immigration victor thompson vthompso@stanford
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Immigration Victor Thompson [email protected]. Friends or family in the U.S.? Is it hard or easy to immigrate to the United States? Number of immigrants? Are immigrants successful or failures?. The first of this land…. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ImmigrationVictor Thompson
• Friends or family in the U.S.?
• Is it hard or easy to immigrate to the United States?
• Number of immigrants?
• Are immigrants successful or failures?
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The first of this land…• Everyone except for American Indians, African
Americans and some Latinos are descendants of voluntary immigrants
• American Indians were the first people to immigrate.– Walked over the Bering Straight into North and South
America– Estimates of their size prior to Columbus range from:
• Estimates range from 2-18 million but most likely it was between 5-7 million
– In the 1900 Census less than 250,000
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…."Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of
your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless,
tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the
golden door!"
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• Total population of foreign born has increased
• Percentage of foreign born population has fluctuated
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Where do they all come from?
Five Leading Countries of Immigrants 1850-2000
1850 1880 1900 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1 Ireland Germany Germany Italy Italy Italy Mexico Mexico Mexico
2 Germany Ireland Ireland Germany Germany Germany Germany China China
3Great Britain
Great Britain Canada
United Kingdom Canada Canada Canada Philippines Philippines
4 Canada CanadaGreat Britain Canada
United Kingdom Mexico Italy Canada India
5 France Sweden Sweden Poland PolandUnited Kingdom
United Kingdom Cuba Cuba
Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2001
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Open Land• Reasons to come to
America– Religious or political
persecution– Opportunities
• Sparsely populated • Room for expansion• Industry
– Abundance of wealth• Rich agriculture• Gold
– Why not!
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Types of Immigrants• Voluntary Immigration
– Push Factors• Political or Religious persecution• Refugees• War• Economic • Environmental
– Pull Factors• Work• Family• Education• Quality of Life
• Involuntary Immigration– Many African Americans in the U.S. are descendants of forced
immigrants– Slavery
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Government Policy• Early policy
– The Naturalization Act of 1790 – The Alien Act of 1798
• Age of restriction– Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882– Gentleman's Agreement-1908 – Immigration Act of 1924
• Recent Policy– Bracero Program (1942-1964)– Immigration Reform Act of 1965– Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986– H-1B Visa Program– U.S. Patriot Act (2001)
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Well…we’re here, now what?
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Melting Pot or Salad Bowl
• Melting Pot (Assimilation)– Discard old identity– Adopt American
culture, tastes and habits
– No longer feel ethnic or close to immigrant identity
• Salad Bowl (Pluralism)– Maintain “old” culture
and identities– Share common goals
of the nation
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What do you think?
Melting Pot or Salad Bowl???
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Two ways sociologists study this question
• Education– How much education do immigrants and their
children have?• Income
– How much do immigrants and their children earn?
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Education Education (1st)
02468
10121416
1940 1970 2000
Year
Aver
age
Educ
atio
n
European
Hispanic/Latino
Asian
African, Carribean,Other
Education (2nd)
02468
10121416
8.7 10.9 13.2
Year
Aver
age
Educ
atio
n
European
Hispanic/Latino
Asian
African, Carribean,Other
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Immigrant Length of Stay and Percent with 4 or more years of
College• Less than 10 years
– 30%• 10 to 19 Years
– 23%• 20 or more years
– 25%
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Education of different groups• U.S. Average
– 77% are high school graduates– 20% completed 4+ years of college
• Immigrant groups above U.S. Average for college– India (65%)– Taiwan (62%)– Hong Kong (47%)– Japan (35%)– Korea (34%)– China (31%)
• Groups near U.S. Average– United Kingdom (23%)– Canada (22%)– Cuba (16%)– Greece (15%)– Ireland (15%)
• Groups Below Average– Ecuador (12%)– Italy (9%)– Cambodia (6%)– Mexico (4%)
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IncomeWeekly Income (1st)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1940 1970 2000
Year
Inco
me
European
Hispanic/Latino
Asian
African, Carribean,Other
Weekly Income (2nd)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1940 1970 2000
Year
Inco
me
European
Hispanic/Latino
Asian
African, Carribean,Other
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Labor Force participation• U.S. average (16 and older)
– 65% are in the labor force– 14% are in professional occupation
• Above U.S. average Labor Force Professional– India 75% 34%– Taiwan 65% 29%– Canada 52% 21%– Former Soviet Union 40% 20%– Japan 55% 18%– China 62% 17%
• Below U.S. average Labor Force Professional– Columbia 74% 9%– Portugal 72% 4%– Laos 50% 4%– El Salvador 76% 3%– Mexico 70% 3%
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Immigrant Length of Stay and Occupation
Percentage in Professional Occupations• Less than 10 years
– 23%• 10 to 19 Years
– 19%• 20 or more years
– 14%
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Household Incomes• Total for U.S. $41,000
• Immigrants– Asia 52,000– Canada 46,000– Europe 42,000– South America 40,000– Africa 37,000– Caribbean 38,000– Central America 38,000– Mexico 37,000
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Immigrant Length of Stay and Income
Average Income of Immigrants• Less than 10 years
– $31,000• 10 to 19 Years
– $37,000• 20 or more years
– $40,000
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What does this mean?
• All groups have gained in education and income over time
• Some groups consistently have more education or income
• Length of residence in U.S. has an effect on some things
• Even after several generations many groups are still unequal
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Melting Pot or Salad Bowl?
• Depends on who we are talking about• Some groups do better some do worse• Variation even within categories and
nationalities– Does race matter?– What else might make a difference?
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Other topics interesting to Sociologists
• Attitudes• Competition between immigrants and citizens in:
– Jobs– Education– Social Welfare Programs
• Immigration Control and Policies• Intermarriage• Immigrant culture
– Family– Economic– Social
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Diversity of experiences
• The way immigrants are received• Their success• The success of their children• The experiences they have• What others think of them
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Angel Island and Ellis Island
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Ellis Island
• Mainly European• Some of them were welcomed…some
were not• Name changing was common• Medical inspections were common.
– Sometimes people were kept to check for medical problems
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Angel Island
• Almost entirely Asian• Not welcomed• Many were detained or denied admission• Some were quarantined for as long as 2
years