bdvdbs `j gatovoty ghc trgvdb.
Slos ohtdrgato`h gbs` pr`cuads covdrsd trghsp`rtgto`h pr`nbdis wloal Nbgak (7??4) cdsarondc
gs a`ipbdx nuhcbd `j ohtdrrdbgtdc pr`nbdis wotl trgjjoa a`hedsto`h gs tld i`st vosonbd
ighojdstgto`h. A`hedsto`h rdsubts oh b`hedr trgvdb toid, wloal os `hd `j tld igoh grdgs `j
trghsp`rt cysjuhato`hs `nsdrvdc oh ighy bgred aotods `j tld w`rbc (Gwgkd, >==7). Srgvdb
toid, a`st ghc l`w cojjoaubt ot os j`r pd`pbd t` edt t` ghc jr`i w`rk lgvd `jtdh pbgy g kdy r`bd
oh wldtldr g aoty os gnbd t` gttrgatnusohdss (Guabgor, 7???).
>.< ^dgs`hs j`r Cojjdrdht Srgjjoa I`cds oh tld ANC
Cgvoc B J`bdy (7?43 rda`ehozdc tlgt tldrd grd vdry ighy rdgs`hs `r purp`sds j`r igkohe
ANC g cdstohgto`h. Ld p`ohts `ut tld j`bb`wohe rdgs`hs6 dipb`yidht, sl`ppohe, `jjoads
gi`he `tldrs. Ld gccdc tlgt tldrd grd gbs` rdbgtdc pgrkohe ghc trgjjoa a`hedsto`h pr`nbdis
gb`he.
^oalgrc @ ^gbgbojj (7?:=) p`stubgtdc tlgt oh dgal t`wh, adrtgoh cgys `j tld wddk grd ny b`agb
aust`i tld i`st oip`rtght sl`ppohe cgys pgrtoaubgrby j`r w`idh t` sl`p.
I`st oj h`t gbb adhtrgb nusohdss costroats gat gs dipb`yidht, aovoa, gciohostrgtovd adhtdrs
gi`he `tldrs ghc tldy grd wdbb gaadssdc. Ldhad lgrn`rohe gbb kohcs `j trgjjoa gs fustojodc ny
Kdvoh Byhal ghc Egry Lgak (7?.? Srgjjoa ^dbgtdc ]r`nbdis oh tld ANC
Fgak Lgrvdy (7?>5) p`stubgtdc tlgt y`u gppr`gal tld ANC, trgjjoa ohardgsds bdgcohe t` g
cdardgsd oh tld r`gc agpgaoty wloal rdsubts jr`i trgjjoa a`hedsto`h/a`hadhtrgto`h `j trgjjoa.
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Slos oip`sds s`aogb a`st `h h`h agr usdrs, dxlgust juids, h`osd, ghc cghedr `j gaaocdhts
vosugb ohtruso`h, oha`hvdhodhad t` pdcdstroghs ghc b`ss `j toid.
Fubous Adgsdr, oh los dgrby iuhoaopgb bgws `j bgws `j ^`id lgc a`hsocdrdc rdeubgto`h gs t`
l`w wge`hs sl`ubc e` tlr`uel tld strddts `j ^`id, wldh tldy sl`ubc h`t ghc l`w tldysl`ubc nd rdstroatdc curohe nusohdss l`urs. Ld jurtldr gccdc tlgt spgad j`r i`vdidht j`r igh
ghc los vdloabd `aaupods i`rd tlgh g qugrtdr `j bghc `h wloal a`iiuhotods bovd.
>.?.7 @tldr Trngh Srghsp`rt/Srgjjoa ]r`nbdis
Aotods grd b`agto`hs lgvohe g loel bdvdb `j gaauiubgto`h ghc a`hadhtrgto`h `j da`h`ioa
gatovotods ghc grd a`ipbdx spgtogb struaturds tlgt grd supp`rtdc ny trghsp`rt systdis. Sld
bgredr tld aoty, tld erdgtdr ots a`ipbdxoty ghc tld p`tdhtogb j`r trgjjoa cosrupto`hs. Sldrdj`rd oj
tlos a`ipbdxoty os h`t djjdatovdby ighgedc ot bdgcs t` g jgoburd oh tld urngh trghsp`rt systdi.
Sld i`st oip`rtght trghsp`rt pr`nbdis grd `jtdh rdbgtdc t` urngh grdgs ghc tgkd pbgad wldh
trghsp`rt systdis, j`r g vgrodty `j rdgs`hs, aghh`t sgtosjy tld huidr`us rdquordidhts `j urngh
i`noboty. Trngh pr`cuatovoty os loelby cdpdhcdht `h tld djjoaodhay `j ots trghsp`rt systdi t`
i`vd bgn`r, a`hsuidrs ghc jrdoelt ndtwddh iubtopbd `roeohs ghc cdstohgto`hs. Gccoto`hgbby,
oip`rtght trghsp`rt tdriohgbs sual gs p`rts, gorp`rts, ghc rgob ygrcs grd b`agtdc wotloh urngh
grdgs, a`htronutohe t` g spdaojoa grrgy `j pr`nbdis. Q`id pr`nbdis grd ghaodht, bokd
a`hedsto`h (wloal pbgeudc aotods sual gs ^`id), wlobd `tldrs grd hdw bokd urngh jrdoelt
costronuto`h `r dhvor`hidhtgb oipgats. Gi`he tld i`st h`tgnbd urngh trghsp`rt pr`nbdis grd6
(7).Soid (a`hsocdr cdbgys). S`` iual trgjjoa bdgcs t` cdbgys ghc a`hsuids toid wldh
wgotohe j`r poak ups (pd`pbd wgotohe gt stgto`hs / st`ps).
(>).Dhvor`hidhtgb a`hsdqudhads (a`hsocdr h`osd, juids/p`bbuto`h)6 Gor qugboty.
Gti`spldroa diosso`hs jr`i p`bbutghts pr`cuadc trghsp`rtgto`h, dspdaogbby ny tld ohtdrhgb
a`inusto`h dheohd, grd gss`aogtdc wotl gor p`bbuto`h ghc, greugnby, eb`ngb aboigtd alghed.
Q`id p`bbutghts (H@x, A@, @1, Z@A, dta.) agh pr`cuad rdsporgt`ry tr`unbds ghc geergvgtd
agrco`vgsaubgr obbhdssds. Oh urngh rdeo`hs, gn`ut 4=% `j gbb gor p`bbuto`h dighgtds jr`i
gut`i`nobd trgjjoa.
(1).B`hedr a`iiutohe. @h pgr wotl a`hedsto`h pd`pbd grd spdhcohe gh ohardgsohe gi`uht `j
toid a`iiutohe ndtwddh tldor rdsocdhad ghc w`rkpbgad. Gh oip`rtght jgat`r ndlohc tlos
trdhc os rdbgtdc t` rdsocdhtogb gjj`rcgnoboty gs l`usohe b`agtdc jurtldr gwgy jr`i adhtrgb grdgs
(wldrd i`st `j tld dipb`yidht rdigohs) os i`rd gjj`rcgnbd. Sldrdj`rd, a`iiutdrs grd
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trgcohe toid j`r l`usohe gjj`rcgnoboty. L`wdvdr, b`he a`iiutohe os bohkdc wotl sdvdrgb s`aogb
pr`nbdis, sual gs os`bgto`h, gs wdbb gs p``rdr ldgbtl (`ndsoty).
(3).H`osd.G igf`r orrotght, h`osd agh oipgat `h luigh ldgbtl ghc i`st `jtdh luigh wdbjgrd.
H`osd agh nd ighojdstdc oh tlrdd bdvdbs cdpdhcohe `h diosso`hs ohtdhsoty; psyal`b`eoagbcosturnghads (pdrturngto`hs, cospbdgsurd), juhato`hgb costurnghads (sbddp cos`rcdrs, b`ss `j
w`rk pr`cuatovoty, spddal ohtdrjdrdhad) `r plyso`b`eoagb costurnghads (ldgbtl ossuds sual gs
jgtoeud, ghc ldgrohe cgiged). H`osd ghc vonrgto`h gss`aogtdc wotl trgohs, truaks, ghc pbghds
oh tld voaohoty `j gorp`rts grd igf`r orrotghts.
(4).Ugtdr qugboty. Gaaocdhtgb ghc h`iohgb ruh`jj `j p`bbutghts jr`i trghsp`rt sual gs `ob
spobbs, grd s`urads `j a`htgiohgto`h j`r n`tl surjgad wgtdr ghc er`uhcwgtdr.
(:).Gdstldtoas (a`hsocdr vosugb ohtruso`h)
(5).Qpgad (i`t`r vdloabd `aaupy spgad pd`pbd h`t jrdd t` i`vd)6 Bghc tgkd.Srghsp`rt os g
bgred a`hsuidr `j urngh spgad wldh gbb `j ots supp`rtohe ohjrgstruaturd ghc dquopidht grd
a`hsocdrdc. Jurtldri`rd, tld pbghhohe gss`aogtdc wotl tldsd struaturds c`ds h`t gbwgys
a`hsocdr gdstldtoa vgbuds gs os `jtdh tld agsd oh tld a`hstruato`h `j urngh loelwgys. Sldsd
vosugb oipgats lgvd gcvdrsd a`hsdqudhads `h tld qugboty `j bojd `j hdgrny rdsocdhts.
(?).A`hedsto`h (jrustrgtds)6 Uotl tld ohardgsdc usd `j trghsp`rt systdis, ot lgs nda`id
ohardgsoheby a`ii`h j`r pgrts `j tld hdtw`rk t` nd usdc gn`vd cdsoeh agpgaoty. A`hedsto`h
os tld `uta`id `j sual g sotugto`h wotl ots gss`aogtdc a`sts, cdbgys ghc wgstd `j dhdrey.
Costronuto`h systdis tlgt rdby up`h `h-toid cdbovdrods grd pgrtoaubgrby susadptonbd t`
a`hedsto`h.
(=7= oh gccoto`h t` 4= iobbo`h ohfurods. Alohg lgs `hd `j tld
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loeldst agr gaaocdht cdgtl rgtds oh tld w`rbc, wotl i`rd tlgh 77=,=== jgtgbotods pdr ydgr (1==
pdr cgy), g jgat`r igohby cud t` rdadht er`wtl oh vdloabd `whdrslop.
(7=). A`sts cojjdrdhads.B`agto`hs tlgt lgvd b`w bdvdbs `j gaadssonoboty, sual gs bghcb`akdc
a`uhtrods, tdhc t` lgvd loeldr a`sts j`r ighy e``cs (s`idtoids ngsoa hdadssotods sual gsj``c) gs i`st lgvd t` nd oip`rtdc, `jtdh `vdr b`he costghads. Sld rdsubtohe loeldr trghsp`rt
a`sts ohlonot tld a`ipdtotovdhdss `j sual b`agto`hs ghc boiots `pp`rtuhotods. A`hsuidrs ghc
ohcustrods wobb pgy loeldr proads, oipgatohe `h tldor wdbjgrd (cosp`sgnbd oha`id) ghc
a`ipdtotovdhdss
>.7= Srghsp`rt/Srgjjoa ]urp`sds oh Trngh Grdgs
(7) Qgjdty. J`r dxgipbd, tld agsd `j g provgtd agr, `hd jddbs sgjd ghc a`ij`rtgnbd wlobd
i`vohe gs ld/sld `hby i`vds wotl `hby tl`sd ld jddbs ld agh i`vd wotl.
(>)Dgsds gaadss t` sl`ppohe grdgs. ]d`pbd agh dgsoby gaadssds sl`ppohe grdgs cud t` tld
a`hhdatovoty `j sual grdgs.
(1)A`hhdat pdcdstroghs jr`i l`id t` a`iidraogb adhtdrs. ]dcdstroghs agh dgsoby a`hhdat
jr`i tldor l`ids t` tld a`iidraogb grdgs cud t` tld e``c aoraubgto`hs wotl oh urngh grdgs.
(3)Nubky e``cs agh nd i`vdc.J`r dxgipbd trgohs ghc truak agrry/ trghsp`rt nubky e``cs
jr`i `hd pbgad t` gh`tldr.
(4) I`vds igssds `j pd`pbd.J`r dxgipbd, trgohs ghc nusds agrry quotd g bgred huindr `j
pd`pbd jr`i b`agto`h `hd t` gh`tldr.
(:)U`rk gbb a`hcoto`hs. J`r dxgipbd i`t`rozdc trghsp`rt i`cds agh w`rk uhcdr gbb
a`hcoto`hs, nd ot rgohohe `r slohohe.
(5) ^dbgtovdby aldgpdr j`r tld usdrs.J`r dxgipbd nusds ghc trgis algred rdbgtovdby bottbd
gi`uhts `j i`hdy wloal tld usdrs johc aldgpdr j`r tldor cgoby trgvdbs.
(
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(7=) Ohardgsdc a`ipdtoto`h. Uldh trghsp`rt os djjoaodht, tld p`tdhtogb igrkdt j`r g eovdh
pr`cuat (`r sdrvoad) ohardgsds, ghc s` c`ds a`ipdtoto`h. G wocdr grrgy `j e``cs ghc sdrvoads
nda`ids gvgobgnbd t` a`hsuidrs tlr`uel a`ipdtoto`h wloal tdhcs t` rdcuad a`sts ghc
pr`i`td qugboty ghc ohh`vgto`h. Eb`ngbozgto`h lgs abdgrby nddh gss`aogtdc wotl g a`ipdtotovddhvor`hidht tlgt spghs tld w`rbc.
(77) Ohardgsdc bghc vgbud. Bghc wloal os gcfgadht `r sdrvoadc ny e``c trghsp`rt sdrvoads
edhdrgbby lgs erdgtdr vgbud cud t` tld utoboty ot a`hjdrs t` ighy gatovotods. Oh s`id agsds, tld
`pp`sotd agh nd trud oj rdbgtdc t` rdsocdhtogb gatovotods. Bghc b`agtdc hdgr gorp`rts ghc
loelwgys, hdgr h`osd ghc p`bbuto`h s`urads, wobb tlus sujjdr jr`i a`rrdsp`hcohe coiohoslohe
bghc vgbud.
>.77 Gut`i`nobd Cdpdhcdhay
Gut`i`nobd usd os `nvo`usby rdbgtdc t` g vgrodty `j gcvghtgeds sual gs `h cdighc i`noboty,
a`ij`rt, stgtus, spddc, ghc a`hvdhodhad. Sldsd gcvghtgeds f`ohtby obbustrgtd wly gut`i`nobd
`whdrslop a`htohuds t` er`w w`rbcwocd, dspdaogbby oh urngh grdgs. Uldh eovdh tld al`oad
ghc tld `pp`rtuhoty, i`st ohcovocugbs wobb prdjdr usohe gh gut`i`nobd. Qdvdrgb jgat`rs
ohjbudhad tld er`wtl `j tld t`tgb vdloabd jbddt, sual gs sustgohdc da`h`ioa er`wtl (ohardgsd oh
oha`id ghc qugboty `j bojd), a`ipbdx ohcovocugb urngh i`vdidht pgttdrhs (ighy l`usdl`bcs
lgvd i`rd tlgh `hd gut`i`nobd), i`rd bdosurd toid ghc sunurnghozgto`h. Sldrdj`rd, rosohe
gut`i`nobd i`noboty agh nd pdradovdc gs g p`sotovd a`hsdqudhad `j da`h`ioa cdvdb`pidht.
Sld gautd er`wtl oh tld t`tgb huindr `j vdloabds gbs` eovds rosd t` a`hedsto`h gt pdgk trgjjoa
l`urs `h igf`r tl`r`ueljgrds, oh nusohdss costroats ghc `jtdh tlr`uel`ut tld idtr`p`botgh
grdg.
Aotods grd oip`rtght edhdrgt`rs ghc gttrgat`rs `j i`vdidhts, wloal lgvd ardgtdc g sdt `j
ed`ergploagb pgrgc`xds tlgt grd sdbj-rdohj`raohe. J`r ohstghad, spdaogbozgto`h bdgcs t`
gccoto`hgb trghsp`rt cdighcs wlobd geeb`idrgto`h bdgcs t` a`hedsto`h. @vdr toid, g stgtd `j
gut`i`nobd cdpdhcdhay lgs didredc wloal rdsubts oh g coiohuto`h oh tld r`bd `j `tldr i`cds,
tldrdny boiotohe stobb jurtldr gbtdrhgtovds t` urngh i`noboty. Oh gccoto`h t` tld jgat`rs
a`htronutohe t` tld er`wtl `j crovohe, tw` igf`r jgat`rs a`htronutohe t` gut`i`nobd
cdpdhcdhay grd6
Thcdr proaohe ghc a`hsuidr al`oads. I`st r`gc ohjrgstruaturds grd sunsocozdc gs tldy grd
a`hsocdrdc g punboa sdrvoad. A`hsdqudhtby, crovdrs c` h`t ndgr tld jubb a`st `j gut`i`nobd usd.
Bokd tld "Srgedcy `j tld A`ii`hs", wldh g rds`urad os jrdd `j gaadss (r`gc), ot tdhcs t` nd
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`vdrusdc ghc gnusdc (a`hedsto`h). Slos os gbs` rdjbdatdc oh a`hsuidr al`oad, wldrd
gut`i`nobd `whdrslop os g syin`b `j stgtus, jrddc`i ghc prdstoed, dspdaogbby oh cdvdb`pohe
a`uhtrods. Qohebd l`id `whdrslop gbs` rdohj`rads gut`i`nobd cdpdhcdhay.
]bghhohe ghc ohvdstidht prgatoads. ]bghhohe ghc dhsurohe gbb`agto`h `j punboa juhcs goit`wgrcs oipr`vohe r`gc ghc pgrkohe jgaobotods oh gh `he`ohe gttdipt t` gv`oc a`hedsto`h.
@tldr trghsp`rtgto`h gbtdrhgtovds tdhc t` nd cosrdegrcdc. Oh ighy agsds, z`hohe rdeubgto`hs
oip`sd iohoiui stghcgrcs `j r`gc ghc pgrkohe sdrvoads ghc cd jgat` oip`sd g rdeubgtdc
gut`i`nobd cdpdhcdhay.
Gut`i`nobd cdpdhcdhay os gbs` sdrvdc ny g aubturgb ghc a`iidraogb systdi pr`i`tohe tld
gut`i`nobd gs g syin`b `j stgtus ghc pdrs`hgb jrddc`i, hgidby tlr`uel ohtdhsd gcvdrtosohe
ghc dhtoadidhts t` puralgsd hdw gut`i`nobds. H`t surprosoheby, ighy cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods
pdradovd i`t`rozgto`h gs g a`hcoto`h j`r cdvdb`pidht. Dvdh oj tld tdri gut`i`nobd
cdpdhcdhay os `jtdh hdegtovdby pdradovdc ghc jgv`rdc ny igrkdt cost`rto`hs sual gs tld
pr`voso`h `j r`gcs, ots `uta`id rdjbdats tld al`oad `j ohcovocugbs wl` sdd tld gut`i`nobd
i`rd gs gh gcvghtged tldh gh oha`hvdhodhad.
Sld sda`hc lgbj `j tld >=tl adhtury sgw tld gcgptgto`h `j ighy aotods oh H`rtl Gidroag ghc
Dur`pd t` gut`i`nobd aoraubgto`h. I`t`rozdc trghsp`rtgto`h wgs sddh gs g p`wdrjub syin`b `j
i`cdrhoty ghc cdvdb`pidht. Loelwgys wdrd a`hstruatdc, strddts wdrd dhbgredc, ghc pgrkohe
b`ts wdrd sdt `jtdh cosruptohe tld dxostohe urngh jgnroa wotl tld ardgto`h `j i`t`rozdc aotods.
L`wdvdr, jr`i tld 7?
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`j a`hedsto`h iotoegto`h ghc rdvdhud edhdrgto`h. I`st dvocdhad uhcdrbohds l`wdvdr tlgt
crovdrs grd wobbohe t` ndgr gccoto`hgb t`bb a`sts, dspdaogbby j`r a`iiutohe sohad ot os bohkdc
wotl tldor igoh oha`id.
>.77.7 A`hedsto`h
A`hedsto`h `aaurs wldh trghsp`rt cdighc dxaddcs trghsp`rt suppby gt g spdaojoa p`oht oh
toid ghc oh g spdaojoa sdato`h `j tld trghsp`rt systdi. Thcdr sual aorauistghads, dgal vdloabd
oipgors tld i`noboty `j `tldrs.
A`hedsto`h agh nd pdradovdc gs gh uhgv`ocgnbd a`hsdqudhad `j tld usged `j sagrad trghsp`rt
rds`urads, pgrtoaubgrby oj tldy grd h`t proadc. Sld bgst cdagcds lgvd sddh tld dxtdhso`h `j
r`gcs oh rurgb nut pgrtoaubgrby oh urngh grdgs, i`st `j tldi jrdd `j gaadss. Sl`sd
ohjrgstruaturds wdrd cdsoehdc j`r spddc ghc loel agpgaoty, nut tld er`wtl `j urngh aoraubgto`h
`aaurrdc gt g rgtd loeldr tlgh `jtdh dxpdatdc. Ohvdstidhts agid jr`i covdrsd bdvdbs `j
e`vdrhidht wotl g vodw t` pr`vocd gaadssonoboty t` aotods ghc rdeo`hs. Sldrd wdrd str`he
ohadhtovds j`r tld dxpghso`h `j r`gc trghsp`rtgto`h ny pr`vocohe loel bdvdbs `j trghsp`rt
suppby. Slos lgs ardgtdc g voao`us aorabd `j a`hedsto`h wloal supp`rts tld a`hstruato`h `j
gccoto`hgb r`gc agpgaoty ghc gut`i`nobd cdpdhcdhay. Trngh a`hedsto`h igohby a`hadrhs tw`
c`igohs `j aoraubgto`h, `jtdh slgrohe tld sgid ohjrgstruaturds6
Ot os oip`rtght t` uhcdrbohd tlgt a`hedsto`h oh urngh grdgs os c`iohghtby agusdc ny
a`iiutohe pgttdrhs ghc bottbd ny truak i`vdidhts. @h gvdrged, ohjrgstruaturd pr`voso`h wgs
h`t gnbd t` kddp up wotl tld er`wtl oh tld huindr `j vdloabds, dvdh i`rd wotl tld t`tgb
huindr `j vdloabds-ki. Curohe ohjrgstruaturd oipr`vdidht ghc a`hstruato`h, agpgaoty
oipgoridht (jdwdr gvgobgnbd bghds, ab`sdc sdato`hs, dta.) jgv`rs a`hedsto`h. Oip`rtght trgvdb
cdbgys `aaur wldh tld agpgaoty boiot os rdgaldc `r dxaddcdc, wloal os tld agsd `j gbi`st gbb
idtr`p`botgh grdgs. Oh tld bgredst aotods sual gs B`hc`h, r`gc trgjjoa os gatugbby sb`wdr tlgh ot
wgs 7== ydgrs ge`. Igreohgb cdbgys grd tlus ohardgsohe ghc crovohe spddc nda`ids
pr`nbdigtoa gs tld bdvdb `j p`pubgto`h cdhsoty ohardgsds. @had g p`pubgto`h tlrdsl`bc `j gn`ut
7 iobbo`h os rdgaldc, aotods stgrt t` dxpdrodhad rdaurrohe a`hedsto`h pr`nbdis. Slos
`nsdrvgto`h iust nd hughadc ny huidr`us jgat`rs rdbgtdc t` tld urngh sdttohe, i`cgb
prdjdrdhads ghc tld qugboty `j dxostohe urngh trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturds. Qtobb, bgred aotods lgvd
nda`id a`hedstdc i`st `j tld cgy, ghc a`hedsto`h os edttohe i`rd gautd. Gh`tldr oip`rtght
a`hsocdrgto`h a`hadrhs pgrkohe, wloal a`hsuids bgred gi`uhts `j spgad ghc pr`vocds
boiotdc da`h`ioa ndhdjot. Oh gut`i`nobd cdpdhcdht aotods, tlos agh nd vdry a`hstrgohohe gs
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7.77.>.7 Iotoegtohe A`hedsto`h
Oh s`id grdgs, tld gut`i`nobd os tld `hby i`cd j`r wloal ohjrgstruaturds grd pr`vocdc. Slos
oipbods bdss agpgaoty j`r usohe gbtdrhgtovd i`cds sual trghsot, wgbkohe ghc ayabohe. Gt s`id
bdvdbs `j cdhsoty, h` punboa ohjrgstruaturd ohvdstidht agh nd fustojodc oh tdris `j da`h`ioa
rdturhs. B`hedr a`iiutohe trops oh tdris `j gvdrged trgvdb toid, tld rdsubt `j jrgeidhtdc bghc
usds ghc a`hedsto`h bdvdbs grd g soehojoaght trdhc. A`hvdredhad `j trgjjoa gt igf`r loelwgys
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7?
tlgt sdrvd vgst b`w cdhsoty grdgs wotl loel bdvdbs `j gut`i`nobd `whdrslop ghc b`w bdvdbs j
gut`i`nobd `aaupghay. Sld rdsubt os dhdrey (judb) wgstdc curohe a`hedsto`h (gccoto`hgb toid)
ghc suppbdidhtgry a`iiutohe costghads. Oh gut`i`nobd cdpdhcdht aotods, g jdw idgsurds agh
ldbp gbbdvogtd a`hedsto`h t` s`id dxtdht6^gip idtdrohe. A`htr`bbohe tld gaadss t` g a`hedstdc loelwgy ny bdttohe gut`i`nobds oh
`hd gt g toid ohstdgc `j oh er`ups. Sld `uta`id os g b`wdr cosrupto`h `h loelwgy trgjjoa
jb`ws.
Srgjjoa soehgb syhalr`hozgto`h.Suhohe tld trgjjoa soehgbs t` tld toid ghc cordato`h `j trgjjoa
jb`ws. Slos os pgrtoaubgrby djjdatovd oj tld soehgbs agh nd gcfustdc `h gh l`urby ngsos t` rdjbdat
algheds oh a`iiutohe pgttdrhs.
Ohaocdht ighgedidht. Igkohe surd tlgt vdloabds ohv`bvdc oh gaaocdhts `r idalghoagb
jgoburds grd rdi`vdc gs quoakby gs p`ssonbd jr`i tld r`gc. Qohad gaaocdht `h gvdrged gaa`uht
ndtwddh >= ghc 1=% j gbb tld agusds `j a`hedsto`h, tlos strgtdey os pgrtoaubgrby oip`rtght.
Agrp``bohe. A`hadrhs tw` ossuds. Sld jorst ghc i`st a`ii`h os gh ohcovocugb pr`vocohe
rocdrslop t` pd`pbd (`jtdh a`-w`rkdrs) lgvohe g soiobgr `roeoh, cdstohgto`h ghc a`iiutohe
toid. Sw` `r i`rd vdloabd trops agh tlus nd a`inohdc oht` `hd. Sld sda`hc ohv`bvds g p``b
`j vdloabds (i`stby agrs, nut gbs` noayabds) tlgt agh nd bdgsdc j`r sl`rt curgto`hs wldh
i`noboty os rdquordc. Gcdqugtd idgsurds iust nd tgkdh s` tlgt suppby ghc cdighc grd
djjdatovdby igtaldc.
L@Z bghds. Loel @aaupghay Zdloabd (L@Z) bghds ohsurd tlgt vdloabds wotl > `r i`rd
pgssdhedrs (nusds, vghs, agrp``b, dta.) lgvd dxabusovd gaadss t` g bdss a`hedstdc bghd,
pgrtoaubgrby curohe pdgk l`urs.
A`hedsto`h proaohe. G vgrodty `j idgsurds goidc gt oip`sohe algreds `h spdaojoa sdeidhts
`r rdeo`hs `j tld trghsp`rt systdi, igohby gs g t`bb. Sld algreds agh gbs` alghed curohe tld
cgy t` rdjbdat a`hedsto`h bdvdbs s` tlgt crovdrs grd ohaotdc t` a`hsocdr `tldr toid pdro`cs `r
`tldr i`cds.
]unboa trghsot. @jjdrohe gbtdrhgtovds t` crovohe tlgt agh soehojoaghtby oipr`vd djjoaodhay,
h`tgnby oj ot aoraubgtds `h ots `wh ohjrgstruaturd (sunwgy, boelt rgob, nusds `h rdsdrvdc bghds,
dta.) ghc os wdbb ohtdergtdc wotloh g aoty's cdvdb`pidht pbghs. L`wdvdr, punboa trghsot lgs ots
`wh sdt `j ossuds (sdd hdxt sdato`h).
H`h-i`t`rozdc trghsp`rtgto`h. Qohad tld erdgt igf`roty `j urngh trops grd `vdr sl`rt
costghads, h`h-i`t`rozdc i`cds, pgrtoaubgrby wgbkohe ghc ayabohe, lgvd gh oip`rtght r`bb t`
pbgy oh supp`rtohe urngh i`noboty. Sld pr`voso`h `j gcdqugtd ohjrgstruaturd, sual gs
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>=
socdwgbks, os `jtdh g b`w pro`roty gs h`h-i`t`rozdc trghsp`rtgto`h os `jtdh pdradovdc gs h`t
i`cdrh oh spotd `j tld oip`rtght r`bd ot hddcs t` gssuid oh urngh grdgs.
Gbb tldsd idgsurds `hby pgrtogbby gccrdss tld ossud `j a`hedsto`h, gs tldy gbbdvogtd, nut c` h`t
s`bvd tld pr`nbdi. Juhcgidhtgbby, a`hedsto`h rdigohs g jgoburd gt rda`haobohe i`nobotycdighcs ghc gautd suppby a`hstrgohts.
>.77.> Sld Trngh Srghsot Algbbdhed
Gs aotods a`htohud t` nda`id i`rd cospdrsdc, tld a`st `j nuobcohe ghc `pdrgtohe punboa
trghsp`rtgto`h systdis ohardgsds. J`r ohstghad, `hby gn`ut
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>7
Cdadhtrgbozgto`h. ]unboa trghsot systdis grd h`t cdsoehdc t` sdrvoad b`w cdhsoty ghc sagttdrdc
urngh grdgs tlgt grd ohardgsoheby c`iohgtohe tld bghcsagpd. Sld erdgtdr tld cdadhtrgbozgto`h
`j urngh gatovotods, tld i`rd cojjoaubt ghc dxpdhsovd ot nda`ids t` sdrvd urngh grdgs wotl
punboa trghsot. Gccoto`hgbby, cdadhtrgbozgto`h pr`i`tds b`he costghad trops `h trghsot systdisagusohe loeldr `pdrgtohe a`sts ghc rdvdhud ossuds j`r jbgt jgrd trghsot systdis.
Joxoty. Sld ohjrgstruaturds `j sdvdrgb punboa trghsot systdis, h`tgnby rgob ghc sunwgy systdis
grd joxdc, wlobd aotods grd cyhgioagb dhtotods, dvdh oj tld pgad `j alghed agh tgkd cdagcds.
Slos oipbods tlgt trgvdb pgttdrhs tdhc t` alghed ghc tlgt g trghsot systdi nuobt j`r sdrvoaohe g
spdaojoa pgttdrh igy dvdhtugbby jgad "spgtogb `ns`bdsadhad".
A`hhdatovoty. ]unboa trghsot systdis grd `jtdh ohcdpdhcdht jr`i `tldr i`cds ghc tdriohgbs.
Ot os a`hsdqudhtby cojjoaubt t` trghsjdr pgssdhedrs jr`i `hd systdi t` tld `tldr. Slos bdgc t` g
pgrgc`x ndtwddh tld prdjdrdhad `j rocdrs t` lgvd cordat a`hhdato`hs ghc tld hddc t` pr`vocd g
a`st djjoaodht sdrvoad hdtw`rk tlgt ohv`bvds trghsjdrs.
A`ipdtoto`h. Oh vodw `j aldgp ghc unoquot`us r`gc trghsp`rt systdis, punboa trghsot jgadc
str`he a`ipdtoto`h ghc b`ss rocdrslop oh rdbgtovd tdris ghc oh s`id agsds oh gns`butd tdris.
Sld loeldr tld bdvdb `j gut`i`nobd cdpdhcdhay, tld i`rd ohgppr`progtd tld punboa trghsot
bdvdb `j sdrvoad. Sld punboa sdrvoad ndohe `jjdrdc os soipby `utpgadc ny tld a`hvdhodhad `j
tld gut`i`nobd. L`wdvdr, algheds oh dhdrey proads grd bokdby t` oip`sd g hdw dquobonroui oh
tlos rdbgto`hslop.
Johghaohe ghc jgrd struaturds. I`st punboa trghsot systdis lgvd gnghc`hdc g costghad-
ngsdc jgrd struaturd t` g soipbdr jbgt jgrd systdi. Slos lgc tld uhohtdhcdc a`hsdqudhad `j
cosa`urgeohe sl`rt trops j`r wloal i`st trghsot systdis grd wdbb suotdc j`r, ghc dha`urgeohe
b`hedr trops tlgt tdhc t` nd i`rd a`stby pdr usdr tlgh tld jgrds tldy edhdrgtd. Ohj`rigto`h
systdis `jjdr tld p`ssonoboty j`r trghsot systdis t` i`vd ngak t` g i`rd dquotgnbd costghad
ngsdc jgrd struaturd.
Bdegay a`sts. I`st punboa trghsot systdis dipb`y f`oht bgn`r tlgt lgvd a`hsostdhtby usdc
strokds (`r tld tlrdgt `j g strokd) ghc tld gautd cosrupto`hs tldy ardgtd gs bdvdrged t` hde`togtd
jgv`rgnbd a`htrgats, ohabucohe ldgbtl ghc rdtordidht ndhdjots. Qohad punboa trghsot os
sunsocozdc tldsd a`sts wdrd h`t wdbb rdjbdatdc oh tld jgrd systdis. Oh ighy trghsot systdis,
gccoto`hgb sunsocods wdht oht` a`ipdhsgto`h `r t` a`vdr pgst cdnt, ghc h`t hdadssgroby oht`
pdrj`righad oipr`vdidhts `r gccoto`hgb ohjrgstruaturd. Gs i`st e`vdrhidhts grd jgaohe
strohedht nucedtgry a`hstrgohts ndagusd `j uhsustgohgnbd s`aogb wdbjgrd a`iiotidhts, punboa
trghsot gedhaods grd ndohe j`radc t` rdgssdss tldor nucedts tlr`uel gh uhp`pubgr iox `j loeldr
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>>
jgrds, cdjdrrdc igohtdhghad ghc tld nrdgkohe `j bgn`r a`htrgats. Sld drg `j punboa trghsot gs g
wdbjgrd gedhay pr`vocohe a`ipdhsgto`h ghc ndhdjots wdbb gn`vd tld qugbojoagto`hs ghc tld
pr`cuatovoty `j ots bgn`r igy nd crgwohe t` gh dhc.
>.7> B`agto`h `j ]rdiosds
L`bidr L`yt (7?11) a`rhdr b`agto`h `j nusohdss oh tld ANC a`iighcs loel proad j`r adrtgoh
typds `j rdtgob usd ndagusd `j erdgtdr a`hvdhodhad t` strdgis `j pdcdstroghs trgjjoa. Nusohdss
prdiosds b`agtd tldor gatovotods wldrd tldy agh igxoiosd pr`jot, nut wlgt cdtdriohds
pr`jotgnoboty os gaadssonoboty .Slgt os gaadssonoboty (trgjjoa) t` g sl`ppohe igbb `r g igrkdt os
rdgbby vdry oip`rtght.
Gaa`rcohe t` ^gyi`hc. D.Igrply (7?:7) b`agtohe a`iidraogb gatovotods oh tld ANC os gbb
cdtdriohdc ny trgjjoa `j tlgt vdry grdg ghc ndagusd `j trgjjoa aust`idrs agh a`id t` tld
ANCs j`r vgro`us rdgs`hssual gs sl`ppohe, dhtdrtgohidht gi`he `tldrs.
^oalgrc T.^ (7?:7) rda`ehosds tlgt b`agto`h `j prdiosds os gttgohdc ny usd `j idtl`cs bokd
dstoigtohe sagbd v`buid oh g b`agto`h, tld qugbotgtovd ghc qughtotgtovd ghgbysos `j pdcdstroghs
trgjjoa `jtdh suppbdidhtdc ny dstoigtds `j tld v`buid `j a`ipdtoto`h oh tld voaohoty `j tld
sotd. Sld `nvo`us `nfdatovd `j trgjjoa ghgbysos os t` cdtdriohd tld huindr `j p`tdhtogb
aust`idrs wl` pgss tld sotd `j wl` grd oh tld voaohoty ghc ioelt nd gttrgatdc t` tld st`rd
b`agtdc tldrd.
>.71 Ohj`rigb A`iidraogb Gatovotods ghc A`iiuhoty Cdvdb`pidht
Sld didredhad `j igrkdt os slr`ucdc oh iystdry ghc a`htr`vdrsy. Dgrby `poho`h `h ot ny
F`hds (7?:?) wgs tlgt igf`roty `j sdbbdrs wdrd uhusugb trgcdrs wl` dgrhdc bovohe ny `tldr
idghs. Slos stged wgs j`bb`wdc bgtdr ny iual bgredr sagbd wotl dbdidhts `j spdaogbozgto`h oh
trgcd c`iohgtdc ny ioccbdidh. Sld tlorc stged, gaa`rcohe t` Qkohhdr (7?:3) os g stged `j
i`cdrhozgto`h ghc ohardgsdc igrkdtohe gatovotods. Slos gaa`rcohe t` Kuiuyo (7?===) gbs` `nsdrvdc tlgt strddt a`iidrad wgs s`idtlohe tlgt ndb`hedc t` tld pgst,
ghc `hby ndagid p`pubgr `vdr tld ydgrs. Ulobd tld j`rigb da`h`iy ndagid c`iohgtdc ny
ideg-st`rds ghc iubto hgto`hgb a`rp`rgto`hs, bgred sdat`rs `j tld da`h`iy rdsostdc sual
a`hadhtrgto`h. Slos os s` ndagusd jorst, aubturd `j s`id dhvor`hidhts pgvdc wgy j`r ohj`rigb
trgcohe gatovotods (S`kigh, 7?5
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>1
sobdhad tld e`vdrhidht ndagusd `j tld jgoburd `j tld bgttdr t` pbgh j`r ots pd`pbds da`h`iy
(Ar`ss, 7??:). Qoehojoaght oh
tlos os tld punboa gaadptghad `j ohj`rigb a`iidraogb gatovotods t` iddt tldor j`rigb da`h`ioa
cdighcs. Oh `tldr w`rcs, ]`rtds dt gb (7?
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>3
>.73 Srgjjoa ghc Trngh Cdvdb`pidht
Gaa`rcohe t` Thotdc Hgto`hs Adhtrd j`r Luigh Qdttbdidhts (7??3), Ot os h`w wdbb rda`ehozdc
tlgt tld pr`adss `j urnghozgto`h ghc da`h`ioa cdvdb`pidht grd ohdxtroagnby bohkdc oh
cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods, wlobd trghsp`rt os g hdadssgry a`hcoto`h j`r, ghc g agtgbyst t`, urnghcdvdb`pidht. S`cgy gn`ut := % `j EC] `j cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods ghc hdgrby = % `j tldor ohvdstidht nucedt `h
trghsp`rt).Jdw bgred aotods oh cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods agh gjj`rc tld dxpdhsds rdquordc t` iddt
tld cdighc j`r trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturd ghc sdrvoads oh jubb. Trngh grdgs/aotods oh pgrtoaubgr
aghh`t rdsp`hc t` tld er`wtl j trghsp`rt ny i`t`r vdloabds oh provgtd usd wloal iubtopbods
tld cdighc j`r trgvdb wgy spgad.(oh ighy cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods trgjjoa a`hedsto`h os w`rsd
tlgh oh cdvdb`pdc a`uhtrods nut aotods lgvd hdotldr juhcs h`r spgad t` gaa`ii`cgtd tld
igssovd i`t`rozgto`h).
J`r dxgipbd oh Nghe K`he ,r`gcs `aaupy `hby iobbo`h i`t`r vdloabds. Sld djjdat os
trgjjoa a`hedsto`h bgstohe up t` 7: l`urs g cgy ghc sprdgc `vdr g rgcous `j >= t` 1= ki. Sld
spddc `j trgjjoa jb`w oh tld adhtrgb grdgs (ANC) os bdss tlgh 7=ki pdr l`ur ghc tld gvdrged
aotozdh spdhc 3= w`rkohe cgys oh g ydgr oh trgvdb.
Srgjjoa a`hedsto`h gjjdats gbb tld aotozdhs ny ohardgsohe tld a`st `j pr`cuato`h ghc costronuto`h
`j e``cs ghc ny cosa`urgeohe hdw cdvdb`pidht ohotogtovds. Ot lgs gbs` cdtroidhtgb oipgats `h
tld djjoaodhay `j r`gc ngsdc punboa trghsp`rt, c`iohght oh cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods sohad
a`ingtohe a`hedsto`h oh ANCs gns`rns lued gi`uhts `j johghaogb rds`urads, tld pr`voso`h
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>4
`j trghsp`rt /trgjjoa ohjrgstruaturd ghc sdrvoads os `jtdh hdebdatdc oh `tldr grdgs ,i`stby tl`sd
ohlgnotdc ny tld urngh p``r.
>.74 Srgjjoa ghc Dipb`yidhtSld dipb`yidht bdvdb lgs g cordat ndgrohe `h tld gnoboty `j pd`pbd t` pgy j`r trghsp`rt
sdrvoads. Sld pgrtoaopgto`h rgto` (rgto` `j w`rkohe p`pubgto`h t` tlgt t`tgb p`pubgto`h) oh tld
ANC l`vdrs gr`uhc tld 1= % igrk.
Sld b`agto`h `j dipb`yidht adhtdrs coatgtds tld pgttdrh `j trgvdb oh arotoagb pdgk Pl`ur
pdro`cs.ANC grd tld luns `j a`iidraogb ghc gciohostrgtovd gatovoty, nut tldy a`hstotutd g
sigbb pdradhtged `j tld t`tgb aoty/urngh grdg, tldy a`uht j`r g iual bgredr p`rto`h `j t`tgb
f`ns. Slos b`psocdc costronuto`h `j dipb`yidht rdsubts oh g bgred sagbd pdhcubui `j
i`vdidht ndtwddh tld sunurns ghc tld ANC.
>.7: Srgjjoa A`hadrhs oh Trngh Grdgs
Gs wd pbgh j`r trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rt oh urngh grdgs, tld ossuds `j a`hadrhs grd; i`noboty ghc
gaadssonoboty, da`h`ioa votgboty, da`b`eoagb sustgohgnoboty ghc hdoeln`rl``c bovgnoboty. Slus t`
gpprdaogtd tldsd a`hadrhs pr`pdrby `hd hddcs t` vodw tld urngh grdg oh ots igf`r juhato`hgb
grdgs hgidby6 w`rk grdg, bovohe grdg ghc dhvor`hidhtgbby sdhsotovd grdg. Sldrdj`rd tldrd os g
hddc t` ardgtd g systdi tlgt gbb`ws pd`pbd t` trgvdb wldrd tldy wght t` e`, quoakby ghc
a`ij`rtgnby gs wdbb gs a`hsocdrohe tld trgjjoa oipgats up`h tld da`h`ioa votgboty `j b`agb
nusohdssds gs wd gbb kh`w wlgt gttrgats us t` tld ANC. Ot os tld sl`ppohe igbbs, st`rds tldi
sdbvds, tld nustbd `j hdgr ny gatovotods ghc pbdgsght dhvor`hidht pbus tld dgsd `j edttohe t` tld
igbbs, pgrkohe gvgobgnoboty ghc tld a`hvdhodhad `j edttohe gr`uhc tld grdg ghc s` `h.
Ot os gbwgys oip`rtght t` rda`ehozd tld ngbghaohe gat ndtwddh da`h`ioa votgboty ghc tld
agpgaoty `j tld grdg t` lghcbd trgjjoa ndagusd oh ANCs, i`rd st`rds, sl`ps ghc noeedr
sl`ppohe igbbs wobb idgh i`rd aust`idrs ghc i`rd aust`idrs idgh i`rd trgjjoa, uhbdss tld
trghsp`rtgto`h systdi os gppr`progtdby cdsoehdc ghc usdc. Sldrdj`rd djj`rts t` dha`urged
nusohdss / a`iidraogb cdvdb`pidht wotl`ut pr`pdrby gccrdssohe trgjjoa/trghsp`rtgto`h
a`hadrhs agh a`id t` cordat a`hjboat wotl djj`rts t` oipr`vd tld bovgnoboty `j tld a`iiuhoty.
Oh uhcdrstghcohe trgjjoa/trghsp`rtgto`h ossuds, ots oip`rtght t` cdtdriohd l`w
trgjjoa/trghsp`rtgto`h ossuds ohtdrgat wotl ghc oipgat tld vognoboty `j ghc tld usd `j tld
nusohdss costroats.
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>:
>.75 ^dbgto`hslop ndtwddh Srgjjoa/Srghsp`rt ghc Srgcd/A`iidrad
Sld a`htronuto`h `j trgjjoa/trghsp`rt wgs rdgbozdc wgy ngak oh tld a`b`hogb cgys wldh
F.^occdbb gssdrtdc tlgt tld a`ipbdx pr`adss `j alghed, wloal lgs nddh vgro`usby tdridc
cdvdb`pidht, er`wtl ghc i`cdrhozgto`h os tld `uta`id `j a`ipbdx ohtdrgato`hs `j sdvdrgbj`rads .Gbtl`uel algheds oh dgal `j tld da`h`ioa, s`aogb, p`botoagb dbdidhts grd hdadssgry, ot
os tld pr`voso`h `j g trghsp`rtgto`h ohjrgstruaturd ghc tld a`ha`iotght dgsohe `j i`vdidht gs
wdbb gs tld j`ausohe `j da`h`ioa gatovoty ghc luigh `reghozgto`h wloal grd tld i`st
cdaosovd jgat`rs F.Ngrry ^occdbb (7?5=).
Slos sl`ws tld dxtdht t` wloal tld r`gc sdat`r sl`ubc nd diplgsozdc. Ld jurtldr h`tdc tlgt
r`gc trghsp`rt igkds `vdr bghc trgvdb bdss cojjoaubt ghc tlus a`iidraogb/da`h`ioa
cdvdb`pidht i`rd djjoaodht.
Srgjjoa er`wtl pr`vocds g jrgid w`rk up`h wloal bohks `j alghed sprdgc ghc e``cs ghc
pd`pbd i`vd. ^occdbb wgs kddh dh`uel t` h`td tld i`st `nvo`us alghed nr`uelt gn`ut ny
oipr`vdidht oh tld sdat`r gs ld bgidhtdc tlgt pro`r t` 7
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>5
>.7< Sld Srghsp`rtgto`h ]bghhohe ]r`adss6 Kdy Ossuds
J`r tld pgst 3= ydgrs, trghsp`rtgto`h pr`jdsso`hgbs lgvd usdc g j`ur-stdp gppr`gal oh
i`cdbohe trghsp`rtgto`h cdighc. I`st i`cdbohe gppr`galds usd s`id j`ri `j tldsd stdps
t`cgy. @had s`id uhcdrstghcohe lgs nddh dstgnbosldc gs t` wlgt tld bghc usd, p`pubgto`h, ghcdipb`yidht bdvdbs grd oh g stucy grdg, tld j`ur i`cdbohe stdps grd6
(g) Srop edhdrgto`h6Dstoigtohe tld huindr `j trops edhdrgtdc oh g sigbb ed`ergploa grdg,
agbbdc g z`hd, `r gt g pgrtoaubgr b`agto`h, ghc gttrgatdc t` gh`tldr z`hd `r pgrtoaubgr b`agto`h,
ngsdc `h tld gssuidc rdbgto`hslop gi`he s`ao`da`h`ioa jgat`rs, bghc usd algrgatdrostoas, ghc
tld huindr `j trops. Srop edhdrgto`h tldh bdgcs t`6
(n)Srop costronuto`h6Dstoigtohe tld huindr `j trops tlgt `roeohgtd oh dvdry z`hd oh tld stucy
grdg, wotl cdstohgto`hs t` dvdry `tldr z`hd. Sld rdsubt os g trop tgnbd tlgt os usdc oh6
(a)I`cd spbot6 Dstoigtohe, j`r tld huindr `j trops prdcoatdc ndtwddh dgal `roeoh ghc
cdstohgto`h, tld huindr `j trops igcd vog dgal typd `j i`cd tlgt os gvgobgnbd j`r tlgt trop.
Slus, x pdradht grd bokdby t` crovd gb`hd, y pdradhtgrd bokdby t` tgkd trghsot, z pdradht
grd bokdby t` rocd-slgrd, dta. I`cd spbot bdgcs t`6
(c) Hdtw`rk gssoehidht6Dstoigtohe tld huindr `j trops vog g pgrtoaubgr i`cd tlgt wobb tgkd
spdaojoa pgtls tlr`uel g r`gc `r trghsot hdtw`rk. Sld dhc rdsubt, wldh gbb trops grd gssoehdc t`
g hdtw`rk, os gh dstoigtd `j tld t`tgb huindr `j trops tlgt wobb usd dgal bohk oh tld hdtw`rk.
Uldh a`ipgrdc t` tld agpgaoty `j tlos bohk, pbghhdrs agh j`rdagst tld bdvdb `j a`hedsto`h tlgt
wobb `aaur gt tlgt b`agto`h. Slos nda`ids tld ngsos j`r gssdssohe tld pdrj`righad `j tld
trghsp`rtgto`h systdi.
>.7
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>.7? Srghsp`rt ghc Da`h`ioa Cdvdb`pidht
Ot os wocdby gakh`wbdcedc tlgt trghsp`rt lgs g aruaogb r`bd t` pbgy oh da`h`ioa cdvdb`pidht.
I`rd spdaojoagbby, ot lgs nddh rda`ehozdc tlgt tld pr`voso`h `j g loel qugboty trghsp`rt systdi
os g hdadssgry prda`hcoto`h j`r tld jubb pgrtoaopgto`h `j rdi`td a`iiuhotods oh tld ndhdjots `j
hgto`hgb cdvdb`pidht.
Gaa`rcohe t` Cr. Fdgh-]gub ^`croeud (>==?) ld sgys tld da`h`ioa oip`rtghad `j
trghsp`rtgto`h bokd ighy da`h`ioa gatovotods tlgt grd ohtdhsovd oh ohjrgstruaturds; tld trghsp`rt
sdat`r os gh oip`rtght a`ip`hdht `j tld da`h`iy oipgatohe `h cdvdb`pidht ghc tld wdbjgrd
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>?
`j p`pubgto`hs. Uldh trghsp`rt systdis grd djjoaodht, tldy pr`vocd da`h`ioa ghc s`aogb
`pp`rtuhotods ghc ndhdjots tlgt rdsubt oh p`sotovd iubtopbodrs djjdats sual gs ndttdr gaadssonoboty
t` igrkdts, dipb`yidht ghc gccoto`hgb ohvdstidhts. Uldh trghsp`rt systdis grd cdjoaodht oh
tdris `j agpgaoty `r rdbognoboty, tldy agh lgvd gh da`h`ioa a`st sual gs rdcuadc `r iossdc`pp`rtuhotods.
Djjoaodht trghsp`rtgto`h rdcuads a`sts, wlobd ohdjjoaodht trghsp`rtgto`h ohardgsds a`sts.
Srghsp`rt gbs` agrrods gh oip`rtght s`aogb ghc dhvor`hidhtgb b`gc, wloal aghh`t nd
hdebdatdc. Slus, jr`i g edhdrgb stghcp`oht tld da`h`ioa oipgats `j trghsp`rtgto`h agh nd
cordat ghc ohcordat6
Cordat oipgats rdbgtdc t` gaadssonoboty alghed wldrd trghsp`rt dhgnbds bgredr igrkdts ghc
dhgnbds t` sgvd toid ghc a`sts.
Ohcordat oipgatsrdbgtdc t` tld da`h`ioa iubtopbodr djjdats wldrd tld proad `j a`ii`cotods,
e``cs `r sdrvoads cr`p ghc/`r tldor vgrodty ohardgsds.
Srghsp`rtgto`h cdvdb`pidhts tlgt lgvd tgkdh pbgad sohad tld ndeohhohe `j tld ohcustrogb
rdv`buto`h lgvd nddh bohkdc t` er`wohe da`h`ioa `pp`rtuhotods. Gt dgal stged `j luigh
s`aodtgb cdvdb`pidht, g pgrtoaubgr trghsp`rt i`cd lgs nddh cdvdb`pdc `r gcgptdc. L`wdvdr, ot
lgs nddh `nsdrvdc tlgt tlr`uel`ut lost`ry tlgt h` sohebd trghsp`rt lgs nddh s`bdby rdsp`hsonbd
j`r da`h`ioa er`wtl. Ohstdgc, i`cds lgvd nddh bohkdc wotl tld juhato`h ghc tld ed`ergply
oh wloal er`wtl wgs tgkohe pbgad (FdghP]gub, Abgucd A`ht`os ghc Nrogh Qbgak, >==?).
Sld jorst trgcd r`utds dstgnbosldc g rucoidhtgry systdi `j costronuto`h ghc trghsgato`hs tlgt
w`ubc dvdhtugbby nd dxpghcdc ny b`he costghad igrotoid sloppohe hdtw`rks ghc tld sdttohe
`j tld jorst iubtohgto`hgb a`rp`rgto`hs. Igf`r jb`ws `j ohtdrhgto`hgb ioergto`h tlgt `aaurrdc
sohad tld 7
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1=
systdis, `tldrs grd `jtdh igreohgbozdc ny g sdt `j a`hcoto`hs oh wloal ohgcdqugtd
trghsp`rtgto`h pbgys g r`bd.
Srghsp`rt ny otsdbj os h`t g sujjoaodht a`hcoto`h j`r cdvdb`pidht; l`wdvdr tld bgak `j
trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturds agh nd sddh gs g a`hstrgohohe jgat`r `h cdvdb`pidht. Oh cdvdb`pohea`uhtrods, tld bgak `j trghsp`rtgto`h ohjrgstruaturds ghc rdeubgt`ry oipdcoidhts grd f`ohtby
oipgatohe da`h`ioa cdvdb`pidht ny a`hjdrrohe loeldr trghsp`rt a`sts, nut gbs` cdbgys
rdhcdrohe suppby algoh ighgedidht uhrdbognbd. Ohvdstidht oh trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturds os tlus
sddh gs g t``b `j rdeo`hgb cdvdb`pidht, pgrtoaubgrby oh cdvdb`pohe a`uhtrods ghc j`r tld r`gc
sdat`r.
Sld stghcgrc gssuipto`h os tlgt trghsp`rtgto`h ohvdstidhts tdhc t` nd i`rd wdgbtl pr`cuaohe
gs `pp`sdc t` wdgbtl a`hsuiohe ohvdstidhts sual gs sdrvoads. Qtobb, sdvdrgb trghsp`rtgto`h
ohvdstidhts agh nd wdgbtl a`hsuiohe oj tldy idrdby pr`vocd a`hvdhodhad, sual gs pgrkohe
ghc socdwgbks, `r sdrvoad g igrkdt sozd wdbb ndb`w ghy p`ssonbd da`h`ioa rdturh, wotl j`r
ohstghad pr`fdats bgndbdc "nroceds t` h`wldrd". Oh sual g a`htdxt, trghsp`rt ohvdstidht
pr`fdats agh nd a`uhtdrpr`cuatovd ny crgohohe tld rds`urads `j gh da`h`iy ohstdgc ardgtohe
wdgbtl ghc gccoto`hgb `pp`rtuhotods. Sldrd os gbs` g tdhcdhay j`r trghsp`rt ohvdstidhts t`
lgvd cdabohohe igreohgb rdturhs. Ulobd ohotogb ohjrgstruaturd ohvdstidhts tdhc t` lgvd g loel
rdturh sohad tldy pr`vocd gh dhtordby hdw rghed `j i`noboty `pto`hs, tld i`rd tld systdi os
cdvdb`pdc tld i`rd bokdby gccoto`hgb ohvdstidht w`ubc rdsubt oh b`wdr rdturhs. Gt s`id p`oht,
tld igreohgb rdturhs agh nd ab`sd t` zdr` `r dvdh hdegtovd, oipbyohe g slojt `j trghsp`rt
ohvdstidhts jr`i wdgbtl pr`cuaohe t` wdgbtl a`hsuiohe.
G a`ii`h jgbbgay os gssuiohe tlgt gccoto`hgb trghsp`rt ohvdstidhts wobb lgvd g soiobgr
iubtopbyohe djjdat tlgh tld ohotogb ohvdstidhts lgc, wloal agh bdgc t` agpotgb iosgbb`agto`h.
Slos idghs quotd uhcdrstghcgnby tlgt tld da`h`ioa oipgats `j trghsp`rt ohvdstidhts tdhc t`
nd soehojoaght wldh ohjrgstruaturds wdrd prdvo`usby ohdxostdht `r cdjoaodht ghc igreohgb wldh
gh dxtdhsovd hdtw`rk os gbrdgcy prdsdht. Sldrdj`rd, dgal cdvdb`pidht pr`fdat iust nd
a`hsocdrdc ohcdpdhcdhtby. Sypds `j Srghsp`rt Oipgats Sld rdbgto`hslop ndtwddh
trghsp`rtgto`h ghc da`h`ioa cdvdb`pidht os cojjoaubt t` j`rigbby dstgnbosl ghc lgs nddh
cdngtdc j`r ighy ydgrs.
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17
ALG]SD^ SL^DD
1.= IDSL@C@B@E_
1.7 Ohtr`cuato`hSlos algptdr a`vdrs tld grdg `j stucy, rdsdgral cdsoeh, sgipbohe sozd ghc tdalhoquds, cgtg
a`bbdato`h t``bs ghc ohstruidhts, cgtg pr`adssohe ghc ghgbysos, dxpdatdc rdsubts ghc tld bokdby
pr`nbdis t` nd dha`uhtdrdc curohe tld stucy.
1.7 Qtucy Grdg ]r`jobd
Lost`roagb Ngaker`uhc
Kgipgbg os tld agpotgb aoty `j tld ^dpunboa `j Teghcg. Ots lost`ry agh nd trgadc ngak oh tld
7:==s wldh ot wgs dstgnbosldc gs tld agpotgb (Konueg) `j Nueghcg Kohec`i. Ot sdrvdc gs g
p`botoagb ghc gciohostrgtovd agpotgb uhtob 7
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1>
Ed`ergply
Qotugtdc6 1> Cderdds ghc 74 iohutds Dgst `j Erddhwoal;
= Cderdds ghc 7? iohutds h`rtl `j tld dqugt`r, tlgt os gn`ut 34 ki h`rtl `jtld dqugt`r
B`agtdc6 Adhtrgb Teghcg, `h tld h`rtldrh sl`rds `j bgkd Zoat`rog, n`rcdrdc ny Ugkos`
Costroat t` tld H`rtl, Dgst, Udst ghc Q`utlUdst, wlobd bgkd Zoat`rog os oh tld
Q`utl Dgst gs sl`wh oh tld igp ndb`w.
Joeurd 76 Igp Ql`wohe Kgipgbg Aoty ghc Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h
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11
Grdg6 7:?sq.ki
S`p`ergply6 B`agtdc `h gn`ut >> lobbs `j gbtotucd `j 1,?7= jt (77>=i) gn`vd sdg bdvdb, wotl
jbgt suiiots, stddpdr uppdr sgeds, idreohe oht` uhcubgtohe sb`pds dhcohe oht` nr`gc vgbbdys
cossdatdc ny pdrdhhogb strdgis/alghhdbs.Aboigtd
^goh jgbb6 754=>===ii wotl pdgks oh Igral - Igy ghc QdptdindrH`vdindr.
Igrkdc cry sdgs`hs oh FuhdFuby ghc Cdadindr t` Fghugry.
Sdipdrgturd6Gvdrged `j >7.?A ghc ghhugb rghed `j >.3A.
^dbgtovd Luiocoty6 41
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13
Sgnbd 76Bghc Sdhurd
]dradhtgeds Sypd `j tdhurd
54% Igob`, pdrpdtugbby `whdc dspdaogbby ny
ohcovocugbs.
74% Bdgsd l`bc, rdhtdc j`r g pdro`c `j toid.
5% Kgngkgs bghc, agh nd bdgsdc ny Kgngkg
1% Jrddl`bc, pdrpdtugbby `whdc dspdaogbby ny
ohstotuto`hs.
Sgnbd >6Bghc Ttobozgto`h
Tsd % `j S`tgb
Geroaubturd 4:.7
^dsocdhtogb >1.>
Udtbghcs 1.:
Ohstotuto`hgb 4.>
Ugtdr >.7
Ohcustrogb 7.1
Ioxdc (rdsocdhtogb, a`iidraogb ghc
ohcustrogb)
>.5
Ttoboty 7.1
@pdh spgad pgrks 7.1
Ot os p`ssonbd tlgt tlos p`soto`h lgs erdgtby alghedc, eovdh tld rgpoc er`wtl `j Kgipgbg. Sld
gn`vd stgtostoas wdrd cdrovdc jr`i 7??1 Grogb pl`t`ergpls j`r Kgipgbg.
1.> ]`pubgto`h
Gaa`rcohe t` tld >==> hgto`hgb adhsus joeurds, Kgipgbg Costroat lgc g p`pubgto`h `j
gppr`xoigtdby 7,7
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14
Sld p`pubgto`h `j Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h wgs gbs` dstoigtdc gt gn`ut 7=:,=?3 curohe tld
>==> hgto`hgb adhsus. Sld ghhugb er`wtl rgtd `j Kgipgbg os dstoigtdc gt : %.
1.>.7 ]@]TBGSO@H @J KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H ]D^ ]G^OQL
Sgnbd 16 ]`pubgto`h `j Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h pdr ]grosl
]grosl L`usd l`bcs Igbd Jdigbd
Nukdsg >,=>< 1,7 3,=:3: 5>> 457 7,=14 1,
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1:
1.>.> ]`pubgto`h Costronuto`h j`r Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h Ghc Qdx
(Jr`i 7?:? S` >==>)
Sgnbd 36 ]`pubgto`h Costronuto`h j`r Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ghc Qdx
(Jr`i 7?:? t` >==>
7?:? 7?==>
Igbd Jdigbd Igbd Jdigbd Igbd Jdigbd Igbd Jdigbd
11,73= >1,=>< 1?,
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15
Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h os g not bgred j`r tld rdsdgraldr t` a`vdr gb`hd. Sld rdsdgraldr
tldrdj`rd sgipbdc `ut jdw rdsp`hcdhts (rdsocdhts) wl` wdrd tld rdprdsdhtgtovds `j tld
covoso`h. @ut `j tld wl`bd covoso`h, tld rdsdgraldr put iual diplgsos `h tld grdgs wotloh tld
ANC gs los sgipbohe grdg. Qgipbdc rdsp`hcdhts ohabucdc trgjjoa `jjoadrs, pdcdstroghs,ayabosts, crovdrs, nusohdss idh ghc w`idh, sal``b e`ohe alobcrdh/stucdhts, covoso`h pbghhdrs
ghc KAC tdalhoagb stgjj. Slos dhsurdc tlgt gbb idindrs wl` bovdc ghc w`rkdc oh Kgipgbg
Adhtrgb Covoso`h i`stby tld adhtrgb nusohdss costroat (ANC) wdrd wdbb rdprdsdhtdc.
1.4 Cgtg A`bbdato`h S``bs ghc Ohstruidhts
Qohad tld stucy dipb`ydc tld usd `j proigry ghc sda`hcgry cgtg, sdvdrgb tdalhoquds
pgrtoaubgrby ohtdrvodw, `nsdrvgto`h, qudsto`hhgords ghc c`auidhtgto`h rdvodw wdrd usdc `j
rdsp`hcdhts. Qda`hcgry cgtg wgs a`bbdatdc tlr`uel c`auidhtgto`h ny rdgcohe n`tl punbosldc
ghc uhpunbosldc igtdrogbs sual gs rdp`rts, adhsus ghc hdws pgpdrs gs wdbb gs vosotohe tld
ohtdrhdt.
1.: ]roigry Cgtg A`bbdato`h Idtl`cs
]roigry cgtg os cgtg tlgt os a`bbdatdc tlr`uel tld usd `j survdys, qudsto`hhgords, jodbc
`nsdrvgto`h, ohtdrvodws, pl`t`ergply, iddtohes, j`aus er`up cosausso`hs, ohtdrvodws `r `tldr
idtl`cs tlgt ohv`bvd cordat a`htgat wotl tld rdsp`hcdhts w`idh, idh, n`ys ghc eorbs.Sldrd j`rd tld ]roigry cgtg pr`vocdc gvdhuds j`r ohj`rigto`h egtldrohe ny tld rdsdgraldr oh
`rcdr t` dhgnbd tld gaadssonoboty `j oip`rtght ghc loelby rdbognbd ohj`rigto`h gn`ut tld rdgb
pr`nbdi `r sotugto`h `h er`uhc. Sldsd grd nrodjby dxpbgohdc ndb`w6
1.:.7 @nsdrvgto`h ghc Jodbc Qurvdyohe Idtl`c
Sld rdsdgraldr usdc tld `nsdrvgto`h euocd `r aldakbost a`htgohohe tld otdis tlgt grd t` nd
`nsdrvdc j`r dxgipbd tld rdsdgraldr `nsdrvdc tld typds `j trgjjoa i`cds, tld typds `j
a`iidraogb gatovotods oh tld grdg ghc oh cdptl ohtdrvodw euocd wgs usdc t` a`bbdat cgtg jr`i
sdbdatdc KAC tdalhoagb stgjj n`grc, pdcdstroghs, nusohdss pd`pbd gi`he `tldrs. Sld euocd
a`htgohdc g bost `j qudsto`hs tlgt wdrd goidc gt johcohe `ut tld oipgat `j trgjjoa `h
a`iidraogb gatovotods oh KAC (ANC).Sld hddc t` a`bbdat oh cdptl ohj`rigto`h wgs tld igf`r
rdgs`h ndlohc tld sdbdato`h `j tlos t``b `r idtl`c.
1.:.> Wudsto`hhgords
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1). Bgheuged ngrrodr pr`nbdi gr`sd wldh s`id tgredtdc rdsp`hcdhts wdrd h`t gnbd t`
ghswdr tld qudsto`hs oh Dhebosl ghc s`id prdjdrrdc usohe tldor i`tldr bgheugeds wloal tld
rdsdgraldr a`ubc h`t dvdh uhcdrstghc. Slos tldrdj`rd igcd tld rdsdgraldr t` lord ohtdrprdtdrs
oh sual agsds.
(1). Thprdcoatgnbd wdgtldr a`hcoto`hs. Sld rdsdgraldr dxpdrodhadc ngc wdgtldr a`hcoto`hs
cud eb`ngb aboigtd algheds, tld os rdsdgraldr a`ubc h`t tdbb wldh ot wgs e`ohe t` rgoh nut oh
ighy agsds ot rgohdc ghc gt toids tld suhslohd wgs t`` iual wotl oh tld grdgs `j Kgipgbg j`r
tld rdsdgraldr t` lghcbd.
(3). Boiotdc johghaogb rds`urads. Sld rdsdgraldr jgadc johghaogb lgrcslops tlr`uel `ut los
wlobd oh tld jodbc; tldrd wdrd boiotdc johghaogb rds`urads. Slos wgs ndagusd rdsdgral pr`fdat
rdquordc b`ts `j johghaogb rds`urads wloal tld rdsdgraldr hdvdr lgc gt tld tlgt toid.
1.7= Sld Gn`vd ]r`nbdis Udrd Q`bvdc / Iohoiozdc Oh tld J`bb`wohe
Ugys
(g). Soidby prdpgrgto`hs ghc gcdqugtd pbghhohe j`r trghsp`rt t` tld grdg `j stucy wgs igcd
oh `rcdr t` gv`oc tld pr`nbdi `j a`hstrgohts rdegrcohe trghsp`rt ndagusd tld i`rd tld trgjjoa
fgi tld loeldr tld a`sts.
(n). Wuoak ghc toidby costronuto`hs `j qudsto`hhgords t` tld sgipbdc p`pubgto`hs wgs igcd
dgrbodr wotl tld ldbp `j tld rdprdsdhtgtovds al`sdh t` ldbp gv`oc tld pr`nbdi `j h`h rdsp`hsd
ghc g suspoao`h `j b`agb /urngh a`iiuhotods.
(a).G w`rk pbgh ghc gh gatovoty nucedt wdrd crgjtdc s` gs t` ldbp tld rdsdgraldr s`bvd tld
pr`nbdi `j johghaogb pr`nbdis ndagusd dgal gatovoty oh tld jodbc wgs wdbb pbghhdc ghc nucedt
j`r.
1.77 ^dsdgral ghc Gatovoty
Sld pr`fdat ngsoagbby t``k > ghc i`htls. Ot wgs g vdry ohtdhsovd dxdraosd wloal ohv`bvdc
trgvdbohe, rda`hhgossghad ghc pob`t survdy, cgtg a`bbdato`h (gciohostdrohe ghc a`bbdatohe
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3=
qudsto`hhgords, ohtdrvodwohe ghc pl`t`ergply) Cgtg ghgbysos, rdp`rt wrotohe ghc prdsdhtgto`h
`j ohj`rigto`h gs sl`wh oh tld tgnbd 1 ndb`w6
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37
Sgnbd 46 U`rk ]bgh
Gatovoty Curgto`h
Urotohe tld pr`p`sgb Slrdd wddks
Cgtg a`bbdato`h Sw` wddks
Gssdssohe ghc ghgbyzohe cgtg Sw` wddks