Download - Impacts of Traffic on Commercial Activities in Urban Areas; A case of Kampala City in Uganda; By Planner. YAWEH SAMUEL KABANDA

7/13/2019 Impacts of Traffic on Commercial Activities in Urban Areas; A case of Kampala City in Uganda; By Planner. YAWEH

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7

OI]GAS @J S^GJJOA @H A@IID^AOGB GASOZOSODQ OH T^NGH

G^DGQ

G AGQD QSTC_ @J KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H

KGI]GBG AOS_

N_

_GUD QGITDB

^DE H@6 =5715/DZD

G COQQD^SGSO@H QTNIOSSDC S@ SLD A@BBDED @J

GE^OATBST^D GHC DHZO^@HIDHSGB QAODHADQ, QAL@@B @J

J@^DQS^_.


2/90

>

CD]G^SIDHS @J ED@E^G]L_, ED@OHJ@^IGSOAQ GHC

ABOIGSOA QAODHADQ

OH ]G^SOGB JTBJOBIDHS

@J SLD GUG^C @J G NGALDB@^Q CDE^DD

@J T^NGH GHC ^DEO@HGB ]BGHHOHE

@J IGKD^D^D THOZD^QOS_

QT]D^ZOQ@^6 I^Q. GIGHCG G. HEGNO^GH@

@AS@ND^ >=7>


3/90

o

CDABG^GSO@H

O, _gwd Qgiudb, cdabgrd tlgt tlos cossdrtgto`h rdsdgral pr`fdat rdp`rt os iy `roeohgb w`rk

prdpgrdc ùt `j a`hsubtgto`h ghc pdrs`hgb djj`rt wotl h` rdgs`h `j cùnt oh aìpbdto`h `j iy

^dsdgral pr`fdat agrrodc ùt jrì Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h jrì Igral t` @at`ndr >=7>.

Qoehgturd6 .

_GUD QGITDB (^dsdgraldr)

Cgtd6 .

Qoehgturd6 .

Qupdrvosdc ny I^Q. GIGHCG G. HEGNO^GH@

Cgtd6 .


4/90

oo

CDCOAGSO@H

Oh tld idi`ry `j iy jgtldr Bgtd Qet. H_GHVO FOII_ KGNGHCG ghc iy cdgr i`tldr

Bgtd HGKTNTBUG JB@^DHAD. UD ioss y`u s` cdgrby ghc igy y`u gbb ^DQS OH

DSD^HGB ]DGAD


5/90

ooo

GAKH@UBDCEDIDHS

Uotl ùt tld ldbp ghc supp`rt jrì g huindr `j pd`pbd, tlos rdp`rt wùbc hdvdr lgvd nddh

stgrtdc `r johosldc.

Jorst ghc j`rdi`st O wùbc bokd t` tlghk iy uhabds Ir.Htuid Jrdc, uhabd _ucgl, uhabd

Kgsubd ghc uhabd Ldrndrt. Iy nr`tldrs Foiiy, Sì, Cgvoc ghc sostdrs, Qlobbgl ghc Qlddhgl

wl` lgvd nddh g a`hstght sùrad `j ldbp ghc dhaùrgedidht. O b`vd yù s` iual.

Qpdaogb tlghks ghc ergtotucd grd eovdh t` Irs. Gighcg G. Hegnorgh` wl` lgs nddh iy

supdrvos`r jrì tld ndeohhohe up t` tld dhc `j tlos rdsdgral pr`fdat ghc wotl ùt ldr yù

hdvdr kh`w ot wùbc h`t lgvd nddh g suaadss. Slghk yù j`r ndohe g e``c supdrvos`r.

Gbs`, tlghks e` t` tld bdgcdrs ghc n`grc idindrs `j Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h, iy jrodhcs

Jgnogh, Qdkgnghzg, Fuuk` Giohso, Ipggtg, Qgigubbgl, Iotgbg, Qgbdl gi`he `tldrs j`r

gbwgys ndohe tldrd j`r id. O gbs` tlghk Igcgi C`rddh Kgbuheo j`r tld e``c gcvoad yù lgvd

eovdh id tlrùel ùt tld aùrsd tèdtldr wotl Ir. Cdrddk Iulwdzo. Slghk yù s` iual. O

tlghk tldi j`r tld tordbdss djj`rt t` a`hcuat id tlrùel tld wl`bd trgohohe wloal wgs g erdgt

a`htronuto`h t` tld suaadss `j tlos rdp`rt.

Slorcby, O tlghk tld dcot`rs `j Bukìg Qtgto`hdrs wl` stddrdc ot tlrùel tld pràdss wotl ùt

t`` iual pgoh. Ghy iostgkds tlgt rdigoh grd, uhj`rtuhgtdby, iy `wh.

Bgstby, O tlghk Irs. Alrostohd Hgbukdhed (guhtod) ghc tld jgioby `j Ir. ^gsloc Hcgbokd wl`

ldbpdc t` a``k tld rgvdh ghc lgc i`rd jgotl tlgh O coc ghc igcd tld wgy sddi dgsy tlrùel

ùt iy johgb ydgr.


6/90

ov

GNQS^GAS

Sld purp`sd `j tlos rdsdgral stucy wgs t` dstgnbosl tld oipgat `j trgjjoa `h aìidraogb

gatovotods oh urngh grdgs, spdaojoagbby oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h oh Kgipgbg aoty.

Oh rdbgto`h t` plysoagb pbghhohe, `hd `j ots igf`r a`hadrhs os oipr`vohe tld rdbgto`hslop

ndtwddh trgjjoa ghc aìidraogb cdvdb`pidht. Slos tldrdj`rd os galodvdc tlrùel rdvodwohe

pgst sotugto`hs ghc prdsdht trdhcs t` j`rwgrc ndttdr juturd sotugto`hs. Sld rdsdgraldr tldrdj`rd,

usdc pbghhohe prohaopbds ghc `pto`hs t` rdvodw tld dxostohe sotugto`h oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb

covoso`h ghc agid up wotl p`ssonbd rdaìidhcgto`hs t` gccrdss trgjjoa ghc aìidraogb

rdbgtdc pr`nbdis wotl oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h.

Sld rdsdgraldr rdvdgbdc ghc cosaussdc tld igf`r trgjjoa i`cds, aìidraogb gatovotods,

cdstohgto`hs, `roeohs `j trgjjoa ghc gbs` ocdhtojodc tld p`sotovd ghc hdegtovd oipgat `j trgjjoa

`h aìidraogb gatovotods tèdtldr wotl `tldr pr`nbdis oh tld aoty.


7/90

o

SGNBD @J A@HSDHSQ

CDABG^GSO@H....................................................................................................................... o

CDCOAGSO@H.......................................................................................................................... oo

GAKH@UBDCEDIDHS ..................................................................................................... ooo

GNQS^GAS ............................................................................................................................. ov

BOQS @J SGNBDQ ................................................................................................................... v

BOQS @J JOET^DQ ................................................................................................................ vo

BOQS @J ]BGSDQ ................................................................................................................. voo

ALG]SD^ @HD ...................................................................................................................... 7

7.= OHS^@CTASO@H ............................................................................................................... 7

7.> NGAK E^@THC S@ SLD QSTC_ ................................................................................... >

7.1 QSGSDIDHS @J SLD ]^@NBDI ................................................................................... 1

7.3 QOEHOJOAGHAD @J SLD QSTC_..................................................................................... 3

7.4 QA@]D @J SLD QSTC_ .................................................................................................... 3

7.: EDHD^GB @NFDASOZD @J SLD QSTC_....................................................................... 3

7.5 Q]DAOJOA @NFDASOZDQ @J SLD QSTC_ ....................................................................... 4

7.< DQDGÂL WTDQSO@HQ ................................................................................................. 4

7.? E@GB / ]T^]@QD @J SLD QSTC_................................................................................ 4

7.7= CDJOHOSO@H @J KD_ SDÎQ ....................................................................................... 4

ALG]SD^ SU@ ..................................................................................................................... 5

>.= BOSD^GST^D DZODU .................................................................................................... 5

>.7 OHS^@CTASO@H ............................................................................................................... 5

>.> CDJOHOSO@H @J S^GJJOA ............................................................................................... 5

>.1 SLD S^GJJOA JB@U SLD@^_ ....................................................................................... 5

>.3 CDJOHOSO@H @J ANC........................................................................................................ .4 @ÔEOH @J S^GJJOA GHC S^GHQ]@^SGSO@H ]BGHHOHE.................................... .: GAADQQONOBOS_ GHC S^GZDB...................................................................................... ?

>.5 BGHC TQD GHC S^GHQ]@^SGSO@H......................................................................... 7=

>.< ^DGQ@HQ J@^ COJJD^DHS S^GJJOA I@CDQ OH SLD ANC.................................. 77

>.? S^GJJOA ^DBGSDC ]^@NBDIQ OH SLD ANC.......................................................... 77

>.?.7 @SLD^ T^NGH S^GHQ]@^S/S^GJJOA ]^@NBDIQ............................................ 7>

>.7= S^GHQ]@^S/S^GJJOA ]T^]@QDQ OH T^NGH G^DGQ......................................... 73


8/90

oo

>.77 GTS@I@NOBD CD]DHCDHA_................................................................................... 74

>.77.7 A@HEDQSO@H ............................................................................................................. 75

>.77.>.7 IOSOEGSOHE A@HEDQSO@H ................................................................................. 7.77.> SLD T^NGH S^GHQOS ALGBBDHED ..................................................................... >=

>.7> B@AGSO@H @J ]^DIOQDQ ........................................................................................... >>

>.71 OHJ@ÎGB A@IIDÂOGB GASOZOSODQ GHC A@IITHOS_ CDZDB@]IDHS>>

>.73 S^GJJOA GHC T^NGH CDZDB@]IDHS .................................................................. >3

>.74 S^GJJOA GHC DI]B@_IDHS................................................................................... >4

>.7: S^GJJOA A@HAD^HQ OH T^NGH G^DGQ................................................................ >4

>.75 ^DBGSO@HQLO] NDSUDDH S^GJJOA/S^GHQ]@^S GHC S^GCD/A@IIDÂD

............................................................................................................................................ >:

>.7< SLD S^GHQ]@^SGSO@H ]BGHHOHE ]^@ADQQ6 KD_ OQQTDQ............................ >5

>.75

>.7? S^GHQ]@^S GHC DA@H@IOA CDZDB@]IDHS.................................................... > ]@]TBGSO@H .................................................................................................................. 13

1.>.7 ]@]TBGSO@H @J KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H ]D^ ]GÔQL....................... 14

1.>.> ]@]TBGSO@H COQSÔNTSO@H J@^ KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H GHC QD\

(J^@I 7?:? S@ >==>) ..................................................................................................... 1:

1.1 QGI]BOHE CDQOEH ....................................................................................................... 1:

1.1.7 ]^@NGNOBOS_ QGI]BOHE ......................................................................................... 1:

1.1.> H@H-]^@NGNOBOS_ QGI]BOHE ............................................................................... 1:

1.3 QGI]BOHE J^GID ........................................................................................................ 1:

1.4 CGSG A@BBDASO@H S@@BQ GHC OHQS^TIDHSQ .................................................. 15

1.: ]ÔIG^_ CGSG A@BBDASO@H IDSL@CQ ............................................................... 15

1.:.7 @NQD^ZGSO@H GHC JODBC QT^ZD_OHE IDSL@C............................................ 15

1.:.> WTDQSO@HHGO^DQ ...................................................................................................... 15

1.:.1 ]L@S@E^G]LOA IDSL@C........................................................................................ 1

3.> S^GJJOA @ÔEOHQ, CDQSOHGSO@HQ GHC S^GZDB SOID UOSL OH KGI]GBG

ADHS^GB COZOQO@H ...................................................................................................... 3>

3.>.7 S^GZDB @ÔEOH .......................................................................................................... 3>

3.>.> S^GZDB CDQSOHGSO@HQ ........................................................................................... 31

3.>.> S^GZDB SOIDQ ............................................................................................................ 33

3.1 IGF@^ A@IIDÂOGB GASOZOSODQ, S^GJJOA I@CDQ GHC S^GJJOA

OHJ^GQS^TAST^DQ OH KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H...................................... 3.> H@H-I@S@ÔVDC I@CDQ ..................................................................................... 41

3.1.1 S^GJJOA OHJ^GQS^TAST^DQ OH KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H................. 4:

3.1.3 HDEGSOZD GHC ]@QOSOZD OI]GAS @J S^GJJOA @H A@IIDÂOGB

GASOZOSODQ OH KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H..................................................... 4 DA@IIDHCGSO@HQ ................................................................................................... :1


10/90

ov

4.>.7 S^GJJOA DBGSDC OQQTDQ....................................................................................... :1

4.>.> A@IID^AOGB / DA@H@IOA ^DBGSDC .................................................................. ::

4.1 A@HABTQO@H .................................................................................................................. :


11/90

v

BOQS @J SGNBDQ

Sgnbd 76 Bghc Sdhurd ............................................................................................................... 13

Sgnbd >6 Bghc Ttobozgto`h ......................................................................................................... 13

Sgnbd 16 ]`pubgto`h j Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h pdr ]grosl.................................................. 14

Sgnbd 36 ]`pubgto`h Costronuto`h j`r Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ghc Qdx (Jr`i

7?:? t` >==> ................................................................................................................. 1:

Sgnbd 46 U`rk ]bgh .................................................................................................................. 37

Sgnbd :6 Nucedt ........................................................................................................................ 37

Sgnbd 56 Igf`r A`iidraogb Gatovotods Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ..................................... 3


12/90

vo

BOQS @J JOET^DQ

Joeurd 76 G igp `j Teghcg Ql`wohe Kgipgbg Aoty ghc g igp `j Kgipgbg costroat sl`wohe

Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ................................................................................................ 1>

Joeurd >6 Cdstohgto`h ]dradhtgeds J`r Sl`sd Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h Ghc @ut Qocd

Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h......................................................................................... 33

Joeurd 16 Srgvdb Soids S` Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h / Sldor U`rk ]bgad ............................. 34

Joeurd 36 Srgvdb Soids Jr`i Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h/ U`rk ]bgad ................................... 35

Joeurd 46 Sld Tsged `j H`h i`t`rozdc I`cds Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h Oh ]dradhtgeds 43


13/90

voo

BOQS @J ]BGSDQ

]bgtd 76 ]rovgtd Agrs `h `hd `j tld Qtrddts oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ............................... 4=

]bgtd>6 Sgxos Ghc Nusds @h @hd @j Sld Qtrddts/^`gcs Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h .......... 4>

]bgtd 16 N`cg N`cg Ayabosts @h @hd @j Sld Qtrddts @j Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h........... 41

]bgtd 36 H`h I`t`rozdc I`cds Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ................................................ 44

]bgtd 46 G ]oaturd Ql`wohe Q`id @j Sld Srgjjoa Ohjrgstruaturds Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb

Covoso`h ............................................................................................................................ 4:

]bgtd :6 G A`hedstdc ]grkohe Sdriohgb Oh Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h .................................. 4


14/90

7

ALG]SD^ @HD

7.= OHS^@CTASO@H

Srgjjoa/trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe lgs gbwgys nddh g igf`r pr`nbdi oh urngh grdgs gbb `vdr tldw`rbc i`st dspdaogbby oh cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods. I`st urngh grdgs lgrn`r ANCs wloal grd tld

ldgrts `j tld aotods ghc adhtdrs j`r aìidraogb gatovotods/da`hìoa cdvdb`pidht. Sldrdj`rd

tldy tdhc t` gttrgat gbb i`cds `j trgjjoa. Slos ndaìds g idss wldh tlgt pgrtoaubgr urngh

grdgs trgjjoa os h`t wdbb pbghhdc ghc cdsoehdc. Bdgcohe t` trgjjoa rdbgtdc pr`nbdis sual gs

trgjjoa fgi, trgjjoa a`hedsto`h, cdbgys, p`bbuto`h, gaaocdhts gi`he `tldrs.

Sld ohgnoboty `j aotods/urngh grdgs t` pr`vocd gcdqugtd trgjjoa/trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturds ghc

sdrvoads os gjjdatohe tld bovohe ghc w`rkohe a`hcoto`hs `j urngh p`pubgto`hs gs wdbb gs tld

da`hìoa djjoaodhay ghc pr`cuato`h `j urngh grdgs. Slos nrohes gnùt trgjjoa a`hedsto`h,

cdtdro`rgto`h `j tld dhvor`hidht, gaaocdhts, ghc dxadssovd usd `j dhdrey, a`htronutohe t`

urngh sprgwb gi`he `tldrs.

Ud tgkd gbi`st uhrdstroatdc i`noboty j`r erghtdc ghc rdby `h ohcustry t` nd gnbd t` i`vd

e``cs rgpocby ghc aldgpby t` iddt ùr hddcs. Nut tldsd jrddcìs lgvd bdc t` trgjjoa pr`nbdis

tlgt lgvd ndaìd oht`bdrgnbd, pgrtoaubgrby wotl oh urngh grdgs. Sldrdj`rd trgjjoa pr`nbdis

lgvd eb`ngb oipboagto`hs tlgt agh `hby nd gccrdssdc wotl iubto bdvdb ghc iubto cosaopbohgry

gppr`galds. Slos agbbs j`r kh`wbdced j`r prgatoto`hdrs t` tgakbd tldsd ossuds(trgjjoa) h`t fust oh

tld tdalhoquds `j ighgeohe trgjjoa nut nr`gcdr uhcdrstghcohe `j trgvdb ndlgvo`r, tld

gsporgto`hs `j pd`pbd ghc aìiuhotods gi`he `tldrs.

Sldrd os gh ohgcdqugay oh tdris `j pr`voso`h `j jgaobotods j`r pdcdstroghs, ayabosts, provgtd agrs

ghc ny tld sb`w ghc `vdrar`wcdc punboa trghsp`rt aùpbdc wotl uha`htr`bbdc n`ìohe

aìidraogb cdvdb`pidhts oh tld ANC `j Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h. Sldrdj`rd tld aurrdht

trghsp`rt p`boaods jàus s`bdby `h i`cdrh ,ohcustrogbozdc, loeldr a`st i`t`rozdc i`cds wloal

grd jgobohe t` iddt tld i`noboty hddcs wlobd edhdrgtohe wocd sprdgc dhvor`hidhtgb pr`nbdis

ghc ohardgsohe spdhcohe `j sagrd j`rdoeh aurrdhay rdsdrvds `h pdtr`bdui ,wotl sdroùs

da`hìoa djjdats ghc `tldr rdbgtdc ghc `tldr trgjjoa rdbgtdc pr`nbdis.

Sld ohardgsdc rgtd `j urnghozgto`h lgs bdc t` algbbdheds oh tld pr`voso`h `j urngh ngsdc

sdrvoads ghc gatovotods. Ghc grosohe jrì tld ioxdc usd `j ANC/ urngh grdgs j`r rdsocdhtogb,


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aìidraogb gi`he `tldrs os ldgvy trgjjoa jb`w curohe w`rkohe / pdgk lùrs. Qual ohtdhsovd

gatovotods oh ANC `vdr tld ydgrs lgvd dxdrtdc prdssurd `h n`tl igh ghc ohjrgstruaturd

dspdaogbby r`gc trghsp`rtgto`h gt aoty adhtrd.

Sldrd os hddc tldrdj`rd t` johc ùt tld gppr`progtd strgtdeods j`r s`bvohe trgjjoa pr`nbdis gs

wdbb gs dstgnboslohe g e``c rdbgto`hslop ndtwddh trgjjoa ghc bghc usd pbghhohe (aìidraogb )

gs trgjjoa oj wdbb pbghhdc ghc cdsoehdc os g e``c agtgbyst t` aìidraogb/da`hìoa

cdvdb`pidht.

7.> Ngak Erùhc t` tld Qtucy

Sld er`wtls `j p`pubgto`h ghc da`hìoa/aìidraogb cdvdb`pidht oh i`st cdvdb`pohe

aùhtrods `j tld w`rbc lgvd rgpocby dsagbgtdc tld cdighc j`r trghsp`rt dspdaogbby oh bgred

urngh grdgs/aotods. Sld ohgnoboty `j urngh grdgs t` pr`vocd gcdqugtd trgjjoa/trghsp`rt

ohjrgstruaturd ghc sdrvoads os gjjdatohe tld bovohe a`hcoto`hs `j urngh p`pubgto`hs gs wdbb gs

tld da`hìoa djjoaodhay ghc pr`cuato`h `j tldsd urngh grdgs/aotods. Ot os oip`rtght tldrdj`rd t`

rdaèhozd tld ngbghaohe gat ndtwddh da`hìoa votgboty ghc tld agpgaoty `j tld grdg t` lghcbd

trgjjoa. I`rd st`rds, igrkdts ghc noeedr sl`ppohe igbbs wobb idgh i`rd austìdrs ghc i`rd

austìdrs wobb idgh i`rd trgjjoa uhbdss wldh tld trghsp`rtgto`h systdi os gppr`progtdby

cdsoehdc, pbghhdc ghc wdbb usdc.

Oh cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods, ab`sd t` lgbj g nobbo`h pd`pbd grd bovohe oh urngh geebìdrgto`hs

dxaddcohe tw` iobbo`h ohlgnotghts, twoad gs ighy gs oh 7?


16/90

1

Ot os oip`rtght t` h`td tlgt tld cdaoso`h igcd oh trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe sdat`r

`jtdh gjjdats tld dvdrycgy bojd `j tld wl`bd aìiuhoty/urngh grdg ghc tld jgr rdgalohe djjdats

`j tld cdaoso`hs tldrdj`rd cdighc tlgt a`hsocdrgto`hs iust nd eovdh ighy gspdats `j tld

dhvor`hidht wotl oh wloal tld trgjjoa/trghsp`rt pbghhdr w`rks ghc sìd `j tldsd gspdatsohabucd sàogb, da`hìoa ghc plysoagb jdgturds gs wdbb gs p`botoagb ghc e`vdrhidhtgb j`rads.

Ot os `nsdrvdc tlgt a`rrupto`h, bgak `j gcdqugtd johghaogb rdsùrads, ohstotuto`hgb wdgkhdss,

ohdjjoaodht cdvdb`pidht a`htr`b pràdssds, p``r r`gc cdsoehs, bgak `j gppr`progtd trgjjoa ghc

trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe gi`he `tldrs lgvd w`rsdhdc trgjjoa pr`nbdis ghc uh a`htr`bbdc

aìidraogb cdvdb`pidhts oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h dspdaogbby oh tld ANC ghc aghh`t

kddp pgad wotl urngh er`wtl

7.1 Qtgtdidht `j tld ]r`nbdi

Sld er`wtl `j urngh p`pubgto`h ghc da`hìoa cdvdb`pidht (i`stby aìidraogb gatovotods) oh

i`st ANCs `j urngh grdgs, lgs rgpocby dsagbgtdc tld cdighc j`r trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h

pbghhohe wldrd ab`sd t` lgbj g iobbo`h pd`pbd oh cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods grd bovohe oh urngh

geebìdrgto`hs dxaddcohe >iobbo`h ohlgnotghts, twoad gs ighy gs oh 7?


17/90

3

da`hìoa/aìidraogb cdvdb`pidht wotl bottbd ndohe c`hd t` oipr`vd trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rt

systdis.

Sldrdj`rd cud t` tld prdsdht algbbdheds `j urngh i`noboty wloal grd tgkohe hdw coidhso`hsoh ighy aotods `j cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods gs bghc usds (aìidraogb) gb`he trgjjoa a`rroc`rs /

rùtds ndaìd ohtdhsd ghc alghed rgpocby, bdgcohe t` trgjjoa cdbgys, pgrkohe pr`nbdis cud t`

cojjoaubty oh ighgedidht grosohe jrì tld aìpbdx ohtdrgato`h ndtwddh trgjjoa ghc

aìidraogb cdvdb`pidht, agbbs j`r sìd ohtdrvdhto`h oh j`ri `j rdsdgral t` ldbp ohvdstoegtd

ghc ghgbyzd ossuds ghc tld sueedst p`ssonbd strgtdeods t` s`bvd tld pr`nbdi.

7.3 Qoehojoaghad `j tld Qtucy

(g) Sld rdsubts `j tld johcohe igy gat gs euocohe prohaopbds `h wloal bgws e`vdrhohe trgjjoa

igy nd usdc ghc tlus g rdjdrdhad pòht j`r còhe soiobgr w`rk dbsdwldrd.

(n) KAAG ghc tld e`vdrhidht agh ngsd `h tld stucy johcohes ghc rdaìidhcgto`hs t`

ndaìd i`rd rdgbostoa wldh cdgbohe wotl trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe.

(a) Sld stucy johcohes wobb nd ldbpjub t` plysoagb pbghhdrs ghc `tldr stgkdl`bcdrs oh cdsoehohe

ghc cdvosohe strgtdeods j`r oipr`vohe trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rt systdis oh urngh grdgs.

(c) Sld stucy johcohes wobb a`htronutd rdbdvght kh`wbdced a`hadrhohe trgjjoa ossuds sual gs

trgjjoa i`cds, trgjjoa ohjrgstruaturd, ghc trgjjoa ighgedidht oh rdbgto`h t`

aìidraogb/da`hìoa cdvdb`pidht oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h (ANC).

(d) Ot os g pgrtogb rdquordidht j`r tld gwgrc `j tld cderdd `j urngh ghc rdeo`hgb pbghhohe jrì

Igkdrdrd Thovdrsoty.

7.4 Qa`pd `j tld Qtucy

Sld stucy wobb jàus `h tld oipgats `j trgjjoa `h aìidraogb gatovotods oh urngh grdgs puttohe

iual diplgsos `h tld ANC `j Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h, aìidraogb gatovotods oh tl`sd

grdgs, tld gvgobgnbd trgjjoa i`cds oh KAC gi`he `tldrs

7.: Edhdrgb @nfdatovd `j tld Qtucy

S` johc ùt tld igf`r jgat`rs rdsp`hsonbd j`r agusohe trgjjoa pr`nbdis oh Kgipgbg adhtrgb

covoso`h i`stby oh tld adhtrgb nusohdss costroat (ANC) ghc aìd up wotl strgtdeods t` gssost

stgkdl`bcdrs t` ndttdr ighged trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h oh rdbgto`h t` aìidraogb/da`hìoa

cdvdb`pidht.


18/90

4

7.5 Qpdaojoa @nfdatovds `j tld Qtucy

(7)S` johc ùt trgjjoa `roeohs ghc cdstohgto`hs wotloh KAC ghc tldor toids `j trgvdb.

(>) S` ocdhtojy tld cojjdrdht aìidraogb grdgs wloal grd i`rd gjjdatdc ny trgjjoa pr`nbdis.

(1)S` ocdhtojy tld igf`r aìidraogb gatovotods, trgjjoa i`cds ghc pr`nbdis tlgt lgvd rdsubtdccud t` p``r trgjjoa ighgedidht oh KAC.

(3) S` ocdhtojy tld p`sotovd ghc hdegtovd oipgats `j trgjjoa `h aìidraogb gatovotods oh

Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h (ANC).

(4) S` dvgbugtd tld dxostohe trgjjoa pr`nbdis ghc cdvosd suotgnbd strgtdeods ghc

rdaìidhcgto`hs `h l`w trgjjoa ghc aìidraogb cdvdb`pidht nd ndst ighgedc, pbghhdc ghc

cdsoehdc.

7.< ^dsdgral Wudsto`hs

(g).Ulgt grd sìd `j tld pr`nbdis tlgt lgvd rdsubtdc jrì p``r trgjjoa ighgedidht ghc uh

a`htr`bbdc aìidraogb cdvdb`pidhts oh KAC0

(n)Ulgt grd tld igf`r aìidraogb gatovotods ghc igf`r trgjjoa i`cds jùhc oh KAC0

(a)Ulgt grd tld hdegtovd ghc p`sotovd oipgats `j trgjjoa `h aìidraogb gatovotods oh KAC

(ANC)0

(c)Ulgt grd tld cojjdrdht trgjjoa ohjrgstruaturds agtdrdc j`r oh KAC (ANC)0

(d)Ulgt grd tld suotgnbd strgtdeods ghc pbghhohe cdsoehs tlgt agh dhsurd pr`pdr ighgedidht

`j trgjjoa ghc aìidraogb gatovotods/cdvdb`pidht oh KAC (ANC)0

7.? E`gb / ]urp`sd `j tld Qtucy

Sld purp`sd `j tld stucy os t` dxgiohd tld agusds `j trgjjoa pr`nbdis, ocdhtojy tld cojjdrdht

trgjjoa i`cds ghc tldor pr`nbdis ghc oipgats `j trgjjoa `h aìidraogb gatovotods oh KAC

(ANC) ghc tldrdj`rd cdvosd idghs tlrùel wloal tld pr`nbdis agh nd iohoiozdc ghc

strgtdeods tèdtldr wotl rdaìidhcgto`hs nd igcd.

7.7= Cdjohoto`h `j Kdy Sdris

Aìiuhoty6 Erùp `j pd`pbd wl` bovd wotloh tld sgid nùhcgry / edèrgploagb grdg

slgrohe tld sgid sdrvoads, pr`nbdis ghc `tldr rdsùrads.

Gutl`roty6 ^djdrs t` tld bàgb `r urngh aùhaob gs cdjohdc oh tld bàgb e`vdrhidht Gat.

]`pubgto`h6 ^djdrs t` g erùp `j ohcovocugbs tlgt slgrd hd r i rd algrgatdrostoas.


19/90

:

Srgjjoa6 Ot agh nd tld pgssged `j pd`pbd `r vdloabds gb`he rùtds `j trghsp`rtgto`h

(vdloabds `r pdcdstroghs oh trghsot).

Aìidraogb Nusohdss Costroat (ANC)6 Grdg `j g t`wh `r aoty wldrd i st `j tld

aìidraogb gatovotods grd jùhc. Slos grdg os cìohgtdc ny sl`ps, `jjoads, dhtdrtgohidhtvdhuds, bàgb e`vdrhidht `jjoads wotl tgbb nuobcohes.

]`pubgto`h6Sld uhovdrsd `r a`bbdato`h `j gbb dbdidhts (pdrs`hs, nusohdssds, dt adtdrg) ndohe

cdsarondc `r idgsurdc ny g sgipbd.

]rdtdst6 Gh ohotogb dvgbugto`h `j tld survdy cdsoeh ny usohe g sigbb, sunsgipbd `j tld

ohtdhcdc p`pubgto`h j`r prdboiohgry ohj`rigto`h.

Wudsto`hhgord6 G idgsurohe cdvoad usdc t` qudry g p`pubgto`h/sgipbd oh `rcdr t` `ntgoh

ohj`rigto`h j`r ghgbysos.

^dsp`hcdht6Gh dbdidht `r idindr `j tld p`pubgto`h sdbdatdc t` nd sgipbdc.

Qgipbd6Ghy p`rto`h `j tld p`pubgto`h, bdss tlgh tld t`tgb.

Qgipbohe Jrgid6 Gh dxlgustovd bost gbb idindrs `j tld p`pubgto`h jrì wloal g sgipbd

agh nd crgwh.

Qurvdy6 G pràdss `j ohquory j`r tld purp`sd `j cgtg a`bbdato`h ghc ghgbysos usohe

`nsdrvgto`h, p`bbs, qudsto`hhgords, ghc/`r ohtdrvodws.

Qtgtostoas6Cdsaroptovd idgsurds ngsdc up`h g pr`ngnoboty sgipbd.

Gaadssonoboty6 gaadssonoboty agh nd cdjohdc oh tdris `j g qughtoty `j e``cs, sdrvoads ghc f`ns

`r, gbtdrhgtovdby, tld sozd `j tld p`pubgto`h tlgt gh ohcovocugb agh rdgal jrì g eovdh pòht,

tgkohe oht` gaaùht tld bdvdb `j r`gc suppby, tld `pp`rtuhotods pr`vocdc ny tld hgto`hgb `r

rdeo`hgb tdrrot`ry, tld ohcovocugbs trgvdb ndlgvo`r ghc tld gttrgatovdhdss `j tld p`ssonbd

cdstohgto`hs.

Sgxo / Igtgtu6 Iohonusds/Iohonus tgxos

N`cg n`cg6 G i`t`r ayabd spdaojoagbby j`r aìidraogb (lordc t` tgkd yù grùhc `j aùrsd

wotl g pgy).

Nujjdr6 Qpgad sdpgrgtohe pdcdstroghs jrì tld r`gcwgy


20/90

5

ALG]SD^ SU@

>.= BOSD^GST^D ^DZODU

Slos algptdr wobb igohby cdgb wotl rdvodwohe tld gvgobgnbd botdrgturd rdbgtdc t` tld t`poa uhcdrstucy.

>.7 Ohtr`cuato`h

Slos algptdr a`vdrs tld cdjohoto`h `j trgjjoa, cdjohoto`h `j g ANC, `roeoh `j trgjjoa ghc

trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe, stdps oh trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe, ighgedidht `j trgvdb

cdighc, trgjjoa ghc urngh cdvdb`pidht, trgjjoa ghc dipb`yidht, trgjjoa/trghsp`rt a`hadrhs oh

urngh grdgs, rdbgto`hslop ndtwddh trgjjoa ghc trgcd/aìidrad, ANC ghc wly ot gttrgats

cojjdrdht trgjjoa, trgjjoa pr`nbdis ghc oip`rtghad oh urngh grdgs, bàgto`h `j prdiosds, trgvdb

spddc ghc a`hedsto`h

>.> Cdjohoto`h `j Srgjjoa

Srgjjoa rdjdrs t` tld i`vdidht `j pd`pbd, vdloabds, ayabds ghc `tldr i`nobd `nfdats gb`he g

eovdh i`cd `j trghsp`rtgto`h (idghs ghc a`hvdyghad).Fgak Lgrvdy (7?>5).

Ot agh gbs` nd tld pgssged `j pd`pbd `r vdloabds gb`he rùtds `j trghsp`rtgto`h (vdloabds `r

pdcdstroghs oh trghsot).

>.1 Sld Srgjjoa Jb`w Sld`ry

^dbdvght t` tlos stucy os tld trgjjoa jb`w tld`ry, wloal cdsaronds tld tld`rdtoagb prohaopbds

e`vdrhohe tld i`vdidht `j vdloabd `vdr tld loelwgy ghc strddt systdis gs sddh oh tld w`rks

`j U`bl ghc Igrtohs (7?:5). Slos aùbc nd wly Gcdhbd (7?55) greuds tlgt trgjjoa jb`w tld`ry

os a`hadrhdc pgrtoaubgrby, wotl tld aìp`soto`h, v`buid ghc qugboty `j trgjjoa. ]rohaopgb

vgrognbds usdc t` cdsarond tlos ohabucd v`buid `r jb`w rgtd, cdhsoty `r a`hadhtrgto`h, spddc,

spgad idgh spddc, toid idgh spddc, trgvdb toid, uhot trgvdb toid, toid ldgc wgy ghc

costghad. Qoehojoaght oh tldsd os tld usd `j tldsd vgrognbds t` dstgnbosl tld tld`rdtoagb

rdbgto`hslops dxostohe ndtwddh tld vgrognbds s` gs t` cdtdriohd tld algrgatdrostoas `j trgjjoa

strdgis ghc ldhad prdcoat a`hsdqudhad `j tlos `h rdsocdhts ghc r`gc usdrs.


21/90

.3 Cdjohoto`h `j ANC

Gaa`rcohe t` ^gyi`hc D.I ghc Fd Zghad (7?:7) bgidhtdc tlgt ANC os tld grdg wldrd wd

johc tld erdgtdst a`hadhtrgto`h `j `jjoads ghc rdtgob st`rds rdjbdatdc oh tld aotys loeldst bghc

vgbuds ghc ots tld alodj jàus `j pdcdstroghs ghc gutì`nobd trgjjoa. Gaa`rcohe t` ]r`j.B.U.Nuredss (7?>=) rdjdrrdc g ANC t` g a`hadhtroa z`hd jùhc oh tld

ioccbd `j `tldr z`hds ghc tlos z`hd os tld ldgrt `j tld aoty, g aìidraogb z`hd, sàogb ghc

aubturgb lun ghc tld i`st gaadssdc pgrt `j ghy urngh adhtrd.

G ANC agh gbs` nd tgkdh t` rdjdr t` gh grdg `j g t`wh `r g aoty wldrd i`st `j tld aìidraogb

gatovotods grd jùhc. Slos grdg os cìohgtdc ny sl`ps, `jjoads, dhtdrtgohidht vdhuds, bàgb

e`vdrhidht nuobcohes rdgcoby gaadssdc ghc àaupy tld lost`roa adhtrd `j tld aoty ghc ot os

`jtdh bàgtdc wldrd trghsp`rt bohks iddt.

>.4 @roeoh `j Srgjjoa ghc Srghsp`rtgto`h ]bghhohe

Srgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe wgs sùelt ghc agid grùhc sdroùsby gjtdr 7?4= `h tld

aìohe `j tld i`t`r agr ghc tld rdgbozgto`h ny t`wh pbghhdrs, dheohddrs tlgt tldrd wgs g

cordat ohtdrgato`h ndtwddh bghc usd cdvdb`pidht ghc trop edhdrgto`h. Ohotogbby tldy wdrd

prdsdhtdc/ bgoc ùt oh j`ri `j igstdr pbghs wloal wgs n`tl prgatoagbby ghc tld`rdtoagbby

supp`sdc t` sdrvd tld aìi`h ohtdrdst `j tld sàodty, tlùel tlos coc h`t w`rk ùt gs

dxpdatdc. Oh 7?:=s punboa trghsp`rt wgs sùelt gs g s`buto`h t` trghsp`rt pr`nbdis `j tlgt

toid ghc oh tld dgrby 7?5=s ot wgs rdgbozdc tlgt tldrd wgs ohtdrgatovd djjdats `j tld cdaoso`hs

tgkdh oh rdspdat `j bghc usd, r`gc trghsp`rt ghc punboa trghsp`rt (nus ghc rgob).Sldrdj`rd

erdgtdr gttdhto`h wgs tldh eovdh t` tld j`riubgto`h `j trghsp`rt p`boaods ghc `nfdatovds puttohe

oh iohc tld trgjjoa ighgedidht ghc a`htr`b systdis gs kdy jgat`rs oh tld trghsp`rt pbghhohe

pràdss.

Sld plob`s`ply alghedc ghc tldrdj`rd tdalhoagb gspdats `j pbghhohe wdrd a`hsocdrgnby

oipr`vdc ghc erdgtdr uhcdrstghcohe wgs `ntgohdc ghc jgat`rs ohjbudhaohe i`vdidht wdrd

ocdhtojodc. Ldhad trghsp`rt i`cdbohe idtl`c`bèods wdrd cdvdb`pdc t` g loel cderdd `j

s`plostoagto`h. Sldrdj`rd trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rtgto`h pbghhohe alghedc ghc ndegh t` nd i`rd

jbdxonbd, prgeigtoa ghc rdsp`hsovd t` aurrdht aìiuhoty hddcs ghc bdss a`hadrhdc wotl tld

cdtdriohgto`h `j uhoqud `ptoiui b`he tdri ghswdrs (cdighc `rodhtdc rgtldr tlgh suppby

ngsdc).Sld jàus gbs` alghedc t` ardconbd, galodvgnbd sl`rtdr tdri pr`p`sgbs gs `pp`sdc t`

tld b`he tdri ocdgb igstdr pbghs tlgt ioelt hdvdr nd oipbdidhtdc.


22/90

?

>.: Gaadssonoboty ghc Srgvdb

Gaa`rcohe t` tld @DAC punboagto`h rdp`rt (>==>), ]d`pbd grd wobbohe t` usd r`gcs j`r g eovdh

typd `j trop (tùrosi, pr`jdsso`hgb, pdrs`hgb). Qurvdys lgvd cdi`hstrgtdc tlgt, j`r g eovdh

cdstohgto`h, tld v`buid `j fùrhdys cdardgsds gs tld a`st `j trghsp`rt `r tld fùrhdy toidohardgsds. Slos ndlgvo`r os cud t` tld jgat tlgt tld utoboty `j trops cdardgsds gs tld a`st `j

trghsp`rt ohardgsds.

L`wdvdr, ohcovocugbs gbs` trgvdb ndagusd tldor hddcs (a`hsuipto`h, stucy, w`rk,

dhtdrtgohidht, dta.) aghh`t nd idt gt tldor `roeoh nut agh nd sgtosjodc gt tldor cdstohgto`h. Gh

ohcovocugbs sgtosjgato`h wobb nd loeldr oj i`rd e``cs `r sdrvoads grd gvgobgnbd, gs tld

pr`ngnoboty `j johcohe tld cdsordc pr`cuat `r sdrvoad wobb nd loeldr.

L`wdvdr, ghy ohardgsd oh tld trghsp`rt a`st `r toid t` rdgal tlos cdstohgto`h wobb rdcuad ots

gttrgatovdhdss ghc tldrdj`rd tld utoboty `j tld trop. ^di`tdhdss tldrdj`rd gjjdats tld bdvdb `j

utoboty. Dgal cdstohgto`h os gsarondc g a`djjoaodht `j rdi`tdhdss (g jgat`r tlgt gttdhugtds tld

utoboty `j tld trop) wloal os cdrovdc jrì tld trghsp`rt cdighc juhato`h.

Gaadssonoboty os tldrdj`rd rdbgtdc t` tld trgvdb ndlgvo`r `j tld ohcovocugb `r jori ghc tld

spgtogb costronuto`h `j gatovotods ghc sdrvoads. Sldrd grd sdvdrgb typds `j gaadssonoboty, j`r

dxgipbd tld gaadssonoboty `j ots w`rkj`rad ngsoh t` g jori, tld gaadssonoboty `j tld igrkdt t` g

jori tlgt sdbbs ots 1? pr`cuats dbsdwldrd tlgh gt tld pbgad `j pr`cuato`h, `r tld gaadssonoboty `j

g tùrost sotd jrì g z`hd `j p`tdhtogb austìdr bàgto`h.

Sld j`bb`wohe os gh dxgipbd `j tld gppboagto`h `j sual gh gppr`gal gs gppbodc oh Jrghad. J`r

dgal `j typd `j gatovoty, ot os hdadssgry t` kh`w tld trgvdb cdighc juhato`hs `j ohcovocugbs j`r

lìd-t`-w`rk, nusohdss ghc tùrosi purp`sds. Sldsd juhato`hs agh nd a`hstruatdc jrì

survdy cgtg, ghc jottohe juhato`hs `j tld j`bb`wohe typd os strgoeltj`rwgrc6

y 9 g d- t

wldrd6

y os tld trop jrdqudhay;

t os tld fùrhdy toid;

g ghc grd agbonrgto`h a`djjoaodhts.

Oh gccoto`h, gaadssonoboty gbs` cdpdhcs `h tld spgtogb costronuto`h `j gatovotods wotl rdjdrdhad t`

trghsp`rt a`st, wloal os idgsurdc oh gh gppr`xoigtd ighhdr ny tld trghsp`rt toid. L`wdvdr,


23/90

7=

tld spgtogb costronuto`h `j gatovotods os h`t uhoj`ri. S`whs ghc aotods grd h`t dquocostght jrì

dgal `tldr ghc c` h`t gbb pr`vocd tld sgid bdvdb `j e``cs ghc sdrvoads.Sld costronuto`h `j

gatovotods grùhc g rdjdrdhad pòht os gh ohardgsohe juhato`h `j trghsp`rt toid.

>.5 Bghc Tsd ghc Srghsp`rtgto`h

Sld bghc usd ghc trghsp`rtgto`h aùbc nd bohkdc t` tld tld`rods `j urngh er`wtl. Qdvdrgb

sal`bgrs lgvd rdvodwdc tld urngh er`wtl tld`rods wotl g vodw t` pr`vocohe dxpbghgto`hs t`

tldor vgbocoty `r `tldrwosd oh uhcdrstghcohe pgttdrhs `j urngh er`wtl ghc bghc usd

cdvdb`pidht. (Jgcgrd, (7?==:), ghc Geuhnogcd,( >==:). Sldsd tld`rods

(A`hadhtroa V`hd, Qdat`r ghc Iubtopbd-Huabdo) wdrd cdvdb`pdc t` edhdrgbozd gnùt tld

pgttdrhs `j urngh bghc usd jùhc oh tld dgrby ohcustrogb aotods `j tld Thotdc Qtgtds, ldhad tldrd

lgc nddh arotoaosis `h tldor gnoboty t` pr`vocd dxpbghgto`hs j`r tld uhcdrstghcohe `j bghc usd

pgttdrhs `j h`h Gidroagh aotods pgrtoaubgrby oh rdbgto`h t` trghsp`rt.

Bghc usd ghc trghsp`rtgto`h grd iutugbby ohtdra`hhdatdc (Iotaldbb ghc ^gpkoh, (7?4>). Sld

usd `j tld tdri "bghc usd" os ngsdc `h tld jgat tlgt tlrùel cdvdb`pidht, urngh spgad

gaaìi`cgtds g erdgt vgrodty `j luigh gatovotods. Bghc os g a`hvdhodht idgsurd `j spgad,

ghc bghc usd pr`vocds g spgtogb gaaùhtohe jrgidw`rk j`r urngh cdvdb`pidht ghc gatovotods.

Sld bàgto`h `j gatovotods ghc tldor hddc j`r ohtdrgato`h ardgtds tld cdighc j`r trghsp`rtgto`h,

wlobd tld pr`voso`h `j trghsp`rt jgaobotods ohjbudhads tld bàgto`h otsdbj.

Bghc usds, ny vortud `j tldor àaupghay, grd tgkdh t` edhdrgtd ohtdrgato`h hddcs (trop

edhdrgto`h), ghc tldsd hddcs grd cordatdc t` spdaojoa tgredts ny spdaojoa trghsp`rtgto`h

jgaobotods (trop costronuto`h ghc i`cgb spbot).

Sld usd `j tld trghsp`rtgto`h systdi ardgtds a`hedsto`h, wloal bdgcs t` usdr gcfustidhts

(rdaèhozdc oh g agpgaoty a`hstrgohdc gssoehidht).Qdvdrgb w`rks lgvd nddh c`hd `h tld

rdbgto`hslop ndtwddh bghc usd ghc trghsp`rtgto`h igf`roty `j wloal grd a`hadhtrgtdc oh

cdvdb`pdc aùhtrods `j tld w`rbc. Sld cderdd `j tlos rdbgto`hslop lgs nddh stucodc ny ighy

gutl`rs wl` ohabucd Kuziygk ghc ]rgtt (>==1), S^B (>==3), Ndht`,dt gb, (>==3) ghc

Sura`ttd (>==


24/90

77

Gaa`rcohe t` Bdkd @cuwgyd, Ugbd Gbgcd, Qgbgio Gcdkuhbd (>=77), trghsp`rt os g bghc usd oh

otsdbj ghc lgs tld uhoqudhdss `j rdbgtohe ohtoigtdby wotl gbb `tldr bghc usds. Slos ohtdrgato`h os

uhcdrst``c wldh tld S`wh ]bghhdrs ghc Dheohddrs grd gnbd t` prdcoat tld typds ghc bàgto`hs

`j juturd trghsp`rtgto`h ghc bghc usds ghc trgvdb pgttdrhs. Slos ohtdrgatovd rdbgto`hslop sdrvdsgs tld ngsos j`r trgvdb-cdighc j`rdagstohe, wloal usds tld ùtput `j bghc usd i`cdbs gs ohput,

gssuiohe tlgt cojjdrdht bghc usds edhdrgtd cojjdrdht bdvdbs `j gatovoty ghc trgvdb.

Slos ohtdrgato`h gbs` pr`cuads covdrsd trghsp`rtgto`h pr`nbdis wloal Nbgak (7??4) cdsarondc

gs aìpbdx nuhcbd `j ohtdrrdbgtdc pr`nbdis wotl trgjjoa a`hedsto`h gs tld i`st vosonbd

ighojdstgto`h. A`hedsto`h rdsubts oh b`hedr trgvdb toid, wloal os `hd `j tld igoh grdgs `j

trghsp`rt cysjuhato`hs `nsdrvdc oh ighy bgred aotods `j tld w`rbc (Gwgkd, >==7). Srgvdb

toid, a`st ghc l`w cojjoaubt ot os j`r pd`pbd t` edt t` ghc jrì w`rk lgvd `jtdh pbgy g kdy r`bd

oh wldtldr g aoty os gnbd t` gttrgatnusohdss (Guabgor, 7???).

>.< ^dgs`hs j`r Cojjdrdht Srgjjoa I`cds oh tld ANC

Cgvoc B J`bdy (7?43 rdaèhozdc tlgt tldrd grd vdry ighy rdgs`hs `r purp`sds j`r igkohe

ANC g cdstohgto`h. Ld pòhts ùt tld j`bb`wohe rdgs`hs6 dipb`yidht, sl`ppohe, `jjoads

gi`he `tldrs. Ld gccdc tlgt tldrd grd gbs` rdbgtdc pgrkohe ghc trgjjoa a`hedsto`h pr`nbdis

gb`he.

ôalgrc @ ^gbgbojj (7?:=) p`stubgtdc tlgt oh dgal t`wh, adrtgoh cgys `j tld wddk grd ny bàgb

austì tld i`st oip`rtght sl`ppohe cgys pgrtoaubgrby j`r wìdh t` sl`p.

I`st oj h`t gbb adhtrgb nusohdss costroats gat gs dipb`yidht, aovoa, gciohostrgtovd adhtdrs

gi`he `tldrs ghc tldy grd wdbb gaadssdc. Ldhad lgrn`rohe gbb kohcs `j trgjjoa gs fustojodc ny

Kdvoh Byhal ghc Egry Lgak (7?.? Srgjjoa ^dbgtdc ]r`nbdis oh tld ANC

Fgak Lgrvdy (7?>5) p`stubgtdc tlgt yù gppr`gal tld ANC, trgjjoa ohardgsds bdgcohe t` g

cdardgsd oh tld r`gc agpgaoty wloal rdsubts jrì trgjjoa a`hedsto`h/a`hadhtrgto`h `j trgjjoa.


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7>

Slos oip`sds sàogb a`st `h h`h agr usdrs, dxlgust juids, hòsd, ghc cghedr `j gaaocdhts

vosugb ohtruso`h, oha`hvdhodhad t` pdcdstroghs ghc b`ss `j toid.

Fubous Adgsdr, oh los dgrby iuhoaopgb bgws `j bgws `j ^ìd lgc a`hsocdrdc rdeubgto`h gs t`

l`w wge`hs slùbc e` tlrùel tld strddts `j ^ìd, wldh tldy slùbc h`t ghc l`w tldyslùbc nd rdstroatdc curohe nusohdss lùrs. Ld jurtldr gccdc tlgt spgad j`r i`vdidht j`r igh

ghc los vdloabd àaupods i`rd tlgh g qugrtdr `j bghc `h wloal aìiuhotods bovd.

>.?.7 @tldr Trngh Srghsp`rt/Srgjjoa ]r`nbdis

Aotods grd bàgto`hs lgvohe g loel bdvdb `j gaauiubgto`h ghc a`hadhtrgto`h `j da`hìoa

gatovotods ghc grd aìpbdx spgtogb struaturds tlgt grd supp`rtdc ny trghsp`rt systdis. Sld

bgredr tld aoty, tld erdgtdr ots aìpbdxoty ghc tld p`tdhtogb j`r trgjjoa cosrupto`hs. Sldrdj`rd oj

tlos aìpbdxoty os h`t djjdatovdby ighgedc ot bdgcs t` g jgoburd oh tld urngh trghsp`rt systdi.

Sld i`st oip`rtght trghsp`rt pr`nbdis grd `jtdh rdbgtdc t` urngh grdgs ghc tgkd pbgad wldh

trghsp`rt systdis, j`r g vgrodty `j rdgs`hs, aghh`t sgtosjy tld huidrùs rdquordidhts `j urngh

i`noboty. Trngh pr`cuatovoty os loelby cdpdhcdht `h tld djjoaodhay `j ots trghsp`rt systdi t`

i`vd bgn`r, a`hsuidrs ghc jrdoelt ndtwddh iubtopbd `roeohs ghc cdstohgto`hs. Gccoto`hgbby,

oip`rtght trghsp`rt tdriohgbs sual gs p`rts, gorp`rts, ghc rgob ygrcs grd bàgtdc wotloh urngh

grdgs, a`htronutohe t` g spdaojoa grrgy `j pr`nbdis. Qìd pr`nbdis grd ghaodht, bokd

a`hedsto`h (wloal pbgeudc aotods sual gs ^ìd), wlobd `tldrs grd hdw bokd urngh jrdoelt

costronuto`h `r dhvor`hidhtgb oipgats. Gi`he tld i`st h`tgnbd urngh trghsp`rt pr`nbdis grd6

(7).Soid (a`hsocdr cdbgys). S`` iual trgjjoa bdgcs t` cdbgys ghc a`hsuids toid wldh

wgotohe j`r poak ups (pd`pbd wgotohe gt stgto`hs / st`ps).

(>).Dhvor`hidhtgb a`hsdqudhads (a`hsocdr hòsd, juids/p`bbuto`h)6 Gor qugboty.

Gti`spldroa diosso`hs jrì p`bbutghts pr`cuadc trghsp`rtgto`h, dspdaogbby ny tld ohtdrhgb

aìnusto`h dheohd, grd gssàogtdc wotl gor p`bbuto`h ghc, greugnby, eb`ngb aboigtd alghed.

Qìd p`bbutghts (H@x, A@, @1, Z@A, dta.) agh pr`cuad rdsporgt`ry trùnbds ghc geergvgtd

agrco`vgsaubgr obbhdssds. Oh urngh rdeo`hs, gnùt 4=% `j gbb gor p`bbuto`h dighgtds jrì

gutì`nobd trgjjoa.

(1).B`hedr aìiutohe. @h pgr wotl a`hedsto`h pd`pbd grd spdhcohe gh ohardgsohe giùht `j

toid aìiutohe ndtwddh tldor rdsocdhad ghc w`rkpbgad. Gh oip`rtght jgat`r ndlohc tlos

trdhc os rdbgtdc t` rdsocdhtogb gjj`rcgnoboty gs lùsohe bàgtdc jurtldr gwgy jrì adhtrgb grdgs

(wldrd i`st `j tld dipb`yidht rdigohs) os i`rd gjj`rcgnbd. Sldrdj`rd, aìiutdrs grd


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trgcohe toid j`r lùsohe gjj`rcgnoboty. L`wdvdr, b`he aìiutohe os bohkdc wotl sdvdrgb sàogb

pr`nbdis, sual gs os`bgto`h, gs wdbb gs p``rdr ldgbtl (`ndsoty).

(3).Hòsd.G igf`r orrotght, hòsd agh oipgat `h luigh ldgbtl ghc i`st `jtdh luigh wdbjgrd.

Hòsd agh nd ighojdstdc oh tlrdd bdvdbs cdpdhcohe `h diosso`hs ohtdhsoty; psyal`bèoagbcosturnghads (pdrturngto`hs, cospbdgsurd), juhato`hgb costurnghads (sbddp cos`rcdrs, b`ss `j

w`rk pr`cuatovoty, spddal ohtdrjdrdhad) `r plyso`bèoagb costurnghads (ldgbtl ossuds sual gs

jgtoeud, ghc ldgrohe cgiged). Hòsd ghc vonrgto`h gssàogtdc wotl trgohs, truaks, ghc pbghds

oh tld voaohoty `j gorp`rts grd igf`r orrotghts.

(4).Ugtdr qugboty. Gaaocdhtgb ghc hìohgb ruh`jj `j p`bbutghts jrì trghsp`rt sual gs òb

spobbs, grd sùrads `j a`htgiohgto`h j`r n`tl surjgad wgtdr ghc erùhcwgtdr.

(:).Gdstldtoas (a`hsocdr vosugb ohtruso`h)

(5).Qpgad (i`t`r vdloabd àaupy spgad pd`pbd h`t jrdd t` i`vd)6 Bghc tgkd.Srghsp`rt os g

bgred a`hsuidr `j urngh spgad wldh gbb `j ots supp`rtohe ohjrgstruaturd ghc dquopidht grd

a`hsocdrdc. Jurtldri`rd, tld pbghhohe gssàogtdc wotl tldsd struaturds c`ds h`t gbwgys

a`hsocdr gdstldtoa vgbuds gs os `jtdh tld agsd oh tld a`hstruato`h `j urngh loelwgys. Sldsd

vosugb oipgats lgvd gcvdrsd a`hsdqudhads `h tld qugboty `j bojd `j hdgrny rdsocdhts.

(?).A`hedsto`h (jrustrgtds)6 Uotl tld ohardgsdc usd `j trghsp`rt systdis, ot lgs ndaìd

ohardgsoheby aìi`h j`r pgrts `j tld hdtw`rk t` nd usdc gn`vd cdsoeh agpgaoty. A`hedsto`h

os tld ùtaìd `j sual g sotugto`h wotl ots gssàogtdc a`sts, cdbgys ghc wgstd `j dhdrey.

Costronuto`h systdis tlgt rdby up`h `h-toid cdbovdrods grd pgrtoaubgrby susadptonbd t`

a`hedsto`h.

(=7= oh gccoto`h t` 4= iobbo`h ohfurods. Alohg lgs `hd `j tld


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loeldst agr gaaocdht cdgtl rgtds oh tld w`rbc, wotl i`rd tlgh 77=,=== jgtgbotods pdr ydgr (1==

pdr cgy), g jgat`r igohby cud t` rdadht er`wtl oh vdloabd `whdrslop.

(7=). A`sts cojjdrdhads.Bàgto`hs tlgt lgvd b`w bdvdbs `j gaadssonoboty, sual gs bghcbàkdc

aùhtrods, tdhc t` lgvd loeldr a`sts j`r ighy e``cs (sìdtoids ngsoa hdadssotods sual gsj``c) gs i`st lgvd t` nd oip`rtdc, `jtdh `vdr b`he costghads. Sld rdsubtohe loeldr trghsp`rt

a`sts ohlonot tld aìpdtotovdhdss `j sual bàgto`hs ghc boiots `pp`rtuhotods. A`hsuidrs ghc

ohcustrods wobb pgy loeldr proads, oipgatohe `h tldor wdbjgrd (cosp`sgnbd ohaìd) ghc

aìpdtotovdhdss

>.7= Srghsp`rt/Srgjjoa ]urp`sds oh Trngh Grdgs

(7) Qgjdty. J`r dxgipbd, tld agsd `j g provgtd agr, `hd jddbs sgjd ghc aìj`rtgnbd wlobd

i`vohe gs ld/sld `hby i`vds wotl `hby tl`sd ld jddbs ld agh i`vd wotl.

(>)Dgsds gaadss t` sl`ppohe grdgs. ]d`pbd agh dgsoby gaadssds sl`ppohe grdgs cud t` tld

a`hhdatovoty `j sual grdgs.

(1)A`hhdat pdcdstroghs jrì lìd t` aìidraogb adhtdrs. ]dcdstroghs agh dgsoby a`hhdat

jrì tldor lìds t` tld aìidraogb grdgs cud t` tld e``c aoraubgto`hs wotl oh urngh grdgs.

(3)Nubky e``cs agh nd i`vdc.J`r dxgipbd trgohs ghc truak agrry/ trghsp`rt nubky e``cs

jrì `hd pbgad t` gh`tldr.

(4) I`vds igssds `j pd`pbd.J`r dxgipbd, trgohs ghc nusds agrry quotd g bgred huindr `j

pd`pbd jrì bàgto`h `hd t` gh`tldr.

(:)U`rk gbb a`hcoto`hs. J`r dxgipbd i`t`rozdc trghsp`rt i`cds agh w`rk uhcdr gbb

a`hcoto`hs, nd ot rgohohe `r slohohe.

(5) ^dbgtovdby aldgpdr j`r tld usdrs.J`r dxgipbd nusds ghc trgis algred rdbgtovdby bottbd

giùhts `j i`hdy wloal tld usdrs johc aldgpdr j`r tldor cgoby trgvdbs.

(


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(7=) Ohardgsdc aìpdtoto`h. Uldh trghsp`rt os djjoaodht, tld p`tdhtogb igrkdt j`r g eovdh

pr`cuat (`r sdrvoad) ohardgsds, ghc s` c`ds aìpdtoto`h. G wocdr grrgy `j e``cs ghc sdrvoads

ndaìds gvgobgnbd t` a`hsuidrs tlrùel aìpdtoto`h wloal tdhcs t` rdcuad a`sts ghc

prì`td qugboty ghc ohh`vgto`h. Eb`ngbozgto`h lgs abdgrby nddh gssàogtdc wotl g aìpdtotovddhvor`hidht tlgt spghs tld w`rbc.

(77) Ohardgsdc bghc vgbud. Bghc wloal os gcfgadht `r sdrvoadc ny e``c trghsp`rt sdrvoads

edhdrgbby lgs erdgtdr vgbud cud t` tld utoboty ot a`hjdrs t` ighy gatovotods. Oh sìd agsds, tld

`pp`sotd agh nd trud oj rdbgtdc t` rdsocdhtogb gatovotods. Bghc bàgtdc hdgr gorp`rts ghc

loelwgys, hdgr hòsd ghc p`bbuto`h sùrads, wobb tlus sujjdr jrì a`rrdsp`hcohe coiohoslohe

bghc vgbud.

>.77 Gutì`nobd Cdpdhcdhay

Gutì`nobd usd os `nvoùsby rdbgtdc t` g vgrodty `j gcvghtgeds sual gs `h cdighc i`noboty,

aìj`rt, stgtus, spddc, ghc a`hvdhodhad. Sldsd gcvghtgeds fòhtby obbustrgtd wly gutì`nobd

`whdrslop a`htohuds t` er`w w`rbcwocd, dspdaogbby oh urngh grdgs. Uldh eovdh tld alòad

ghc tld `pp`rtuhoty, i`st ohcovocugbs wobb prdjdr usohe gh gutì`nobd. Qdvdrgb jgat`rs

ohjbudhad tld er`wtl `j tld t`tgb vdloabd jbddt, sual gs sustgohdc da`hìoa er`wtl (ohardgsd oh

ohaìd ghc qugboty `j bojd), aìpbdx ohcovocugb urngh i`vdidht pgttdrhs (ighy lùsdl`bcs

lgvd i`rd tlgh `hd gutì`nobd), i`rd bdosurd toid ghc sunurnghozgto`h. Sldrdj`rd, rosohe

gutì`nobd i`noboty agh nd pdradovdc gs g p`sotovd a`hsdqudhad `j da`hìoa cdvdb`pidht.

Sld gautd er`wtl oh tld t`tgb huindr `j vdloabds gbs` eovds rosd t` a`hedsto`h gt pdgk trgjjoa

lùrs `h igf`r tl`rùeljgrds, oh nusohdss costroats ghc `jtdh tlrùelùt tld idtr`p`botgh

grdg.

Aotods grd oip`rtght edhdrgt`rs ghc gttrgat`rs `j i`vdidhts, wloal lgvd ardgtdc g sdt `j

edèrgploagb pgrgc`xds tlgt grd sdbj-rdohj`raohe. J`r ohstghad, spdaogbozgto`h bdgcs t`

gccoto`hgb trghsp`rt cdighcs wlobd geebìdrgto`h bdgcs t` a`hedsto`h. @vdr toid, g stgtd `j

gutì`nobd cdpdhcdhay lgs didredc wloal rdsubts oh g coiohuto`h oh tld r`bd `j `tldr i`cds,

tldrdny boiotohe stobb jurtldr gbtdrhgtovds t` urngh i`noboty. Oh gccoto`h t` tld jgat`rs

a`htronutohe t` tld er`wtl `j crovohe, tw` igf`r jgat`rs a`htronutohe t` gutì`nobd

cdpdhcdhay grd6

Thcdr proaohe ghc a`hsuidr alòads. I`st r`gc ohjrgstruaturds grd sunsocozdc gs tldy grd

a`hsocdrdc g punboa sdrvoad. A`hsdqudhtby, crovdrs c` h`t ndgr tld jubb a`st `j gutì`nobd usd.

Bokd tld "Srgedcy `j tld Aìi`hs", wldh g rdsùrad os jrdd `j gaadss (r`gc), ot tdhcs t` nd


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`vdrusdc ghc gnusdc (a`hedsto`h). Slos os gbs` rdjbdatdc oh a`hsuidr alòad, wldrd

gutì`nobd `whdrslop os g syin`b `j stgtus, jrddcì ghc prdstoed, dspdaogbby oh cdvdb`pohe

aùhtrods. Qohebd lìd `whdrslop gbs` rdohj`rads gutì`nobd cdpdhcdhay.

]bghhohe ghc ohvdstidht prgatoads. ]bghhohe ghc dhsurohe gbbàgto`h `j punboa juhcs goit`wgrcs oipr`vohe r`gc ghc pgrkohe jgaobotods oh gh `heòhe gttdipt t` gvòc a`hedsto`h.

@tldr trghsp`rtgto`h gbtdrhgtovds tdhc t` nd cosrdegrcdc. Oh ighy agsds, z`hohe rdeubgto`hs

oip`sd iohoiui stghcgrcs `j r`gc ghc pgrkohe sdrvoads ghc cd jgat` oip`sd g rdeubgtdc

gutì`nobd cdpdhcdhay.

Gutì`nobd cdpdhcdhay os gbs` sdrvdc ny g aubturgb ghc aìidraogb systdi prì`tohe tld

gutì`nobd gs g syin`b `j stgtus ghc pdrs`hgb jrddcì, hgidby tlrùel ohtdhsd gcvdrtosohe

ghc dhtoadidhts t` puralgsd hdw gutì`nobds. H`t surprosoheby, ighy cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods

pdradovd i`t`rozgto`h gs g a`hcoto`h j`r cdvdb`pidht. Dvdh oj tld tdri gutì`nobd

cdpdhcdhay os `jtdh hdegtovdby pdradovdc ghc jgv`rdc ny igrkdt cost`rto`hs sual gs tld

pr`voso`h `j r`gcs, ots ùtaìd rdjbdats tld alòad `j ohcovocugbs wl` sdd tld gutì`nobd

i`rd gs gh gcvghtged tldh gh oha`hvdhodhad.

Sld sda`hc lgbj `j tld >=tl adhtury sgw tld gcgptgto`h `j ighy aotods oh H`rtl Gidroag ghc

Dur`pd t` gutì`nobd aoraubgto`h. I`t`rozdc trghsp`rtgto`h wgs sddh gs g p`wdrjub syin`b `j

i`cdrhoty ghc cdvdb`pidht. Loelwgys wdrd a`hstruatdc, strddts wdrd dhbgredc, ghc pgrkohe

b`ts wdrd sdt `jtdh cosruptohe tld dxostohe urngh jgnroa wotl tld ardgto`h `j i`t`rozdc aotods.

L`wdvdr, jrì tld 7?


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`j a`hedsto`h iotoegto`h ghc rdvdhud edhdrgto`h. I`st dvocdhad uhcdrbohds l`wdvdr tlgt

crovdrs grd wobbohe t` ndgr gccoto`hgb t`bb a`sts, dspdaogbby j`r aìiutohe sohad ot os bohkdc

wotl tldor igoh ohaìd.

>.77.7 A`hedsto`h

A`hedsto`h àaurs wldh trghsp`rt cdighc dxaddcs trghsp`rt suppby gt g spdaojoa pòht oh

toid ghc oh g spdaojoa sdato`h `j tld trghsp`rt systdi. Thcdr sual aorauistghads, dgal vdloabd

oipgors tld i`noboty `j `tldrs.

A`hedsto`h agh nd pdradovdc gs gh uhgvòcgnbd a`hsdqudhad `j tld usged `j sagrad trghsp`rt

rdsùrads, pgrtoaubgrby oj tldy grd h`t proadc. Sld bgst cdagcds lgvd sddh tld dxtdhso`h `j

r`gcs oh rurgb nut pgrtoaubgrby oh urngh grdgs, i`st `j tldi jrdd `j gaadss. Sl`sd

ohjrgstruaturds wdrd cdsoehdc j`r spddc ghc loel agpgaoty, nut tld er`wtl `j urngh aoraubgto`h

àaurrdc gt g rgtd loeldr tlgh `jtdh dxpdatdc. Ohvdstidhts agid jrì covdrsd bdvdbs `j

e`vdrhidht wotl g vodw t` pr`vocd gaadssonoboty t` aotods ghc rdeo`hs. Sldrd wdrd str`he

ohadhtovds j`r tld dxpghso`h `j r`gc trghsp`rtgto`h ny pr`vocohe loel bdvdbs `j trghsp`rt

suppby. Slos lgs ardgtdc g voaoùs aorabd `j a`hedsto`h wloal supp`rts tld a`hstruato`h `j

gccoto`hgb r`gc agpgaoty ghc gutì`nobd cdpdhcdhay. Trngh a`hedsto`h igohby a`hadrhs tw`

cìgohs `j aoraubgto`h, `jtdh slgrohe tld sgid ohjrgstruaturds6

Ot os oip`rtght t` uhcdrbohd tlgt a`hedsto`h oh urngh grdgs os cìohghtby agusdc ny

aìiutohe pgttdrhs ghc bottbd ny truak i`vdidhts. @h gvdrged, ohjrgstruaturd pr`voso`h wgs

h`t gnbd t` kddp up wotl tld er`wtl oh tld huindr `j vdloabds, dvdh i`rd wotl tld t`tgb

huindr `j vdloabds-ki. Curohe ohjrgstruaturd oipr`vdidht ghc a`hstruato`h, agpgaoty

oipgoridht (jdwdr gvgobgnbd bghds, ab`sdc sdato`hs, dta.) jgv`rs a`hedsto`h. Oip`rtght trgvdb

cdbgys àaur wldh tld agpgaoty boiot os rdgaldc `r dxaddcdc, wloal os tld agsd `j gbi`st gbb

idtr`p`botgh grdgs. Oh tld bgredst aotods sual gs B`hc`h, r`gc trgjjoa os gatugbby sb`wdr tlgh ot

wgs 7== ydgrs ge`. Igreohgb cdbgys grd tlus ohardgsohe ghc crovohe spddc ndaìds

pr`nbdigtoa gs tld bdvdb `j p`pubgto`h cdhsoty ohardgsds. @had g p`pubgto`h tlrdsl`bc `j gnùt

7 iobbo`h os rdgaldc, aotods stgrt t` dxpdrodhad rdaurrohe a`hedsto`h pr`nbdis. Slos

`nsdrvgto`h iust nd hughadc ny huidrùs jgat`rs rdbgtdc t` tld urngh sdttohe, i`cgb

prdjdrdhads ghc tld qugboty `j dxostohe urngh trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturds. Qtobb, bgred aotods lgvd

ndaìd a`hedstdc i`st `j tld cgy, ghc a`hedsto`h os edttohe i`rd gautd. Gh`tldr oip`rtght

a`hsocdrgto`h a`hadrhs pgrkohe, wloal a`hsuids bgred giùhts `j spgad ghc pr`vocds

boiotdc da`hìoa ndhdjot. Oh gutì`nobd cdpdhcdht aotods, tlos agh nd vdry a`hstrgohohe gs


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7.77.>.7 Iotoegtohe A`hedsto`h

Oh sìd grdgs, tld gutì`nobd os tld `hby i`cd j`r wloal ohjrgstruaturds grd pr`vocdc. Slos

oipbods bdss agpgaoty j`r usohe gbtdrhgtovd i`cds sual trghsot, wgbkohe ghc ayabohe. Gt sìd

bdvdbs `j cdhsoty, h` punboa ohjrgstruaturd ohvdstidht agh nd fustojodc oh tdris `j da`hìoa

rdturhs. B`hedr aìiutohe trops oh tdris `j gvdrged trgvdb toid, tld rdsubt `j jrgeidhtdc bghc

usds ghc a`hedsto`h bdvdbs grd g soehojoaght trdhc. A`hvdredhad `j trgjjoa gt igf`r loelwgys


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7?

tlgt sdrvd vgst b`w cdhsoty grdgs wotl loel bdvdbs `j gutì`nobd `whdrslop ghc b`w bdvdbs j

gutì`nobd àaupghay. Sld rdsubt os dhdrey (judb) wgstdc curohe a`hedsto`h (gccoto`hgb toid)

ghc suppbdidhtgry aìiutohe costghads. Oh gutì`nobd cdpdhcdht aotods, g jdw idgsurds agh

ldbp gbbdvogtd a`hedsto`h t` sìd dxtdht6^gip idtdrohe. A`htr`bbohe tld gaadss t` g a`hedstdc loelwgy ny bdttohe gutì`nobds oh

`hd gt g toid ohstdgc `j oh erùps. Sld ùtaìd os g b`wdr cosrupto`h `h loelwgy trgjjoa

jb`ws.

Srgjjoa soehgb syhalr`hozgto`h.Suhohe tld trgjjoa soehgbs t` tld toid ghc cordato`h `j trgjjoa

jb`ws. Slos os pgrtoaubgrby djjdatovd oj tld soehgbs agh nd gcfustdc `h gh lùrby ngsos t` rdjbdat

algheds oh aìiutohe pgttdrhs.

Ohaocdht ighgedidht. Igkohe surd tlgt vdloabds ohv`bvdc oh gaaocdhts `r idalghoagb

jgoburds grd rdi`vdc gs quoakby gs p`ssonbd jrì tld r`gc. Qohad gaaocdht `h gvdrged gaaùht

ndtwddh >= ghc 1=% j gbb tld agusds `j a`hedsto`h, tlos strgtdey os pgrtoaubgrby oip`rtght.

Agrp``bohe. A`hadrhs tw` ossuds. Sld jorst ghc i`st aìi`h os gh ohcovocugb pr`vocohe

rocdrslop t` pd`pbd (`jtdh a`-w`rkdrs) lgvohe g soiobgr `roeoh, cdstohgto`h ghc aìiutohe

toid. Sw` `r i`rd vdloabd trops agh tlus nd aìnohdc oht` `hd. Sld sda`hc ohv`bvds g p``b

`j vdloabds (i`stby agrs, nut gbs` noayabds) tlgt agh nd bdgsdc j`r sl`rt curgto`hs wldh

i`noboty os rdquordc. Gcdqugtd idgsurds iust nd tgkdh s` tlgt suppby ghc cdighc grd

djjdatovdby igtaldc.

L@Z bghds. Loel @aaupghay Zdloabd (L@Z) bghds ohsurd tlgt vdloabds wotl > `r i`rd

pgssdhedrs (nusds, vghs, agrp``b, dta.) lgvd dxabusovd gaadss t` g bdss a`hedstdc bghd,

pgrtoaubgrby curohe pdgk lùrs.

A`hedsto`h proaohe. G vgrodty `j idgsurds goidc gt oip`sohe algreds `h spdaojoa sdeidhts

`r rdeo`hs `j tld trghsp`rt systdi, igohby gs g t`bb. Sld algreds agh gbs` alghed curohe tld

cgy t` rdjbdat a`hedsto`h bdvdbs s` tlgt crovdrs grd ohaotdc t` a`hsocdr `tldr toid pdro`cs `r

`tldr i`cds.

]unboa trghsot. @jjdrohe gbtdrhgtovds t` crovohe tlgt agh soehojoaghtby oipr`vd djjoaodhay,

h`tgnby oj ot aoraubgtds `h ots `wh ohjrgstruaturd (sunwgy, boelt rgob, nusds `h rdsdrvdc bghds,

dta.) ghc os wdbb ohtdergtdc wotloh g aoty's cdvdb`pidht pbghs. L`wdvdr, punboa trghsot lgs ots

`wh sdt `j ossuds (sdd hdxt sdato`h).

H`h-i`t`rozdc trghsp`rtgto`h. Qohad tld erdgt igf`roty `j urngh trops grd `vdr sl`rt

costghads, h`h-i`t`rozdc i`cds, pgrtoaubgrby wgbkohe ghc ayabohe, lgvd gh oip`rtght r`bb t`

pbgy oh supp`rtohe urngh i`noboty. Sld pr`voso`h `j gcdqugtd ohjrgstruaturd, sual gs


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>=

socdwgbks, os `jtdh g b`w pro`roty gs h`h-i`t`rozdc trghsp`rtgto`h os `jtdh pdradovdc gs h`t

i`cdrh oh spotd `j tld oip`rtght r`bd ot hddcs t` gssuid oh urngh grdgs.

Gbb tldsd idgsurds `hby pgrtogbby gccrdss tld ossud `j a`hedsto`h, gs tldy gbbdvogtd, nut c` h`t

s`bvd tld pr`nbdi. Juhcgidhtgbby, a`hedsto`h rdigohs g jgoburd gt rda`haobohe i`nobotycdighcs ghc gautd suppby a`hstrgohts.

>.77.> Sld Trngh Srghsot Algbbdhed

Gs aotods a`htohud t` nda`id i`rd cospdrsdc, tld a`st `j nuobcohe ghc `pdrgtohe punboa

trghsp`rtgto`h systdis ohardgsds. J`r ohstghad, `hby gn`ut


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>7

Cdadhtrgbozgto`h. ]unboa trghsot systdis grd h`t cdsoehdc t` sdrvoad b`w cdhsoty ghc sagttdrdc

urngh grdgs tlgt grd ohardgsoheby cìohgtohe tld bghcsagpd. Sld erdgtdr tld cdadhtrgbozgto`h

`j urngh gatovotods, tld i`rd cojjoaubt ghc dxpdhsovd ot ndaìds t` sdrvd urngh grdgs wotl

punboa trghsot. Gccoto`hgbby, cdadhtrgbozgto`h prì`tds b`he costghad trops `h trghsot systdisagusohe loeldr `pdrgtohe a`sts ghc rdvdhud ossuds j`r jbgt jgrd trghsot systdis.

Joxoty. Sld ohjrgstruaturds `j sdvdrgb punboa trghsot systdis, h`tgnby rgob ghc sunwgy systdis

grd joxdc, wlobd aotods grd cyhgioagb dhtotods, dvdh oj tld pgad `j alghed agh tgkd cdagcds.

Slos oipbods tlgt trgvdb pgttdrhs tdhc t` alghed ghc tlgt g trghsot systdi nuobt j`r sdrvoaohe g

spdaojoa pgttdrh igy dvdhtugbby jgad "spgtogb `ns`bdsadhad".

A`hhdatovoty. ]unboa trghsot systdis grd `jtdh ohcdpdhcdht jrì `tldr i`cds ghc tdriohgbs.

Ot os a`hsdqudhtby cojjoaubt t` trghsjdr pgssdhedrs jrì `hd systdi t` tld `tldr. Slos bdgc t` g

pgrgc`x ndtwddh tld prdjdrdhad `j rocdrs t` lgvd cordat a`hhdato`hs ghc tld hddc t` pr`vocd g

a`st djjoaodht sdrvoad hdtw`rk tlgt ohv`bvds trghsjdrs.

Aìpdtoto`h. Oh vodw `j aldgp ghc unoquotùs r`gc trghsp`rt systdis, punboa trghsot jgadc

str`he aìpdtoto`h ghc b`ss rocdrslop oh rdbgtovd tdris ghc oh sìd agsds oh gns`butd tdris.

Sld loeldr tld bdvdb `j gutì`nobd cdpdhcdhay, tld i`rd ohgppr`progtd tld punboa trghsot

bdvdb `j sdrvoad. Sld punboa sdrvoad ndohe `jjdrdc os soipby ùtpgadc ny tld a`hvdhodhad `j

tld gutì`nobd. L`wdvdr, algheds oh dhdrey proads grd bokdby t` oip`sd g hdw dquobonroui oh

tlos rdbgto`hslop.

Johghaohe ghc jgrd struaturds. I`st punboa trghsot systdis lgvd gnghc`hdc g costghad-

ngsdc jgrd struaturd t` g soipbdr jbgt jgrd systdi. Slos lgc tld uhohtdhcdc a`hsdqudhad `j

cosaùrgeohe sl`rt trops j`r wloal i`st trghsot systdis grd wdbb suotdc j`r, ghc dhaùrgeohe

b`hedr trops tlgt tdhc t` nd i`rd a`stby pdr usdr tlgh tld jgrds tldy edhdrgtd. Ohj`rigto`h

systdis `jjdr tld p`ssonoboty j`r trghsot systdis t` i`vd ngak t` g i`rd dquotgnbd costghad

ngsdc jgrd struaturd.

Bdegay a`sts. I`st punboa trghsot systdis dipb`y fòht bgn`r tlgt lgvd a`hsostdhtby usdc

strokds (`r tld tlrdgt `j g strokd) ghc tld gautd cosrupto`hs tldy ardgtd gs bdvdrged t` hde`togtd

jgv`rgnbd a`htrgats, ohabucohe ldgbtl ghc rdtordidht ndhdjots. Qohad punboa trghsot os

sunsocozdc tldsd a`sts wdrd h`t wdbb rdjbdatdc oh tld jgrd systdis. Oh ighy trghsot systdis,

gccoto`hgb sunsocods wdht oht` aìpdhsgto`h `r t` a`vdr pgst cdnt, ghc h`t hdadssgroby oht`

pdrj`righad oipr`vdidhts `r gccoto`hgb ohjrgstruaturd. Gs i`st e`vdrhidhts grd jgaohe

strohedht nucedtgry a`hstrgohts ndagusd `j uhsustgohgnbd sàogb wdbjgrd aìiotidhts, punboa

trghsot gedhaods grd ndohe j`radc t` rdgssdss tldor nucedts tlrùel gh uhp`pubgr iox `j loeldr


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jgrds, cdjdrrdc igohtdhghad ghc tld nrdgkohe `j bgn`r a`htrgats. Sld drg `j punboa trghsot gs g

wdbjgrd gedhay pr`vocohe aìpdhsgto`h ghc ndhdjots wdbb gn`vd tld qugbojoagto`hs ghc tld

pr`cuatovoty `j ots bgn`r igy nd crgwohe t` gh dhc.

>.7> Bàgto`h `j ]rdiosds

L`bidr L`yt (7?11) a`rhdr bàgto`h `j nusohdss oh tld ANC aìighcs loel proad j`r adrtgoh

typds `j rdtgob usd ndagusd `j erdgtdr a`hvdhodhad t` strdgis `j pdcdstroghs trgjjoa. Nusohdss

prdiosds bàgtd tldor gatovotods wldrd tldy agh igxoiosd pr`jot, nut wlgt cdtdriohds

pr`jotgnoboty os gaadssonoboty .Slgt os gaadssonoboty (trgjjoa) t` g sl`ppohe igbb `r g igrkdt os

rdgbby vdry oip`rtght.

Gaa`rcohe t` ^gyi`hc. D.Igrply (7?:7) bàgtohe aìidraogb gatovotods oh tld ANC os gbb

cdtdriohdc ny trgjjoa `j tlgt vdry grdg ghc ndagusd `j trgjjoa austìdrs agh aìd t` tld

ANCs j`r vgroùs rdgs`hssual gs sl`ppohe, dhtdrtgohidht gi`he `tldrs.

ôalgrc T.^ (7?:7) rdaèhosds tlgt bàgto`h `j prdiosds os gttgohdc ny usd `j idtl`cs bokd

dstoigtohe sagbd v`buid oh g bàgto`h, tld qugbotgtovd ghc qughtotgtovd ghgbysos `j pdcdstroghs

trgjjoa `jtdh suppbdidhtdc ny dstoigtds `j tld v`buid `j aìpdtoto`h oh tld voaohoty `j tld

sotd. Sld `nvoùs `nfdatovd `j trgjjoa ghgbysos os t` cdtdriohd tld huindr `j p`tdhtogb

austìdrs wl` pgss tld sotd `j wl` grd oh tld voaohoty ghc ioelt nd gttrgatdc t` tld st`rd

bàgtdc tldrd.

>.71 Ohj`rigb Aìidraogb Gatovotods ghc Aìiuhoty Cdvdb`pidht

Sld didredhad `j igrkdt os slrùcdc oh iystdry ghc a`htr`vdrsy. Dgrby `poho`h `h ot ny

F`hds (7?:?) wgs tlgt igf`roty `j sdbbdrs wdrd uhusugb trgcdrs wl` dgrhdc bovohe ny `tldr

idghs. Slos stged wgs j`bb`wdc bgtdr ny iual bgredr sagbd wotl dbdidhts `j spdaogbozgto`h oh

trgcd cìohgtdc ny ioccbdidh. Sld tlorc stged, gaa`rcohe t` Qkohhdr (7?:3) os g stged `j

i`cdrhozgto`h ghc ohardgsdc igrkdtohe gatovotods. Slos gaa`rcohe t` Kuiuyo (7?===) gbs` `nsdrvdc tlgt strddt aìidrad wgs sìdtlohe tlgt ndb`hedc t` tld pgst,

ghc `hby ndagid p`pubgr `vdr tld ydgrs. Ulobd tld j`rigb da`hìy ndagid cìohgtdc ny

ideg-st`rds ghc iubto hgto`hgb a`rp`rgto`hs, bgred sdat`rs `j tld da`hìy rdsostdc sual

a`hadhtrgto`h. Slos os s` ndagusd jorst, aubturd `j sìd dhvor`hidhts pgvdc wgy j`r ohj`rigb

trgcohe gatovotods (S`kigh, 7?5


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>1

sobdhad tld e`vdrhidht ndagusd `j tld jgoburd `j tld bgttdr t` pbgh j`r ots pd`pbds da`hìy

(Ar`ss, 7??:). Qoehojoaght oh

tlos os tld punboa gaadptghad `j ohj`rigb aìidraogb gatovotods t` iddt tldor j`rigb da`hìoa

cdighcs. Oh `tldr w`rcs, ]`rtds dt gb (7?


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>3

>.73 Srgjjoa ghc Trngh Cdvdb`pidht

Gaa`rcohe t` Thotdc Hgto`hs Adhtrd j`r Luigh Qdttbdidhts (7??3), Ot os h`w wdbb rdaèhozdc

tlgt tld pràdss `j urnghozgto`h ghc da`hìoa cdvdb`pidht grd ohdxtroagnby bohkdc oh

cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods, wlobd trghsp`rt os g hdadssgry a`hcoto`h j`r, ghc g agtgbyst t`, urnghcdvdb`pidht. S`cgy gnùt := % `j EC] `j cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods ghc hdgrby = % `j tldor ohvdstidht nucedt `h

trghsp`rt).Jdw bgred aotods oh cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods agh gjj`rc tld dxpdhsds rdquordc t` iddt

tld cdighc j`r trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturd ghc sdrvoads oh jubb. Trngh grdgs/aotods oh pgrtoaubgr

aghh`t rdsp`hc t` tld er`wtl j trghsp`rt ny i`t`r vdloabds oh provgtd usd wloal iubtopbods

tld cdighc j`r trgvdb wgy spgad.(oh ighy cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods trgjjoa a`hedsto`h os w`rsd

tlgh oh cdvdb`pdc aùhtrods nut aotods lgvd hdotldr juhcs h`r spgad t` gaaìi`cgtd tld

igssovd i`t`rozgto`h).

J`r dxgipbd oh Nghe K`he ,r`gcs àaupy `hby iobbo`h i`t`r vdloabds. Sld djjdat os

trgjjoa a`hedsto`h bgstohe up t` 7: lùrs g cgy ghc sprdgc `vdr g rgcous `j >= t` 1= ki. Sld

spddc `j trgjjoa jb`w oh tld adhtrgb grdgs (ANC) os bdss tlgh 7=ki pdr lùr ghc tld gvdrged

aotozdh spdhc 3= w`rkohe cgys oh g ydgr oh trgvdb.

Srgjjoa a`hedsto`h gjjdats gbb tld aotozdhs ny ohardgsohe tld a`st `j pr`cuato`h ghc costronuto`h

`j e``cs ghc ny cosaùrgeohe hdw cdvdb`pidht ohotogtovds. Ot lgs gbs` cdtroidhtgb oipgats `h

tld djjoaodhay `j r`gc ngsdc punboa trghsp`rt, cìohght oh cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods sohad

aìngtohe a`hedsto`h oh ANCs gns`rns lued giùhts `j johghaogb rdsùrads, tld pr`voso`h


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>4

`j trghsp`rt /trgjjoa ohjrgstruaturd ghc sdrvoads os `jtdh hdebdatdc oh `tldr grdgs ,i`stby tl`sd

ohlgnotdc ny tld urngh p``r.

>.74 Srgjjoa ghc Dipb`yidhtSld dipb`yidht bdvdb lgs g cordat ndgrohe `h tld gnoboty `j pd`pbd t` pgy j`r trghsp`rt

sdrvoads. Sld pgrtoaopgto`h rgto` (rgto` `j w`rkohe p`pubgto`h t` tlgt t`tgb p`pubgto`h) oh tld

ANC l`vdrs grùhc tld 1= % igrk.

Sld bàgto`h `j dipb`yidht adhtdrs coatgtds tld pgttdrh `j trgvdb oh arotoagb pdgk Plùr

pdro`cs.ANC grd tld luns `j aìidraogb ghc gciohostrgtovd gatovoty, nut tldy a`hstotutd g

sigbb pdradhtged `j tld t`tgb aoty/urngh grdg, tldy aùht j`r g iual bgredr p`rto`h `j t`tgb

f`ns. Slos b`psocdc costronuto`h `j dipb`yidht rdsubts oh g bgred sagbd pdhcubui `j

i`vdidht ndtwddh tld sunurns ghc tld ANC.

>.7: Srgjjoa A`hadrhs oh Trngh Grdgs

Gs wd pbgh j`r trgjjoa ghc trghsp`rt oh urngh grdgs, tld ossuds `j a`hadrhs grd; i`noboty ghc

gaadssonoboty, da`hìoa votgboty, da`bèoagb sustgohgnoboty ghc hdoeln`rl``c bovgnoboty. Slus t`

gpprdaogtd tldsd a`hadrhs pr`pdrby `hd hddcs t` vodw tld urngh grdg oh ots igf`r juhato`hgb

grdgs hgidby6 w`rk grdg, bovohe grdg ghc dhvor`hidhtgbby sdhsotovd grdg. Sldrdj`rd tldrd os g

hddc t` ardgtd g systdi tlgt gbb`ws pd`pbd t` trgvdb wldrd tldy wght t` e`, quoakby ghc

aìj`rtgnby gs wdbb gs a`hsocdrohe tld trgjjoa oipgats up`h tld da`hìoa votgboty `j bàgb

nusohdssds gs wd gbb kh`w wlgt gttrgats us t` tld ANC. Ot os tld sl`ppohe igbbs, st`rds tldi

sdbvds, tld nustbd `j hdgr ny gatovotods ghc pbdgsght dhvor`hidht pbus tld dgsd `j edttohe t` tld

igbbs, pgrkohe gvgobgnoboty ghc tld a`hvdhodhad `j edttohe grùhc tld grdg ghc s` `h.

Ot os gbwgys oip`rtght t` rdaèhozd tld ngbghaohe gat ndtwddh da`hìoa votgboty ghc tld

agpgaoty `j tld grdg t` lghcbd trgjjoa ndagusd oh ANCs, i`rd st`rds, sl`ps ghc noeedr

sl`ppohe igbbs wobb idgh i`rd austìdrs ghc i`rd austìdrs idgh i`rd trgjjoa, uhbdss tld

trghsp`rtgto`h systdi os gppr`progtdby cdsoehdc ghc usdc. Sldrdj`rd djj`rts t` dhaùrged

nusohdss / aìidraogb cdvdb`pidht wotlùt pr`pdrby gccrdssohe trgjjoa/trghsp`rtgto`h

a`hadrhs agh aìd t` cordat a`hjboat wotl djj`rts t` oipr`vd tld bovgnoboty `j tld aìiuhoty.

Oh uhcdrstghcohe trgjjoa/trghsp`rtgto`h ossuds, ots oip`rtght t` cdtdriohd l`w

trgjjoa/trghsp`rtgto`h ossuds ohtdrgat wotl ghc oipgat tld vognoboty `j ghc tld usd `j tld

nusohdss costroats.


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>.75 ^dbgto`hslop ndtwddh Srgjjoa/Srghsp`rt ghc Srgcd/Aìidrad

Sld a`htronuto`h `j trgjjoa/trghsp`rt wgs rdgbozdc wgy ngak oh tld a`b`hogb cgys wldh

F.ôccdbb gssdrtdc tlgt tld aìpbdx pràdss `j alghed, wloal lgs nddh vgroùsby tdridc

cdvdb`pidht, er`wtl ghc i`cdrhozgto`h os tld ùtaìd `j aìpbdx ohtdrgato`hs `j sdvdrgbj`rads .Gbtlùel algheds oh dgal `j tld da`hìoa, sàogb, p`botoagb dbdidhts grd hdadssgry, ot

os tld pr`voso`h `j g trghsp`rtgto`h ohjrgstruaturd ghc tld a`haìotght dgsohe `j i`vdidht gs

wdbb gs tld jàusohe `j da`hìoa gatovoty ghc luigh `reghozgto`h wloal grd tld i`st

cdaosovd jgat`rs F.Ngrry ôccdbb (7?5=).

Slos sl`ws tld dxtdht t` wloal tld r`gc sdat`r slùbc nd diplgsozdc. Ld jurtldr h`tdc tlgt

r`gc trghsp`rt igkds `vdr bghc trgvdb bdss cojjoaubt ghc tlus aìidraogb/da`hìoa

cdvdb`pidht i`rd djjoaodht.

Srgjjoa er`wtl pr`vocds g jrgid w`rk up`h wloal bohks `j alghed sprdgc ghc e``cs ghc

pd`pbd i`vd. ôccdbb wgs kddh dhùel t` h`td tld i`st `nvoùs alghed nrùelt gnùt ny

oipr`vdidht oh tld sdat`r gs ld bgidhtdc tlgt pro`r t` 7


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>5

>.7< Sld Srghsp`rtgto`h ]bghhohe ]ràdss6 Kdy Ossuds

J`r tld pgst 3= ydgrs, trghsp`rtgto`h pr`jdsso`hgbs lgvd usdc g jùr-stdp gppr`gal oh

i`cdbohe trghsp`rtgto`h cdighc. I`st i`cdbohe gppr`galds usd sìd j`ri `j tldsd stdps

t`cgy. @had sìd uhcdrstghcohe lgs nddh dstgnbosldc gs t` wlgt tld bghc usd, p`pubgto`h, ghcdipb`yidht bdvdbs grd oh g stucy grdg, tld jùr i`cdbohe stdps grd6

(g) Srop edhdrgto`h6Dstoigtohe tld huindr `j trops edhdrgtdc oh g sigbb edèrgploa grdg,

agbbdc g z`hd, `r gt g pgrtoaubgr bàgto`h, ghc gttrgatdc t` gh`tldr z`hd `r pgrtoaubgr bàgto`h,

ngsdc `h tld gssuidc rdbgto`hslop gi`he sào`da`hìoa jgat`rs, bghc usd algrgatdrostoas, ghc

tld huindr `j trops. Srop edhdrgto`h tldh bdgcs t`6

(n)Srop costronuto`h6Dstoigtohe tld huindr `j trops tlgt `roeohgtd oh dvdry z`hd oh tld stucy

grdg, wotl cdstohgto`hs t` dvdry `tldr z`hd. Sld rdsubt os g trop tgnbd tlgt os usdc oh6

(a)I`cd spbot6 Dstoigtohe, j`r tld huindr `j trops prdcoatdc ndtwddh dgal `roeoh ghc

cdstohgto`h, tld huindr `j trops igcd vog dgal typd `j i`cd tlgt os gvgobgnbd j`r tlgt trop.

Slus, x pdradht grd bokdby t` crovd gb`hd, y pdradhtgrd bokdby t` tgkd trghsot, z pdradht

grd bokdby t` rocd-slgrd, dta. I`cd spbot bdgcs t`6

(c) Hdtw`rk gssoehidht6Dstoigtohe tld huindr `j trops vog g pgrtoaubgr i`cd tlgt wobb tgkd

spdaojoa pgtls tlrùel g r`gc `r trghsot hdtw`rk. Sld dhc rdsubt, wldh gbb trops grd gssoehdc t`

g hdtw`rk, os gh dstoigtd `j tld t`tgb huindr `j trops tlgt wobb usd dgal bohk oh tld hdtw`rk.

Uldh aìpgrdc t` tld agpgaoty `j tlos bohk, pbghhdrs agh j`rdagst tld bdvdb `j a`hedsto`h tlgt

wobb àaur gt tlgt bàgto`h. Slos ndaìds tld ngsos j`r gssdssohe tld pdrj`righad `j tld

trghsp`rtgto`h systdi.

>.7


41/90

>.7? Srghsp`rt ghc Da`hìoa Cdvdb`pidht

Ot os wocdby gakh`wbdcedc tlgt trghsp`rt lgs g aruaogb r`bd t` pbgy oh da`hìoa cdvdb`pidht.

I`rd spdaojoagbby, ot lgs nddh rdaèhozdc tlgt tld pr`voso`h `j g loel qugboty trghsp`rt systdi

os g hdadssgry prda`hcoto`h j`r tld jubb pgrtoaopgto`h `j rdi`td aìiuhotods oh tld ndhdjots `j

hgto`hgb cdvdb`pidht.

Gaa`rcohe t` Cr. Fdgh-]gub ^`croeud (>==?) ld sgys tld da`hìoa oip`rtghad `j

trghsp`rtgto`h bokd ighy da`hìoa gatovotods tlgt grd ohtdhsovd oh ohjrgstruaturds; tld trghsp`rt

sdat`r os gh oip`rtght aìp`hdht `j tld da`hìy oipgatohe `h cdvdb`pidht ghc tld wdbjgrd


42/90

>?

`j p`pubgto`hs. Uldh trghsp`rt systdis grd djjoaodht, tldy pr`vocd da`hìoa ghc sàogb

`pp`rtuhotods ghc ndhdjots tlgt rdsubt oh p`sotovd iubtopbodrs djjdats sual gs ndttdr gaadssonoboty

t` igrkdts, dipb`yidht ghc gccoto`hgb ohvdstidhts. Uldh trghsp`rt systdis grd cdjoaodht oh

tdris `j agpgaoty `r rdbognoboty, tldy agh lgvd gh da`hìoa a`st sual gs rdcuadc `r iossdc`pp`rtuhotods.

Djjoaodht trghsp`rtgto`h rdcuads a`sts, wlobd ohdjjoaodht trghsp`rtgto`h ohardgsds a`sts.

Srghsp`rt gbs` agrrods gh oip`rtght sàogb ghc dhvor`hidhtgb b`gc, wloal aghh`t nd

hdebdatdc. Slus, jrì g edhdrgb stghcpòht tld da`hìoa oipgats `j trghsp`rtgto`h agh nd

cordat ghc ohcordat6

Cordat oipgats rdbgtdc t` gaadssonoboty alghed wldrd trghsp`rt dhgnbds bgredr igrkdts ghc

dhgnbds t` sgvd toid ghc a`sts.

Ohcordat oipgatsrdbgtdc t` tld da`hìoa iubtopbodr djjdats wldrd tld proad `j aìi`cotods,

e``cs `r sdrvoads cr`p ghc/`r tldor vgrodty ohardgsds.

Srghsp`rtgto`h cdvdb`pidhts tlgt lgvd tgkdh pbgad sohad tld ndeohhohe `j tld ohcustrogb

rdv`buto`h lgvd nddh bohkdc t` er`wohe da`hìoa `pp`rtuhotods. Gt dgal stged `j luigh

sàodtgb cdvdb`pidht, g pgrtoaubgr trghsp`rt i`cd lgs nddh cdvdb`pdc `r gcgptdc. L`wdvdr, ot

lgs nddh `nsdrvdc tlgt tlrùelùt lost`ry tlgt h` sohebd trghsp`rt lgs nddh s`bdby rdsp`hsonbd

j`r da`hìoa er`wtl. Ohstdgc, i`cds lgvd nddh bohkdc wotl tld juhato`h ghc tld edèrgply

oh wloal er`wtl wgs tgkohe pbgad (FdghP]gub, Abgucd A`htòs ghc Nrogh Qbgak, >==?).

Sld jorst trgcd rùtds dstgnbosldc g rucoidhtgry systdi `j costronuto`h ghc trghsgato`hs tlgt

wùbc dvdhtugbby nd dxpghcdc ny b`he costghad igrotoid sloppohe hdtw`rks ghc tld sdttohe

`j tld jorst iubtohgto`hgb a`rp`rgto`hs. Igf`r jb`ws `j ohtdrhgto`hgb ioergto`h tlgt àaurrdc

sohad tld 7


43/90

1=

systdis, `tldrs grd `jtdh igreohgbozdc ny g sdt `j a`hcoto`hs oh wloal ohgcdqugtd

trghsp`rtgto`h pbgys g r`bd.

Srghsp`rt ny otsdbj os h`t g sujjoaodht a`hcoto`h j`r cdvdb`pidht; l`wdvdr tld bgak `j

trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturds agh nd sddh gs g a`hstrgohohe jgat`r `h cdvdb`pidht. Oh cdvdb`poheaùhtrods, tld bgak `j trghsp`rtgto`h ohjrgstruaturds ghc rdeubgt`ry oipdcoidhts grd fòhtby

oipgatohe da`hìoa cdvdb`pidht ny a`hjdrrohe loeldr trghsp`rt a`sts, nut gbs` cdbgys

rdhcdrohe suppby algoh ighgedidht uhrdbognbd. Ohvdstidht oh trghsp`rt ohjrgstruaturds os tlus

sddh gs g t``b `j rdeo`hgb cdvdb`pidht, pgrtoaubgrby oh cdvdb`pohe aùhtrods ghc j`r tld r`gc

sdat`r.

Sld stghcgrc gssuipto`h os tlgt trghsp`rtgto`h ohvdstidhts tdhc t` nd i`rd wdgbtl pr`cuaohe

gs `pp`sdc t` wdgbtl a`hsuiohe ohvdstidhts sual gs sdrvoads. Qtobb, sdvdrgb trghsp`rtgto`h

ohvdstidhts agh nd wdgbtl a`hsuiohe oj tldy idrdby pr`vocd a`hvdhodhad, sual gs pgrkohe

ghc socdwgbks, `r sdrvoad g igrkdt sozd wdbb ndb`w ghy p`ssonbd da`hìoa rdturh, wotl j`r

ohstghad pr`fdats bgndbdc "nroceds t` h`wldrd". Oh sual g a`htdxt, trghsp`rt ohvdstidht

pr`fdats agh nd aùhtdrpr`cuatovd ny crgohohe tld rdsùrads `j gh da`hìy ohstdgc ardgtohe

wdgbtl ghc gccoto`hgb `pp`rtuhotods. Sldrd os gbs` g tdhcdhay j`r trghsp`rt ohvdstidhts t`

lgvd cdabohohe igreohgb rdturhs. Ulobd ohotogb ohjrgstruaturd ohvdstidhts tdhc t` lgvd g loel

rdturh sohad tldy pr`vocd gh dhtordby hdw rghed `j i`noboty `pto`hs, tld i`rd tld systdi os

cdvdb`pdc tld i`rd bokdby gccoto`hgb ohvdstidht wùbc rdsubt oh b`wdr rdturhs. Gt sìd pòht,

tld igreohgb rdturhs agh nd ab`sd t` zdr` `r dvdh hdegtovd, oipbyohe g slojt `j trghsp`rt

ohvdstidhts jrì wdgbtl pr`cuaohe t` wdgbtl a`hsuiohe.

G aìi`h jgbbgay os gssuiohe tlgt gccoto`hgb trghsp`rt ohvdstidhts wobb lgvd g soiobgr

iubtopbyohe djjdat tlgh tld ohotogb ohvdstidhts lgc, wloal agh bdgc t` agpotgb iosgbbàgto`h.

Slos idghs quotd uhcdrstghcgnby tlgt tld da`hìoa oipgats `j trghsp`rt ohvdstidhts tdhc t`

nd soehojoaght wldh ohjrgstruaturds wdrd prdvoùsby ohdxostdht `r cdjoaodht ghc igreohgb wldh

gh dxtdhsovd hdtw`rk os gbrdgcy prdsdht. Sldrdj`rd, dgal cdvdb`pidht pr`fdat iust nd

a`hsocdrdc ohcdpdhcdhtby. Sypds `j Srghsp`rt Oipgats Sld rdbgto`hslop ndtwddh

trghsp`rtgto`h ghc da`hìoa cdvdb`pidht os cojjoaubt t` j`rigbby dstgnbosl ghc lgs nddh

cdngtdc j`r ighy ydgrs.


44/90

17

ALG]SD^ SL^DD

1.= IDSL@C@B@E_

1.7 Ohtr`cuato`hSlos algptdr a`vdrs tld grdg `j stucy, rdsdgral cdsoeh, sgipbohe sozd ghc tdalhoquds, cgtg

a`bbdato`h t``bs ghc ohstruidhts, cgtg pràdssohe ghc ghgbysos, dxpdatdc rdsubts ghc tld bokdby

pr`nbdis t` nd dhaùhtdrdc curohe tld stucy.

1.7 Qtucy Grdg ]r`jobd

Lost`roagb Ngakerùhc

Kgipgbg os tld agpotgb aoty `j tld ^dpunboa `j Teghcg. Ots lost`ry agh nd trgadc ngak oh tld

7:==s wldh ot wgs dstgnbosldc gs tld agpotgb (Konueg) `j Nueghcg Kohecì. Ot sdrvdc gs g

p`botoagb ghc gciohostrgtovd agpotgb uhtob 7


45/90

1>

Edèrgply

Qotugtdc6 1> Cderdds ghc 74 iohutds Dgst `j Erddhwoal;

= Cderdds ghc 7? iohutds h`rtl `j tld dqugt`r, tlgt os gnùt 34 ki h`rtl `jtld dqugt`r

Bàgtdc6 Adhtrgb Teghcg, `h tld h`rtldrh sl`rds `j bgkd Zoat`rog, n`rcdrdc ny Ugkos`

Costroat t` tld H`rtl, Dgst, Udst ghc QùtlUdst, wlobd bgkd Zoat`rog os oh tld

Qùtl Dgst gs sl`wh oh tld igp ndb`w.

Joeurd 76 Igp Ql`wohe Kgipgbg Aoty ghc Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h


46/90

11

Grdg6 7:?sq.ki

S`pèrgply6 Bàgtdc `h gnùt >> lobbs `j gbtotucd `j 1,?7= jt (77>=i) gn`vd sdg bdvdb, wotl

jbgt suiiots, stddpdr uppdr sgeds, idreohe oht` uhcubgtohe sb`pds dhcohe oht` nr`gc vgbbdys

cossdatdc ny pdrdhhogb strdgis/alghhdbs.Aboigtd

^goh jgbb6 754=>===ii wotl pdgks oh Igral - Igy ghc QdptdindrH`vdindr.

Igrkdc cry sdgs`hs oh FuhdFuby ghc Cdadindr t` Fghugry.

Sdipdrgturd6Gvdrged `j >7.?A ghc ghhugb rghed `j >.3A.

^dbgtovd Luiocoty6 41


47/90

13

Sgnbd 76Bghc Sdhurd

]dradhtgeds Sypd `j tdhurd

54% Igob`, pdrpdtugbby `whdc dspdaogbby ny

ohcovocugbs.

74% Bdgsd l`bc, rdhtdc j`r g pdro`c `j toid.

5% Kgngkgs bghc, agh nd bdgsdc ny Kgngkg

1% Jrddl`bc, pdrpdtugbby `whdc dspdaogbby ny

ohstotuto`hs.

Sgnbd >6Bghc Ttobozgto`h

Tsd % `j S`tgb

Geroaubturd 4:.7

^dsocdhtogb >1.>

Udtbghcs 1.:

Ohstotuto`hgb 4.>

Ugtdr >.7

Ohcustrogb 7.1

Ioxdc (rdsocdhtogb, aìidraogb ghc

ohcustrogb)

>.5

Ttoboty 7.1

@pdh spgad pgrks 7.1

Ot os p`ssonbd tlgt tlos p`soto`h lgs erdgtby alghedc, eovdh tld rgpoc er`wtl `j Kgipgbg. Sld

gn`vd stgtostoas wdrd cdrovdc jrì 7??1 Grogb pl`tèrgpls j`r Kgipgbg.

1.> ]`pubgto`h

Gaa`rcohe t` tld >==> hgto`hgb adhsus joeurds, Kgipgbg Costroat lgc g p`pubgto`h `j

gppr`xoigtdby 7,7


48/90

14

Sld p`pubgto`h `j Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h wgs gbs` dstoigtdc gt gnùt 7=:,=?3 curohe tld

>==> hgto`hgb adhsus. Sld ghhugb er`wtl rgtd `j Kgipgbg os dstoigtdc gt : %.

1.>.7 ]@]TBGSO@H @J KGI]GBG ADHS^GB COZOQO@H ]D^ ]GÔQL

Sgnbd 16 ]`pubgto`h `j Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h pdr ]grosl

]grosl Lùsd l`bcs Igbd Jdigbd

Nukdsg >,=>< 1,7 3,=:3: 5>> 457 7,=14 1,


49/90

1:

1.>.> ]`pubgto`h Costronuto`h j`r Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h Ghc Qdx

(Jr`i 7?:? S` >==>)

Sgnbd 36 ]`pubgto`h Costronuto`h j`r Kgipgbg Adhtrgb Covoso`h ghc Qdx

(Jr`i 7?:? t` >==>

7?:? 7?==>

Igbd Jdigbd Igbd Jdigbd Igbd Jdigbd Igbd Jdigbd

11,73= >1,=>< 1?,


50/90

15

Kgipgbg adhtrgb covoso`h os g not bgred j`r tld rdsdgraldr t` a`vdr gb`hd. Sld rdsdgraldr

tldrdj`rd sgipbdc ùt jdw rdsp`hcdhts (rdsocdhts) wl` wdrd tld rdprdsdhtgtovds `j tld

covoso`h. @ut `j tld wl`bd covoso`h, tld rdsdgraldr put iual diplgsos `h tld grdgs wotloh tld

ANC gs los sgipbohe grdg. Qgipbdc rdsp`hcdhts ohabucdc trgjjoa `jjoadrs, pdcdstroghs,ayabosts, crovdrs, nusohdss idh ghc wìdh, sal``b eòhe alobcrdh/stucdhts, covoso`h pbghhdrs

ghc KAC tdalhoagb stgjj. Slos dhsurdc tlgt gbb idindrs wl` bovdc ghc w`rkdc oh Kgipgbg

Adhtrgb Covoso`h i`stby tld adhtrgb nusohdss costroat (ANC) wdrd wdbb rdprdsdhtdc.

1.4 Cgtg A`bbdato`h S``bs ghc Ohstruidhts

Qohad tld stucy dipb`ydc tld usd `j proigry ghc sda`hcgry cgtg, sdvdrgb tdalhoquds

pgrtoaubgrby ohtdrvodw, `nsdrvgto`h, qudsto`hhgords ghc càuidhtgto`h rdvodw wdrd usdc `j

rdsp`hcdhts. Qda`hcgry cgtg wgs a`bbdatdc tlrùel càuidhtgto`h ny rdgcohe n`tl punbosldc

ghc uhpunbosldc igtdrogbs sual gs rdp`rts, adhsus ghc hdws pgpdrs gs wdbb gs vosotohe tld

ohtdrhdt.

1.: ]roigry Cgtg A`bbdato`h Idtl`cs

]roigry cgtg os cgtg tlgt os a`bbdatdc tlrùel tld usd `j survdys, qudsto`hhgords, jodbc

`nsdrvgto`h, ohtdrvodws, pl`tèrgply, iddtohes, jàus erùp cosausso`hs, ohtdrvodws `r `tldr

idtl`cs tlgt ohv`bvd cordat a`htgat wotl tld rdsp`hcdhts wìdh, idh, n`ys ghc eorbs.Sldrd j`rd tld ]roigry cgtg pr`vocdc gvdhuds j`r ohj`rigto`h egtldrohe ny tld rdsdgraldr oh

`rcdr t` dhgnbd tld gaadssonoboty `j oip`rtght ghc loelby rdbognbd ohj`rigto`h gnùt tld rdgb

pr`nbdi `r sotugto`h `h erùhc. Sldsd grd nrodjby dxpbgohdc ndb`w6

1.:.7 @nsdrvgto`h ghc Jodbc Qurvdyohe Idtl`c

Sld rdsdgraldr usdc tld `nsdrvgto`h euocd `r aldakbost a`htgohohe tld otdis tlgt grd t` nd

`nsdrvdc j`r dxgipbd tld rdsdgraldr `nsdrvdc tld typds `j trgjjoa i`cds, tld typds `j

aìidraogb gatovotods oh tld grdg ghc oh cdptl ohtdrvodw euocd wgs usdc t` a`bbdat cgtg jrì

sdbdatdc KAC tdalhoagb stgjj n`grc, pdcdstroghs, nusohdss pd`pbd gi`he `tldrs. Sld euocd

a`htgohdc g bost `j qudsto`hs tlgt wdrd goidc gt johcohe ùt tld oipgat `j trgjjoa `h

aìidraogb gatovotods oh KAC (ANC).Sld hddc t` a`bbdat oh cdptl ohj`rigto`h wgs tld igf`r

rdgs`h ndlohc tld sdbdato`h `j tlos t``b `r idtl`c.

1.:.> Wudsto`hhgords


51/90

1). Bgheuged ngrrodr pr`nbdi gr`sd wldh sìd tgredtdc rdsp`hcdhts wdrd h`t gnbd t`

ghswdr tld qudsto`hs oh Dhebosl ghc sìd prdjdrrdc usohe tldor i`tldr bgheugeds wloal tld

rdsdgraldr aùbc h`t dvdh uhcdrstghc. Slos tldrdj`rd igcd tld rdsdgraldr t` lord ohtdrprdtdrs

oh sual agsds.

(1). Thprdcoatgnbd wdgtldr a`hcoto`hs. Sld rdsdgraldr dxpdrodhadc ngc wdgtldr a`hcoto`hs

cud eb`ngb aboigtd algheds, tld os rdsdgraldr aùbc h`t tdbb wldh ot wgs eòhe t` rgoh nut oh

ighy agsds ot rgohdc ghc gt toids tld suhslohd wgs t`` iual wotl oh tld grdgs `j Kgipgbg j`r

tld rdsdgraldr t` lghcbd.

(3). Boiotdc johghaogb rdsùrads. Sld rdsdgraldr jgadc johghaogb lgrcslops tlrùel ùt los

wlobd oh tld jodbc; tldrd wdrd boiotdc johghaogb rdsùrads. Slos wgs ndagusd rdsdgral pr`fdat

rdquordc b`ts `j johghaogb rdsùrads wloal tld rdsdgraldr hdvdr lgc gt tld tlgt toid.

1.7= Sld Gn`vd ]r`nbdis Udrd Q`bvdc / Iohoiozdc Oh tld J`bb`wohe

Ugys

(g). Soidby prdpgrgto`hs ghc gcdqugtd pbghhohe j`r trghsp`rt t` tld grdg `j stucy wgs igcd

oh `rcdr t` gvòc tld pr`nbdi `j a`hstrgohts rdegrcohe trghsp`rt ndagusd tld i`rd tld trgjjoa

fgi tld loeldr tld a`sts.

(n). Wuoak ghc toidby costronuto`hs `j qudsto`hhgords t` tld sgipbdc p`pubgto`hs wgs igcd

dgrbodr wotl tld ldbp `j tld rdprdsdhtgtovds al`sdh t` ldbp gvòc tld pr`nbdi `j h`h rdsp`hsd

ghc g suspoao`h `j bàgb /urngh aìiuhotods.

(a).G w`rk pbgh ghc gh gatovoty nucedt wdrd crgjtdc s` gs t` ldbp tld rdsdgraldr s`bvd tld

pr`nbdi `j johghaogb pr`nbdis ndagusd dgal gatovoty oh tld jodbc wgs wdbb pbghhdc ghc nucedt

j`r.

1.77 ^dsdgral ghc Gatovoty

Sld pr`fdat ngsoagbby t``k > ghc i`htls. Ot wgs g vdry ohtdhsovd dxdraosd wloal ohv`bvdc

trgvdbohe, rda`hhgossghad ghc pob`t survdy, cgtg a`bbdato`h (gciohostdrohe ghc a`bbdatohe


53/90

3=

qudsto`hhgords, ohtdrvodwohe ghc pl`t`ergply) Cgtg ghgbysos, rdp`rt wrotohe ghc prdsdhtgto`h

`j ohj`rigto`h gs sl`wh oh tld tgnbd 1 ndb`w6


54/90

37

Sgnbd 46 U`rk ]bgh

Gatovoty Curgto`h

Urotohe tld pr`p`sgb Slrdd wddks

Cgtg a`bbdato`h Sw` wddks

Gssdssohe ghc ghgbyzohe cgtg Sw` wddks

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