If you give a kid

a burger...

Tiffany Reynolds, Jane Gross, Faraz Soofi, Evan Shepherd, Chris Bates, Jacob Hunter

An exploration of the hard truth about fast food's effects

on the body and how to keep your body healthy.

Dedicated to...

Mrs. WoottonFor her inspiring dedication to personal health and fitness as well as her uplifting spirit in the classroom.

We love you.

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Table Of ContentsPersonal Health Goals: (Pg 3)

Chapter 1: The Body's Chemistry and Tissues (Pg 8)

Chapter 2: The Body's Systems (Pg 14)

Chapter 3: Fast Food and Healthy Options (Pg 19)

Chapter 4: Cited Sources and Vocab (Pg 25;33)

About the Authors: (Pg 27)

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Personal Health GoalsMy name is Faraz and to stay healthy I eat a good amount of calories per day, eat my fruits and vegetables, get my needed nutrition, and workout. I watch my diet and make sure that I don't get too unhealthy. It is important to stay healthy at a young age because it will affect you in the future. I tend to avoid fast food and eat home cooked meals because it is much more healthy.

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Personal Health GoalsMy name is Jacob Hunter. I am helping write this book because America is facing a great problem in obesity. Fast foods and exercise choices are to blame, and I think this book can help educate. I personally work on keeping my sugar intake low for dental health, and I exercise daily to stay in a better condition.

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Personal Health GoalsI'm Tiffany Reynolds and I am not as healthy as I could be. I used to be in track and field and much more active, but in 11th grade I decided to focus entirely on academics and my health suffered because of it. Now that I don't have a heavy workload, I'm bringing exercising and eating healthier back into my lifestyle. Being healthy in your younger years will pay off or bite you in the butt in your later years. 5

Personal Health GoalsMy name is Evan Shepherd and I would like to exercise a bit more than I do. I need to run more than I do because that's a good way to stay healthy.

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Personal Health GoalsMy name is Chris Bates and I am fairly healthy, fit wise, but I do not eat as healthy as I should. I run 3 miles and workout everyday, and also I am in sports like track and football. But even after football is over my goal is that I want to stay in top notch shape, and my challenge is to start eating healthier foods and watching the fats and carbs I am consuming.

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Learning Tools and Activities!

Look for underlined words when you're reading! They lead to supplemental resources (games, quizzes, videos, ect.) that you can access by clicking on them!

Merry Learning!

Chapter 1

The Body's Chemistry and Tissues

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Before we can begin to talk about the body’s chemistry, we should make sure that there is a clear understanding of cells. Cells are the “building blocks of life”, and they are where many important reactions and events take place. Cells of animals and humans are round and filled with tiny organelles within the cell itself. All of these organelles are held in place by a substance called cytosol. These organelles all handle very specific tasks that are individual to each part. From mitochondria, the power generators of the cell, to the nucleolus, which is the brain, there are many tasks and requirements that the structure of the cell provides for itself. The kind of cells that are found in the body of people and most other animals are referred to as eukaryotic, meaning that they are bound by a solid membrane on the nucleus. The structure of these cells are very important in relation to the function of the cells.

Cells help organisms everyday by functioning in the body, which keeps organisms healthy. Some organisms are single celled like bacteria and some are multicellular like humans. Cells can find viruses, keep body clean, keep body functioning, and protect an organism's body. Cells have little organs inside of them called organelles that have vital roles to help the cells. Cells help with the different body systems and help them with their functions, for example cells can gather waste to help digestive system. There is a reproductive system for the cells where one cell can split into two cells and transfer DNA, which is used when cells are slowing down and need to get work done. Cells make up all the tissues in our body.

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Epithelial TissueTo keep this tissue that makes up your skin and other protective tissues healthy and functioning properly you must consume certain vitamins, especially Vitamin A. Vitamin A can help heal this tissue when damaged and have it function correctly and possibly faster. It also protects against bacteria and helps this tissue produce mucus to keep your organs healthy. This tissue protects other tissues and organs in the body, so it is crucial to keep it healthy.

This is a microscopic picture of a simple cuboidal epithelial tissue type.

Vitamin A can be found in dairy products and in most vegetables. To keep the epithelial tissue healthy you must watch your diet and intake a certain amount of nutrients everyday. The amount of Vitamin A you take depends on age and gender, usually the older you are the more Vitamin A you need and vice versa. If you take too much Vitamin A it can damage the tissue and have very severe side effects.

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Muscular TissueOne thing about the muscles is that there are

two types of muscles that you really can’t control. These are the Smooth and the Cardiac Muscles, because they both are involuntary which means you don’t have to think about them in order for them to work. Lastly, there are the skeletal muscles, which are the very well known muscles in your legs, arms, and torso. Examples include the forearm, bicep, traps, hamstrings, and quadriceps. There are more but those are the main ones. The cardiac muscle is in the heart so something you could possibly do is run to keep your heart itself healthy. Then the smooth muscle is around your intestines and lower pelvis to help you urinate and poop.

But the Skeletal muscle is the muscle that helps you with your joints, to move, and to lift things. So some things you could do to keep this muscle healthy:

1. Lift Weights & Running- This is a great way to keep, not only your muscles, but also your entire well being healthy, one because not running and sitting around could cause drastic gain in weight and weakening in muscles.

2. Stretching- This is a great way to keep your muscles loose and also prevent things like cramps, tears, and stressed muscles.

3. Eating Habits- Your muscles need lots of nutritious things, one including protein, and some good ways to get this is through eating good foods like meats. Then there are some foods that can negatively affect our muscles like greasy foods and fats.

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Connective TissueTo stay healthy, it’s very important to keep your joints healthy. Your joints are mostly made of up connective tissue. For example, the tendons you find in your ankles or wrists, your ligaments around all your joints, and the cartilage in your knees is all made up of connective tissue. The health and function of these joints are something a lot of people take for granted, but they are vital to your physical health.Everyday a tremendous amount of pressure is exerted upon your joints. As you walk or run, the connective tissue in your knees and hips absorbs the pressure exerted on your joints to protect your bones. The connective tissue, such as the cartilage in your knees, serves as a cushion for your bones. If it was not there, your bones would rub together and it would be extremely painful.To keep connective tissue healthy its important to remember to stretch before any strenuous activity that could potentially strain a ligament or a tendon. Another way to keep your connective tissue healthy is by vitamin supplements. Vitamins like calcium and vitamin D help rebuild the cartilage and other tissues worn down with age.

Dense connective tissue is your tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissue is your body fat. Areolar tissue holds organs in place and connects tissues together. Compact bone tissue is your bones.

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Nervous TissueNervous tissue is located in the brain and spinal cord. To keep your brain healthy you need to make sure you are taking Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Vitamin B, and Fish oil to keep it healthy. You should also do things that engage your brain, because just like your muscles the more you use it the stronger and better it works. Engaging your brain more can also help reduce your risk of getting alzheimer's or dementia.The function of nervous tissue it to react to stimuli and conduct impulses to various parts of the body to cause them to react.Nervous tissue regenerates new tissue to repair damage, but you shouldn’t treat it like a cut or a bruise. This is your brain and spinal cord you’re dealing with and so it could have some very adverse effects depending on what and where you damage. The nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is also split into two different categories: peripheral and central. The central nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system is the nerves that run throughout your body.

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Chapter 2

The Body's Systems

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Integumentary SystemThis is the organ system that protects everything inside the body from getting damaged. Some of its functions are being waterproof, getting rid of waste, protecting inner tissues, and regulating temperature. This is the biggest system and contains three layers, the dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis. The system protects against infections, prevents dehydration, generates Vitamin D, and maintains the body's form. Overall, this is one of the more important systems and it plays a vital role that protects other organs and tissues.

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Digestive SystemThe digestive system is pretty

familiar territory to most people. It is the track that food takes in order for the body to absorb nutrients. It contains the only organs that hold the ability to take in nutrients, so it’s kind of a big deal. Since it acts so directly with food and diet it is an important part of keeping your body healthy, it is critical that we fully understand the process of the digestive system.First, food enters the mouth where saliva is secreted to digest the smaller molecules through an enzyme. Remember, an enzyme is a chemical that speeds up reactions.

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Digestive System, ContinuedThe next step is the esophagus sending the food down past your lungs (hopefully) into your stomach, where the real business happens. The stomach has some intense acids that digest protein and other chemicals. Acids like your stomach’s should dissolve the stomach tissue itself, but don’t worry. The stomach creates a mucus that guards against the harmful acids. The stomach flexes itself to shove the food and liquids into the small intestine. The last part of this journey is the food heading through the small and large intestines, where the walls of the organ absorb the remaining nutrients and moisture in solid foods, until only waste remains. The waste is then stored in the colon.

Activity: http://nature.ca/discover/exm/blddgstvsystm/index_e.cfm 17

Nervous SystemThe nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is also split into two different categories: peripheral, autonomic and central. The central nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord. The autonomic nervous system is the nerves that go to your organs. the peripheral nervous system is the nerves that run throughout your body.

The functions of the nervous system is to control and relay information to and from the parts of the body. The autonomic nervous system for example controls heartbeat, digestion, and all the functions of your organs.

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Chapter 3

Fast Foods and Healthy Alternatives

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Panda Express' Orange Chicken with Chow Mein

Serving Size: 15.1 oz

Fat content: 43g

Sugar content: 26g

Sodium: 1,680mg

Carbohydrates: 108

Calories: 910

Technically, you can eat this meal, drink a water, and not blow through any of your daily nutrition values. However, you’d need to eat a pretty tiny breakfast and third meal. This meal alone puts you at about ⅔ of the daily recommended fat intake, and the Chow Mein is nearly half of your daily sodium on its own. You can at least feel fine about the carbs: they are right on track with the recommended daily nutrition. Be wary, though. This little meal can rack up about half of your daily calories. For a healthier option, try the steamed rice. It will cut back on that sodium for you and fight dehydration a bit better.

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Taco Bell's Crunchwrap SupremeProtein: 17 g

Fat content: 21 g

Sugar content: 7 g

Sodium: 1110 mg

Carbohydrates: 71 g

Calories: 540

Once again, the fast food sodium will get you with this Crunchwrap Supreme. The hefty 1110 mg are about ⅔ of your daily dosage, and twice the amount a regular meal should take. Please, when ordering this item, take it “fresco”. This cuts the fat content by a quarter and will be a little easier on your body’s chemistry.

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Protein: 6 g

Fat: 1 g

Sugars: 10 g

Sodium: 21 mg

Carbohydrates: 20 g

Calories: 113Burgers area unhealthy overall, but you can add vegetables and other healthy items with it. A good alternative that will fill you up is just eating the meat and having a side of vegetables or fruit. This way you are eating nutritiously and still getting a good meal.

Mooyah's Burger

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Pizza Hut's PizzaProtein: 11 g

Fat: 10 g

Sugar: 2 g

Sodium: 530 mg

Carbs: 27 g

Calories: 240

Pizza is very oily, has a lot of fat in the cheese, and a unhealthy crust. The only part that is kind of healthy is the tomato sauce. These carbs are unnecessary, instead you could have a salad and get something with nutrition.

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McDonalds Angus Chipotle BBQ Bacon Burger

Protein: 45 gFat: 39 gSugar: 16 gSodium: 2020 mgCarbs: 66 gCalories: 800

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Burgers from fast food restaurants, like McDonalds, generally are not the best choice if you want to be on the healthy side, due to fake produces being used and consumed, and then the amount of calories, fats, and carbs being taken in just on one serving is not healthy at all.

Chapter 4

Cited Sources and Vocab

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Scientific Vocabulary

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About the Authors

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Jacob Hunter

Jacob Hunter spends most of his time restoring art and designing ultra lightweight aircraft. He went to high school at New Tech High @ Coppell, where he learned how to master the skill of technology management. While this is his first endeavor as an author, he is very excited to see how the public will receive this work. He believes that health, both physical and mental, is very important for people to maintain.

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Faraz SoofiMy name is Faraz Soofi, I live in Coppell, Texas and attend New Tech High @ Coppell. I play sports like basketball and football for fun. I did play in the band for four years, I played the saxaphone. I am strong in math and science so I want to become an engineer. I love taking new challenges and I am very hardworking. I am interested in the human body and health, I want to study this and help other people and myself.

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Tiffany ReynoldsHello Dear Reader, my name is Tiffany Reynolds and I am the Graphic Designer for this lovely book. I am a senior at New Tech High School in Coppell, Texas and I love the PBL Learning that allows us to have quirky projects like this to learn about the human anatomy!

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Chris BatesMy name is Christopher De'Jhan Bates I am from Longview, TX and I moved to Coppell when I was in 4th grade and I went to Lee Elementary which is now Newtech High @ Coppell, my high school.I play football for the Coppell Cowboys Varsity team. Football has been a huge part of my life since I fell in love with the sport at the age of 6 maybe 7 years old, playing for the Pee Wee Coppell League. Even though I was the smallest kid on the field, I guess it was just my heart and work ethic and the mindset of wanting to be the best on the field, that made me extremely talented at the sport. But due to injuries and other issues I have not yet played a game in this 2012-13 season.

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Evan shepherdMy name is Evan Shepherd, I attend New Tech High School in Coppell, I am a senior and I like all the fun and interesting projects we do here.

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Regina Bailey, Animal CellsRetrieved at http://biology.about.com/od/cellbiology/ss/animal_cells.htmCells functioning to help body. [ONLINE] Available at: http://betweenness.blogspot.com/2008/10/how-do-cells-function-to-keep-organisms.html. [Last Accessed October 22, 2012].What is a cell?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_cell.html. [Last Accessed October 22, 2012].Richards, Beth (2012).What Kind of Vitamin Helps to Maintain Epithelial Cells?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ehow.com/about_6454358_kind-helps-maintain-epithelial-cells_.html. [Last Accessed november 8, 2012].(2011).Epithelial Tissues. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.livestrong.com/epithelial-tissues/. [Last Accessed November 8, 2012].http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AnimalTissues.htmlhttp://www.nianow.com/story/20

http://www.nianow.com/story/2011/11/awareness-of-connective-tissue-sensing-integrationhttp://www.naturemade.com/products/common-needs/joint-and-bone-healthhttp://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/nervous_system/about/Pages/index.aspxhttp://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-the-Nervous-System.aspxhttp://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/mammal/epithelial.htmhttp://www.sheppardsoftware.com/health/anatomy/cell/cell_quiz.htmhttp://www.smm.org/tissues/index.phphttp://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/skin-article.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfFBoIkdDgQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EpNHtL9OP8

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We hope that this book was helpful in making healthy and wise choices regarding food and your

body's chemistry!

Thank you for reading.

Critics are rating this book a 10/10 because of the helpful information and the healthy options it supplies. The book goes over the body systems, tissues, healthy options, why not to eat fast food, and personal examples.

"If You Give A Kid A Burger" is an interactive online book that helps all ages understand how fast food affects the body and all of it's systems and how to keep them healthy through providing alternate food options, diagrams, embedded videos,vocabulary, activities, and much more!

"Deliciously educational! I wish we'd been able to read this in my high school, maybe then I would have actually paid attention... and not had so much extra weight!" - Rosie O'Donnell

"This is a must-read for anyone trying to keep the pounds off or just keep their body healthy!Look for it in my book club soon!"

-Oprah Winfrey

"As the editor for Seventeen Magazine, I know all of the things discussed in this book, but man did I learn it the hard way compared to being able to just read this awesome book! Three thumbs up! -Editor of Seventeen Magazine