idsd01 - thesis - april 16 - reduced size

Upload: chi-luong

Post on 08-Apr-2018

226 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    1/74

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !!

    An Instrument of Resistance:

    Rap Music and Hip-Hop Culture in

    El Alto, Bolivia!

    BA Thesis

    Presented byDavid Librado

    Presented to

    Dr. Paul Kingston and Dr. Roberta Rice

    For the Course

    Advanced Seminar in International Development Studies IDSD01

    International Development Studies

    University of Toronto at Scarborough

    April 2010

    !!!!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    2/74

    !

    "!

    ABSTRACT

    #$%&'()'!*+,! *-! ,.%! ())%&! /(,(%0! *-!1%2! 3*&4! 5+&()'! ,.%! 67890:! &;,+&%!

    ?%/;$%! ;! -*&$! *-! /&%;,(@%! &%0(0,;)/%:! ;! 2;A! ()!2.(/.! +&?;)!A*+,.!2%&%! ;?>%! ,*! 5%)*+)/%! ;)5!

    /.;>>%)'%!-*&$0!*-!&;/(0$:!$(0&%+0(*)C!D(5C!F.(0!,.%0(0!/>*0%>A!%B;$()%0!,.%!

    +0%! *-! &;,+&%! ()! ,.%! $('&;),! /(,A! *-! #>! G>,*:! H*>(@(;C!I*$%! ,*! ,.%!

    /*),%B,!*+,!*-!2.(/.!.(A!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!?A!.('.!

    >%@%>0! *-!

    ;

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    3/74

    !

    L!

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    !

    F*!$A!!

    0+(@(;:!2.(>%!()!,.%!-(%>5:!;)5!?;/4!;,!

    .*$%C!!!

    !

    F*!$A!-&(%)50!()!H*>(@(;:!,.;)4!A*+!-*&!A*+&!()/&%5(?>%!.*0(,A:!-*&!$;4()'!H*>(@(;!-%%>!>(4%!.*$%:!

    -*&!A*+&!-&(%)50.(

    !

    F*!$A!-&(%)50!?;/4!;,!.*$%:!,.;)4!A*+!-*&!.%>>%M;0:!,.;)4!A*+!

    -*&!A*+&!@;>+;?>%!()0('.,!;)5!

    !

    3!-();>$%),%:!Y+(%&*!%B

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    4/74

    !

    Z!

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !"#$%&"'$#$%#$%()#&&'*%#*%+'+,)-%,.%/0)1"1+%2,3,)45'67%/0)1"1+%(1$%,*'%,.%&"'%"#89",8%1)$&$%

    #*:,;:'

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    5/74

    !

    [!

    TABLE OF CONTEXT

    !

    "#$%&'(!)*'!\!K),&*5+/,(*)]]]]]]]]]]]]]]C]]]]]]]]]]]]CCCCCCC!*'A]]]]]]]]]]CC]]]]]]]]]]]]]C]]]]]]CC]]]C!*&(E;,(*)!*-!K)5('%)*+0!K5%),(,A!]]]]]]]]]]CCCCC!

    [C6F.%!W%@;>*&(E;,(*)!*-!K5%),(,A!]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]C!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    6/74

    !

    ^!

    CHAPTER 1 Introduction

    %

    /)&%#$%*,&%1%+#)),)%&,%)'.;'C&%)'1;#&-%05&%1%"1++')%(#&"%("#C"%&,%$"18'%#&%

    =!H%&,*>,!H&%/.,!

    W;*?;>!;&,!-*&$!,.;,!.;0!'(@%)!@*(/%!,*!$;)A!

    $;&'();>(E%5!'&*+5C!F.(0!(@(;C!1*,!+)>(4%!,.%!/*),%B,!*+,!*-!2.(/.!*-!.(%$%&'%5:!#>!G>,*!(0!;!/(,A!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!?A!(,A:!&;/(0$:!;)5!%B/>+0(*)C!J(,.()!,.(0!

    %)@(&*)$%),:!,.(0!!;&'+%!,.;,!,.%!.(,*!.;@%!;!&%0(0,;)/%:!;!,**>!,.&*+'.!2.(/.!,.%A!.;@%!

    0*+'.,!;)5!-*+'.,!,*!,&;)0-*&$!,.%(&!/(,A!-*&!,.%!?%,,%&C!!

    F.(0!,.%0(0:!()!$;)A!2;A0:!(0!;!&%->%/,(*)!*-!$A!%B*&;,(*)!*-!&;,+&%!

    ()!#>!G>,*C!J.%)!K!-(&0,!?%';)!,.(0!0,+5A:!K!&%;>>A!2;0!)*,!0+&%!2.;,!K!2*+>5!-()5C!G)5:!,*!?%!

    /*$%,%>A!.*)%0,:!;,!,.%!?%'())()':!K!2;0!)*,!&%;>>A!0+&%!2.;,!K!2;0!>**4()'!-*&C!K!.;5!/%&,;()!

    ;A>(0,0!;)5!Fd!

    .*%!*,.%&!,A

    +)5%&0,;)5!.*2!&;,+&%!.;0!?%%)!>*/;>>A!;

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    7/74

    !

    8!

    H*>(@(;C!K,!;>0*!0%%40!,*!%B*&%!,.%!($!

    /+>,+&%:!;)5!eLf!,.%!@*/;>(E;,(*):!;&,(/+>;,(*):!;)5!!$+0(/;>!;)5!>A&(/;>!;);>A0(0:!*)%=*)=*)%!0%$(=0,&+/,+&%5!

    (),%&@(%20:!;)5!A!?%'())()'!$A!-(%>5!&%0%;&/.:!2.(>%!>(@()'!()!I*/.;?;$?;:!H*>(@(;:!K!?%';)!

    /*>>%/,()'!;)5!>(0,%)()'!,*!;0!$+/.!H*>(@(;)!&;5C!F.(0!,;04!2;0!;!>*,!$*&%!/.;>>%)'()'!,.;)!

    (,!0*+)50!'(@%)!,.%!+)5%&'&*+)5!);,+&%!*-!.(A!2;A!K!2;0!;?>%!,*!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    8/74

    !

    c!

    *?,;()!;!/*,.%!&%/*&5()'!0,+5(*0!2.%&%!,.%!5(0/0!2%&%!&%/*&5%5C!J.%)!K!2*+>5!,&;@%>!,.&*+'.*+,!,.%!/*+),&A:!

    K!2*+>5!$;4%!;)!%--*&,!,*!-()5!)%2!IN0!;)5!;&,(0,0C!G)5!2.(>%!K!5(5!)*,!,&;)0/&(?%!;)5!-*&$;>>A!

    ;);>AE%!,.%!>A&(/0:!>(0,%)()'!,*!,.%!$+0(/:!,.%!$%00;'%0:!,.%!?%;,0!;)5!&.A$%0!+;?>%!-*+)5;,(*);>!+)5%&0,;)5()'!*-!H*>(@(;)!.(:!K!2;0!;?>%!,*!/*>>%/,!;)5!>(0,%)!,*!

    $+0(/!-&*$!;*&;,*&A!);,+&%!*-!,.%!0,+5A:!K!*>*20!,.%!(),%&@(%2%%0!$*&%!-&%%5*$!,*!5%0/&(?%!;)5!5%@%>*

    (5%;0C!G-,%&!*?,;()()'!;>>!,.%!()-*&$;,(*)!-&*$!,.%!-(%>5:!K!,&;)0/&(?%5!;)5!,&;)0>;,%5!,.%!(),%&@(%20!

    (),*!#)'>(0.C!K!,.%)!;);>AE%5!,.%!5;,;:!/>;00(-A()'!,.%!()-*&$;,(*)!,.&*+'.!/*5()'!;)5!>;?%>()'C!!

    %

    J1)C#81*&%K0$'):1,*%

    F.%!,.(&5!$%,.*5!+0%5!-*&!*?,;()()'!-!()!,.%!>*/;>!.(!G>,*

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    9/74

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    10/74

    !

    69!

    K)!5*()'!0*:!$A!&%0%;&/.!2(>>!;>0*!0.(-,!-&*$!-*/+0()'!*)!,.%!/*)0+$%&0!*-!.(PA0(0!/%),%&0!*)!(),%&@(%20!2(,.!,.%!.(

    %0C!!

    !!OPT!R!3?=?E9E?6A:!

    F.%&%!;&%!,2*!($($(,;,(*)0!*-!,.%!&%0%;&/.!,.;,!0.*+>5!?%!)*,%5C!F.%!-(&0,!(0!,.;,!

    $A!;00%00$%),!*-!&;,+&%!()!#>!G>,*!(0!M+0,!;!/&*00=0%/,(*):!;!0);%C!K)!,.(0!!?%!;&'+()'!,.;,!&;,+&%!.;0!?%%)!

    ;!&%0(0,;)/%C!F.;,!(0!)*,!,*!0;A!,.;,!;>>!;&,(0,0!()!#>!G>,*!.;@%!

    ;%!,*!$;4%!'%)%&;>(E;,(*)0!-&*$!,.%!0;$%!,*!,.%!?&*;5%&!;)'+;'%!>($(,;,(*)0C!G>>!(),%&@(%20!2%&%!

    /*)5+/,%5!()!O;,%&!,&;)0/&(?%5!;)5!,&;)0>;,%5!?A!,.%!;+,.*&!(),*!#)'>(0.C!F.&*+'.!,.;,!

    ,!,*!-+>>A!/;*?;>!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    11/74

    !

    66!

    0*$%!*-!,.%!$;M*&!,.%$%0!(5%),(-(%5!2(,.()!,.%!>(,%&;,+&%!*)!H*>(@(;:!;)5!*)!,.%!/(,A!*-!#>!G>,*!()!

    ;&C!!

    F.%!0%/*)5!.;>-!*-!,.%!!,.%)!>**4!0>A!;,!,.%!/;0%!0,+5A:!*+,>()()'!;)5!

    5(0/+00()'!,.%!0,+5Ab0!-()5()'0C!I.;>!/>*0%>A!%B;$();,(*)!.*2!&;

    /+>,+&%!.;0!?%%)!;!(5%),(-A!,.&%%!/%),&;>!;&%;0!()!2.(/.!

    &;,+&%!.;0!.;5:!;)5!/*),()+%0!,*!.;@%:!;)!($!G>,*C!T();>>A:!()!

    I.;;0,!/.;>!/*)/>+5%!?A!5(0/+00()'!,.%!$;()!-()5()'0!;)5!,.%!($(/;,(*)0!*-!

    ,.%!0,+5A:!;)5!*+,>()()'!-+&,.%&!;@%)+%0!*-!&%0%;&/.C!!

    !

    !

    !!!!!!!!

    !!!!!!!!!!

    !!!!!!!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    12/74

    !

    6"!

    CHAPTER 2 Rap Music and Hip-Hop Culture

    !H%-*&%!/>*0%>A!>**4()'!;,!,.%!+0%!*-!&;,+&%!()!#>!G>,*:!(,!(0!($/+>,+&%!;0!;!2.*>%C!K)!&%/%),!A%;&0:!,.(0!;&,(0,(/!;)5!/+>,+&;>!%B*,!*-!

    0/.*>;&>A!;,,%),(*)!-&*$!;!?&*;5!&;)'%!*-!;/;5%$(/!-(%>50:!()/>+5()'!*'A:!$+0(/*>*'A:!

    /+>,+&;>!0,+5(%0:!;)5!>()'+(0,(/0C!F.(0!0%/*)5!/.;>!>!!>**4!,*!,.%!>(,%&;,+&%!*)!,.%!

    '>*?;>!5(--+0(*)!*-!&;,+&%C!!

    !

    QPV!R!+89E!?:!8?!*@%&!,.%!2*&>5C!G0!V%>%-;!O;))%.!.;0!

    *?0%&@%5g!

    B#89",8?%,*C'%1%*,5*?%"1$%0'C,+'%1*%15:!

    %B

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    13/74

    !

    6L!

    ! D(!%>%$%),0g!Nl()':!'&;--(,(:!

    ?=?*A()'i?='(&>()'!e*&!?&%;45;)/()'f:!;)5!SI()'!e*&!&;%!;)5!5*$();),!-*&$!*-!,.%!;&,!eR&(/%:!"99^fC!

    G0!.(>%):!"99[fC!

    J(,.()!,.(0!,.%0(0:!K!2(>>!?%!-*/+0()'!A!*)!,.%!%>%$%),!*-!&;!,*!

    >**4!;,!&;;&'%&!-&;$()'!,.;,!()/>+5%0!.(+&%!,*!5*!0*!2*+>5!&%0+>,!()!;)!

    *@%&>A!);&&*2!;);>A0(0C!G0!0+/.:!2.(>%!$A!;);>A0(0!2(>>!/%),%&!*)!&;>!%B;$()%!

    ,.%!%>%$%),!,.&*+'.!;!.*>(0,(/!>%)0!,.;,!,;4%0!(),*!;//*+),!;)!+)5%&0,;)5()'!*-!.(/+>,+&;>!%B

    D(!%B(E;,(*):!

    &;/(0$:!;)5!;>(%);,(*)!eV(,2;);:!"99Zk!V+):!"99"k!W*0%:!677ZfC!T*&!,.%!A*+,.!>(@()'!()!,.%!())%&!/(,A!

    *-!1%2!3*&4:!.(

    /*$$%),()'!*)!(,Q!eH;0+!m!_%$$%>%:!"99^:!

    R&(/%!e"99^:!

    ,.&(@()'!*)!0*/(;>!/*$$%),;&A:!(,(/;>!/&(,(Y+%:!%/*)*$(/!;);>A0(0:!&%>('(*+0!%B%'%0(0:!;)5!0,&%%,!

    ;2;&%)%00!2.(>%!/*$?;,()'!>*)'=0,;)5()'!(00+%0!*-!&;/(;>!,+&;>!:!%/*)*$(/!;)5!(,(/;>!5(0

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    14/74

    !

    6Z!

    &;,+&%:!0($(>;&>A!;&'+%0!,.;,!.(!-*&$!,.;,!;,,%$(E;,(*):!?&+,;>>A!,&+)/;,%5!*>A!%@*>@%C!`)%!*-!,.%!/%),&;>!/;,;>A0,0!

    ?%.()5!,.(0!2;0!,.%!$%';=0+//%00!*-!,.%!6787!&%>%;0%!*-!O+';&!D(>>!U;)'b0!hW;*?;>!HA!,.%!,+&)!*-!,.%!/%),+&A:!$;)A:!?*,.!2(,.()!;)5!*+,0(5%!,.%!.(?%'+)!,*!Y+%0,(*)!2.;,!.(

    /*$%!-&*$!.(%:!G-&(4;!H;$?;;,;;:!*)%!*-!,.%!-;,.%&0!*-!.(,+&%:!;)5!

    P*@%&0,;)5()'bC!K)!5*()'!0*:!G-&(4;!H;$?;;,;;!0*+'.,!,*!&%)%2!;!/*>>%/,(@%!;2;&%)%00!*-!.(.(

    !*%;0%5!.(0!/*),&*@%&0(;>!&;?+$:!?*>5>A!;($()'!()!(,!,.;,!P.(>;,%0,!*-!0%&(%0!*-!.(+,(*)C!G0!1;0!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    15/74

    !

    6[!

    &.A$%5:!h#@%&A?*5A!0*+)50!,.%!0;$%:!/*$$%&/(;>(E%!,.%!';$%!i!W%$()(0/()b!2.%)!(,!2;0)b,!;>>!

    ?+0()%00!i!F.%A!-*&'*,!2.%&%!(,!0,;&,%5!i!O*!2%!;>>!';,.%&!.%&%!-*&!,.%!5%;&>A!5%!,*

    .(!*-!,.(0C!H%0,!;)5!V%>>)%&!2&(,%!*-!&;

    /&%#&$%0'$&%)18%#$%1%8,(').5;%#*!/*),%B,:!,.(0!

    -&*$!;!'>*?;>!*/;>!/*),%B,C!!

    J(,.()!,.(0!,.%0(0:!K!2(>>!?%!;&'+()'!,.;,!.(

    G>,*!;0!;!,**>!+0%5!,*!?&()'!;?*+,!>!.(;&>A!;,,%),(*)!'(@%)!,*!,.%!)%';,(@%!($>!

    -+)5;$%),;>>A!;)!1)&%.,)+CQ!_(4%!;>>!;&,:!.(%:!;5;%!,*!$+>,(%!

    (),%&(,A!(0!,.%&%-*&%!;!/%),&;>!&%;0*)!-*&!/>*0%>A!%B;$()()'!;)5!0,+5A()'!,.%!;&,(0,(/!%B

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    16/74

    !

    6^!

    >&O$%&)5'%&"1&%&",$'%(",%.1#;%&,%()'$&;'%(#&"%"#8%",8O$%C5;&5)1;%C,+8;'N#&-?%1**%.1C&?%&"1&O$%':'*%+,)'%)'1$,*%&,%C;1)#.-%

    ("1&%1*%1)&%.,)+%%A!m!D%)5%&0*):!"99ck!`0+$;&%:!"996fC!!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    17/74

    !

    68!

    `0+$;&%!e"996f!(,(%0Cb!_()4()'!,*'%,.%&!/+>,+&%:!/>;00:!;)5!.(0,*&(/;>!**?;>!.(

    %/.*!,.%!;?*@%!;0!,.%(&!-()5()'0!0+''%0,:!h,.;,!,.%!/*&%!%00%)/%!*-!.(!'%)&%0!*&!0+?=/+>,+&%0!(0!(,!'(@%0!;!@*(/%!

    ,*!$;&'();>(E%5!;)5!*%!$('.,!?%!@(%2%5!;0!;,!,.%!-&()'%0!*-!,.%(&!&%0>A!*(E;,(*):!;)5!

    5(0/&($();,(*)!,.%A!-%>,!()!,.%!())%&=/(,(%0!*-!,.%!X)(,%5!O,;,%0C!F.%!'>*?;>!0*0%>A!&%>;,()'!,*!,.%!('.,!;)5!

    %B*%C,5*&)#'$%("')'%&"')'O$%*,&%1%;1)A'%8,85;1,*%,.%2;1C@%8',8;'?%&"'-%.#*

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    18/74

    !

    6c!

    D%!'*%0!*)!Y+*,()'!;!R+?>(/!#)%$A!-;)!()!n;'&%?:!I&*;,(;!;0!0;A()':!hT*&!0*$%:!R+?>(/!#)%$A!(0!M+0,!

    ;!@%&A!'**5!'&*+50!;2;A!-&*$!_*)'!K0>;)5:!1%2!3*&4:!2.%&%!R+?>(/!

    #)%$A!(0!-&*$:!,.(0!I&*;,(;)!-;)!(0!;?>%!,*!/>*0%>A!/*))%/,!,*!,.%!0,&+''>%0!*-!**?;>!.(

    $;&'();>(E;,(*):!-&+0,&;,(*):!;)5!,.%!%B;$();,(*)!*-!?;,,>%0!;';()0,!*%A!m!D%)5%&0*):!"99ck!`0+$;&%:!"996fC!F.%!&%0+>,0!;&%!

    +)(Y+%!0*+)50!;)5!0,;,%$%),0!,.;,!;&%!>*/;>>A!;+,.%),(/!eS*,>%A!m!D%)5%&0*):!"99cfC!!

    I%),&;>!,*!,.(0!(0!,.;,!,.%!/&%;,(*)!;)5!/*)0+$%B(?(>(,AC!

    F.(0!;,,&(?+,%!.;0!'&%;,>A!-;/(>(,;,%5!,.%!0>%;?(>(,A!;>>*20!(,!,*!.;@%!$+>,(%!;+,.%),(/!&%)5%&()'0!;)5!

    $%;)()'0!;$*)'!@;&(*+0!.*0,!/+>,+&%0k!h(,!?%/*$%0!+)(Y+%>A!,.%(&0:!;)5!&%!(00+%0Q!eS*,>%A!m!D%)5%&0*):!"99c:!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    19/74

    !

    67!

    F.+0:!;0!$;)A!.(*?;>!

    /+>,+&%:!.(+;?>%!>%)0!,.&*+'.!2.(/.!>*/;>!(00+%0!;)5!'&(%@;)/%0!/;)!?%!

    %B;$()%5!;)5!?%,,%&!+)5%&0,**5!eV;>A;):!"99^k!O,%(E%5!0%/,*&0!*-!

    ,.%(&!0*/(%,A:!,.*0%!2.*!$;A!)*,!.;@%!$+/.!*-!;!@*(/%!,.&*+'.!$*&%!P,&;5(,(*);>b!$%;)0!*-!

    &%,+&%:!+;?>%!

    ()0('.,!(),*!?%,,%&!+)5%&0,;)5()'!,.%!(5%;!*-! A;,C1;#61,* C!D%!;&'+%0!,.;,!,.%!0A$?*>(/!

    &%,+&%!'>*?;>>A!5(--+0%5!@(;!$;00!;)5!$(/&*!$%5(;!,%/.)*>*'(%0!;&%!h)%@%&!

    0($A!&%/%(@%5:!5('%0,%5!;)5!;/,%5!+;,()'!,*!,.%!;&!/*),%B,0!2(,.()!,.%A!;&%!;

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    20/74

    !

    "9!

    ;0!;!'>*?;>!/+>,+&%!/;)!,.+0!?%!+)5%&0,**5!;0!;! A;,C1;#6'A!/>%;&!,.;,!.(*?;>Q!

    eV;>A;):!"99^:!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    21/74

    !

    "6!

    CHAPTER 3 The Context

    !K)!*&5%&!,*!?%'()!,*!/>*0%>A!%B;$()%!,.%!.(,*:!(,!(0!/&(,(/;>!,*!

    +)5%&0,;)5!,.%!/*),%B,!*+,!*-!2.(/.!,.%!$*@%$%),!.;0!%$%&'%5C!F.(0!,.(&5!/.;>!(,%&;,+&%!*)!,.%!0+?M%/,!*-!H*>(@(;:!;)5!*)!#>!

    G>,*!()!;&C!F.%!-(&0,!0%/,(*)!2(>>!>**4!0>A!;,!,.%!/(,A!*-!#>!G>,*C!K,!2(>>!.('.>('.,!

    %>%$%),0!,.;,!/.;&;/,%&(E%!,.%!/(,A!;0!2.*>%!;0!2%>>!;0!%>%$%),0!,.;,!A!,*!,.%!

    A*+,.!*-!#>!G>,*C!F.%!0%/,(*)0!,.;,!-*>>*2!2(>>!,.%)!%B;$()%!,.%!/*),%B,!-&*$!;!?&*;5%&!(@(;:!$A!)%2!.*$%!-*&!,.%!)%B,!69!$*),.0C!

    SA!;)%!>;)5%5!%;&>A!,.;,!$*&)()'!;,!,.%!(),%&);,(*);>!;(&!G>,*:!*)%!*-!,.%!

    .('.%0,!/(,(%0!()!,.%!2*&>5C!F.%!.('.!%>%@;,(*)!;)5!,.%!/*>5:!-&%0.!$*+),;()!;(&!>%-,!$%!2()5%5!,.%!

    $*$%),!K!0,%%/,%5!$A!>+'';'%:!;!,;04!,.;,!>%-,!$%!';0>!>('.,C!F.%!0('.,0:!0*+)50:!;)5!0$%>>0!*-!,.%!/(,A!>%-,!$%!0(>%),!;)5!()!;$;E%$%),C!S*0,!@(0(?>A!

    0,&(4()'!,*!$%!2;0!,.%!%B,&%$%!>%@%>!*-!(@%!()!$*5%&;,%!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    22/74

    !

    ""!

    N&(@()'!;>*)'!,.%!0,%%;)50/;>A!$;)(/+&%5!>;2)0!;)5!';&5%)0!;>%5!;/&*00!,.%!J)1*2>A!?%%)!&%;/%5!?A!>*2=&(0%!?+(>5()'0!;)5:!%@%),+;>>A:!';,%5!$;)0(*)0C!`@%&!,.%!

    /*+&0%!*-!,.%!Z[=$()+,%!5&(@%!;)5!0*$%![99!$%,%&0!()!%>%@;,(*):!K!-%>,!;0!,.*+'.!K!.;5!,&;@%>>%5!

    ,.&*+'.!;!)+$?%&!*-!5(--%&%),!2*&>50C!J(,.()!,.%!-(&0,!.*+&!*-!;&&(@()'!()!H*>(@(;:!,.%!/>;00!;)5!

    &;/(;>!.(%&;&/.(%0!-*+)5!()!,.%!,2()!/(,(%0:!;)5!,.&*+'.*+,!$;)A!(@(;:!.;5!?%/*$%!

    ()/&%5(?>A!%@(5%),C!F.%!@(0+;>!/*),&;0,0!-&*$!*)%!/(,A!,*!,.%!*,.%&:!;)5!%@%)!2(,.()!%;/.!/(,A:!2%&%!

    !5%$*)0,&;,(*)0!*-!,.%!()'!0*/(*=%/*)*$(/!5(@(0(*)0!;)5!()%Y+;>(,(%0C!! !

    S+/.!*-!,.%!5(0/+00(*)!*)!#>!G>,*:!-&*$!?*,.!,.%!$%5(;!;)5!;/;5%$(;:!.;0!/%),%&%5!*)!#>!

    G>,*!;0!;!$;&'();>!/(,A!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!?A!.('.!>%@%>0!*-!!()%Y+;>(,A:!&;/(0$:!;)5!

    5(0/&($();,(*)!eI&;?,&%%:!"99[k!N;)'>:!"998k!_;E;&:!"99cfC!G,!,.%!.%;&,!*-!,.(0!5(0/+00(*)!.;@%!?%%)!

    ,.%!()5('%)*+0!*)'!h0+--%&%5!;,!,.%!

    ?*,,*$!*-!;!2(/4%5>A!0,%%!.(%&;&/.A!,.;,!2.(,%)0!()!;//*&5;)/%!2(,.!/>;00!%'%Q!

    eJ%??%&:!"99[:!>!?%!0%%)!0.*&,>A:!#>!G>,*!.;0!;>0*!?%/*$%!;!

    0A$?*>!*-!,.%!(,AC!G)5!;0!K!2(>>!;&'+%!>;,%&:!.(!,.&*+'.!2.(/.!,.%!A*+,.!*-!

    #>!G>,*!.;@%!/*),()+%5!()!,.(0!-('.,:!+0()'!,.%!;&,!-*&$!,*!?&()'!;?*+,!>A!?%/*$()'!;!0%!

    G>,*!2;0!;!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    23/74

    !

    "L!

    0%&@()'!A!;0!,.%!0(,%!*-!;)!;(&!,.%!%;&>A!67c90!,.;,!

    (,0!!-*&/%0!?%.()5!,.(0C!F.%!-(&0,!2;0!,.%!

    *//+&&%)/%!*-!5&*+'.,0!,.;,!-*&/%5!$;)A!-&*$!,.%!&+&;>!/*+),&A0(5%!,*!,.%!/(,A!()!0%;&/.!*-!;!?%,,%&!

    -+,+&%C!F.%!0%/*)5:!+)5%&!5!H;)4!;)5!KST:!2;0!,.%!;5*(?%&;>!

    (/%0C!F.%!/>*0+&%!*-!0,;,%=*2)%5!$()%0!?A!R&%0(5%),!d(/,*&!R;E=#0,%)00*&*!>%5!,*!,.%!$('&;,(*)!

    *-!,.*+0;)50!,*!#>!G>,*!eN;)'>:!"998fC!HA!,.%!%)5!*-!,.%!67c90:!#>!G>,*!.;5!'&*2)!,*!;-!,.%!0(E%!*-!_;!R;E!eT;,.%&()':!G&?*);:!m!V*.>:!"99cfC!`@%&!,.%!-*>>*2()'!A%;&0:!#>!G>,*!?%';)!,*!

    '&*2!%B>AC!K,!(0!/+&&%),>A!,.%!-;0,%0,!'&*2()'!+&?;)!;&%;!()!H*>(@(;:!;)5!*)%!*-!,.%!-;0,%0,!()!

    _;,()!G$%&(/;C!J(,.!;)!%0,($;,%5!;))+;>!'&*2,.!&;,%!*-!*@%&![!(@(;)0!

    /+&&%),>A!>(@%0!()!#>!G>,*!eI&;?,&%%:!"99[fC!!

    U(@%)!,.%!;?*@%:!#>!G>,*!(0!)*2!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!;0!;!P/(,A!*-!$('&;),0b!2.%&%!$*0,!*-!,.%!

    &%0(5%),0!;&%!-(&0,!,*!,.(&5!'%)%&;,(*)!$('&;),0C!F.(0:!()!,+&):!.;0!?%%)!/%),&;>!()!0.;A!*&';)(E%5!2.%&%!$;)A!*-!,.%!*&';)(E()'!0,&+/,+&%0!

    -&*$!,.%!%B:!"998fC!F.%0%!*&';)(E;,(*)0!.;@%!;A%5!;!/%),&;>!&*>%!()!-(>>()'!h,.%!@*(5!*-!,.%!

    0,;,%!,*!?+(>5!;)5!$;(),;()!(/!()-&;0,&+/,+&%:!$;4%!(,(/;>!;)5!%/*)*$(/!5%/(0(*)0:!;)5!

    &%,.%0%!5(--%&%),!*&';)(E;,(*)0%,.;,!0.;!;/,(*)!;)5!&%>;,(*)0.(

    0,;,%!e_;E;&:!"99cfC!K)!"99L:!,.%!*&';)(E;,(*);>!/;!,**>!()!

    5(&%/,>A!/.;>>%)'()'!,.%!0,;,%!;)5!-*&%@%&!,&;)0-*&$()'!,.%!/(,A!()!2.;,!?%/;$%!4)*2)!;0!,.%!PU;0!

    J;&bC!!

    !

    !"'%R1$%=1)%

    K)!`/,*?%&!*-!"99L:!,.%!;,,%),(*)!*-!,.%!(),%&);,(*);>!/*$$+)(,A!2;0!()0,;),>A!5&;2)!,*!#>!

    G>,*:!;!/(,A!,.;,!A!2;0!>;&'%>A!+).%;&5!*-C!T*&!2%%40:!,.%!/(,Ab0!&%0(5%),0!,**4!,*!,.%!0,&%%,0!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    24/74

    !

    "Z!

    ()!>A!?&()'()'!(,!,*!(,0!4)%%0C!F.%!5%$*)0,&;,(*)0!

    ;)5!/*)-&*),;,(*)0:!AE()'!>;&'%!,($;,%>A!&%0+>,%5!()!,.%!&%0(');,(*)!*-!

    ,.%!.('.>A!+)*!O;)/.%E!5%!_*E;5;!eI&;?,&%%:!"99[fC!!

    ! F.%!+=*+,!/*)->(/,!;';()0,!,.%!'*@%&)$%),C!#@%),+;>>A!,.%!$*?(>(E;,(*)!?%/;$%!4)*2)!;0!,.%!PU;0!J;&b:!

    0()/%!;!/%),&;>!0*+&/%!*-!(/!5(0/*),%),!2;0!,.%!'*@%&)$%),b0!5%/(0(*)!,*!%B(@(;)!';0!,*!

    ,.%!X)(,%5!O,;,%0!@(;!I.(>%C!G)5!2.(>%!,.(0!(00+%!?%/;$%!;!4%A!+)(,()'!-*/+0:!,.%!+)5%&>A()'!-;/,*&0!

    ?%.()5!,.%!,(%!;)5!/*$%BC!F.%A!()/>+5%5!-;/,*&0!0+/.!;0!h,.%!0*/(;>!/*0,0!*-!

    ,.%!;(?%&;>!%/*)*$(/!(/(%0:!,.%!/*),&*>!*-!0,&;,%'(/!0%/,*&0!*-!,.%!

    %/*)*$A!?A!,&;)0);,(*);>!/;:!;)5!,.%!>*00!*-!>%'(,($;/A!*-!,.%!);,(*)b0!5%$*/&;,(/!(,(/;>!

    ()0,(,+,(*)0Q!eG&/%!m!W(/%:!"997:!>!?%!5(0/+00%5!()!5%,;(>!()!O%/,(*)!LC"C!J.;,!(0!

    ($!G>,*C!H%-*&%!"99L:!,.%!(,(/;>!($**4%5k!$;)A!*-!,.%!&%0(5%),0!K!,;>4%5!2(,.!5%0/&(?%5!#>!G>,*!;0!P;)!()@(0(?>%!/(,AbC!O()/%!`/,*?%&!

    "99L:!.*2%@%&:!,.;,!.;0!/.;)'%!0(')(-(/;),>A:!;0!(,!.;0!?%/*$%!;!/(,A!,.;,!(0!.;&5!,*!(')*&%C!

    S*&%*@%&:!,.%!%@%),0!*-!`/,*?%&!"99L!h/;$%!,*!&%

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    25/74

    !

    "[!

    ! K)!0,+5A()'!,.%!(,(/0!*-!P,*:!;)!($

    5%$*'&;,+&;>!%B(4%!,*!?%!;!A*+,.!()!#>!G>,*a!D*2!

    ;&%!,.%!A*+,.!%)';'%5!()!H*>(@(;)!(,(/0a!F.%!)%B,!0+?=0%/,(*)!2(>>!;55&%00!,.%0%!Y+%0,(*)0C!!

    %

    !"'%D,5&"%,.%P;%/;&,?%2,;#:#1%

    K)!H*>(@(;:!,.%&%!;&%!;>(*)!A*+,.!?%,2%%)!,.%!;'%0!*-!"9!;)5!"7!$;4()'!

    +!(@(;)!A!

    .('.!&(04!-*&!$;&'();>(E;,(*)!eS%)5%E!m!R%&%E:!"998k!S%&4>%:!"99Lk!3;(E;,(*)!;)5!5(0/&($();,(*)!,.;,!,.%!A*+,.!*-!#>!G>,*!-;/%!(0!$+>,(5($%)0(*);>!

    ;)5!/*$%B:!5%&(@()'!-&*$!%/*)*$(/:!/+>,+&;>:!;)5!0*/(;>!-;/,*&0C!K)!;&'+()'!0*:!.%!(5%),(-(%0!;!

    )+$?%&!*-!;0!G>,*!(0!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!;0!;!/(,A!*-!$('&;),0!2.%&%!$*0,!*-!(,0!

    &%0(5%),0!0,(>>!$;(),;()!0,&*)'!/*))%/,(*)0!,*!,.%(&!/+>,+&;>!&**,0C!F.(&5>A:!,.%!A*+,.!;>0*!-;/%!

    $;&'();>(E;,(*)!?%/;+0%!*-!,.%(&!;'%C!F.(0!;0:!-;/%5!?A!A*+,.!;>>!*@%&!

    ,.%!2*&>5C!D*2%@%&:!()!#>!G>,*:!,.(0!-;/,*&!.;0!?%%)!(5%),(-(%5!;0!?%()'!;&>A!($*/;>!)%('.?*&.**5!*&';)(E;,(*)0C!G0!2;0!)*,%5!;?*@%:!,.%0%!

    )%('.?*&.**5!*&';)(E;,(*)0!;&%!;!/%),&;>!$%;)0!,.&*+'.!2.(/.!1;&'I,$!/;)!;/,(@%>A!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    26/74

    !

    "^!

    ,.%!(,(/;>!0A0,%$C!F.+0:!;'%!?%/*$%0!;)!($!/.;))%>!e3;!G>,*:!2.*!;&%!*-,%)!$;&'();>(E%5!2(,.()!,.%(&!*2)!&%0!G>,*:!2.%)!,.%A!0,%!G>,*:!*-,%)!-;/%!%@%)!'&%;,%&!>%@%>0!*-!$;&'();>(E;,(*)!;)5!

    5(0/&($();,(*)C!F.(0!(0!;&>A!,.%!/;0%!2.%)!,.%A!;&%!()!,.%!$*&%!;-->+%),!)%('.?*&()'!/(,A!*-!

    _;!R;EC!!

    !

    J,;#C1;%J1)C#81,*%,.%&"'%D,5&"%

    J(,.()!,.%!>(,%&;,+&%!*)!,.%!0+?M%/,!*-!A*+,.!()!#>!G>,*:!*)%!$;M*&!,.%$%!,.;,!%$%&'%0!(0!,.%!

    /.;&;/,%&(E;,(*)!*-!1;&'I,!A*+,.!;0!.;0!.;@()'!>*2!>%@%>0!*-!!

    0A0,%$!eS%&4>%:!"99ck!O;$;);$+5:!I;&5%);0!m!R&(%,*:!"998k!3;!,*C!G,!,.%!0*/(%,A!>%@%>:!.%!;&'+%0!,.;,!,.%!$*0,!($*00!

    *-!/*)-(5%)/%!()!(,(/(;)0:!,*:!,.%!-*&$;>!(,(/;>!0A0,%$!>;/40!>%'(,($;/A!

    ;)5!/&%5(?(>(,AC!I*)/+&&()'!2(,.!S%&4>%b0!-()5()'0:!O;$;);$+5:!I;&5%);0:!;)5!R&(%,*!e"998f!

    !G>,*C!!

    T(&0,!;)5!-*&%$*0,:!*)%!/%),&;>!-()5()'!)*,%5!?A!O;$;);$+5:!I;&5%);0:!;)5!R&(%,*!e"998f!(0!

    ,.;,!,.%!A*+,.!*-!#>!G>,*!.;@%!;!'**5!+)5%&0,;)5()'!*-!.*2!(,(/0!2*&4C!F.%A!&%/*')(E%:!-*&!

    %B;$%:!,.%!/%),&;>!&*>%!*-!)%('.?*+&.**5!*&';)(E;,(*)0!()!(,(/0!()!#>!G>,*C!F.(0!-()5()'!5(&%/,>A!

    /.;>>%)'%0!;&'+$%),0!$;5%!?A!*,.%&!&%0%;&/.%&0!2.*!.;@%!;&'+%5!,.;,!,.%!A*+,.!*-!#>!G>,*!>;/4!,.%!

    %5+/;,(*)!;)5!+)5%&0,;)5()'!,*!;5%Y+;,%>A!!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    27/74

    !

    "8!

    G>,*:!,.%!)%('.?*+&.**5!*&';)(E;,(*)0!;&%!0%%)!;0!;)!%B>%/,(@%:!;)!%),(,A!,.;,!

    &%!)*,!%)';'%5!()!,.;,!0A0,%$!*-!(,(/0C!!

    O;$;);$+5:!I;&5%);0:!;)5!R&(%,*!e"998f!;&'+%!,.;,!*)%!*-!,.%!/%),&;>!&%;0*)0!-*&!,.(0!(0!,.;,!

    ,.%!A*+,.!.;@%!;!>;/4!*-!/*)-(5%)/%!()!,.%!(,(/;>!0A0,%$k!;$*)'!,.%!A*+,.!0+&@%A%5:!,.%!,2*!$*0,!

    /*$$*)!5%0/&(!G>,*!2%&%!P5(&,Ab!;)5!P/*&&+(0,(/!A!

    ()@*>@%5!()!;!P-*&$;>(0,(/b!-*&$!*-!(,(/0:!,.%A!;&%!0,(>>!@%&A!$+/.!()@*>@%5!()!(,(/0!?+,!;!(,(/0!

    ,.;,!*(E%5!/.;))%>0C!K)!*,.%&!2*&50:!,.%!>;/4!*-!;/,(@%!()@*>@%$%),!()!

    -*&$;>!(,(/0!(0!)*,!,*!?%!/*)-+0%5!2(,.!;@%5!()!;!-*&$!*-!(,(/0!h,.;,!(0!&**,%5!()!,.%!&%5%-()(,(*)!*-!/+>,+&;>!;)5!);,(*);>!(5%),(,AQ!

    eO;$;);$+5:!I;&5%);0:!m!R&(%,*:!"998:!!

    ,2*!0%/,(*)0!*-!,.(0!/.;>!>**4!;,!,.%!0+?M%/,!-&*$!;!?&*;5%&!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    28/74

    !

    "c!

    -;/,*&0!;)5!!G>,*:!?+,!()!H*>(@(;!;)5!()!,.%!&%'(*)!;0!;!

    2.*>%C!!

    !

    TPQ!R!&8F!#?:E6;H!9AB!&;9A:J6;=9E?6A!6J!(F:?:E9A@F!?A!26D?L?9!

    X1+8'$#*,^%D,5)%8,:')&-%$"1;;%*,%;,*A')%.''%$%),!(0!)*,!0*$%,.()'!,.;,!(0!)%2C!K)!-;/,:!

    ,.%&%!%B(0,0!;!>*)'!.(0,*&A!*-!&%0(0,;)/%!,.;,!/;)!?%!5;,%5!?;/4!,*!,.%!68c6!0(%'%!*-!,.%!/(,A!*-!_;!R;E!

    ,.;,!2;0!>%5!?A!GA$;&;!>%;5%&0!F+();!O(0;C!F+>A!l+>(;)!

    G%;5%&0!2.*0%!-**,0,%:!"998fC!T&*$!S;&/.!,*!`/,*?%&!68c6:!,.%!;),(=

    /*>*)(;>!()5('%)*+0!()0+&&%/,(*)!>;(5!0(%'%!*)!,.%!/(,A!*-!_;!R;E!-&*$!,.%(&!?;0%!()!#>!G>,*C!K)!,.%!%)5:!

    .*2%@%&:!>;/4()'!+&?;)!;>>(%0:!,.%A!2%&%!+);?>%!,*!0+//%00-+>!0%(E%!,.%!/*>*)(;>!/(,A!eT;&,.()':!

    G&?*);:!m!V*.>:!"99cfC!1%@%&,.%>%00:!,.%!0A$?*>(/!($%';/A!,.;,!.;0:!;)5!/*),()+%0!,*:!&%0*);,%!>*+5>A:!;&>A!;$*)'!H*>(@(;b0!()5('%)*+0!

    %!,.%&%!.;0!?%%)!;!0,&*)'!,&;5(,(*)!*-!&%0(0,;)/%:!(,!(0!($!;/,*&0!?%.()5!,.%!&%0(0,;)/%!.;@%!/.;)'%5!*@%&!,($%C!F.%&%-*&%:!,*!';()!;!'&%;,%&!

    +)5%&0,;)5()'!*-!,.%!/+&&%),!-*&$0!*-!&%0(0,;)/%:!(,!(0!.%>!,*!,;4%!;!0,%

    ,&;)0-*&$;,(*)!*-!&%0(0,;)/%!()!H*>(@(;C!!!

    !

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    29/74

    !

    "7!

    O()/%!,.%!(@(;)!&%@*>+,(*)!()!67[":!*)%!*-!,.%!$*0,!!0*/(;>!;/,*&0!()!

    H*>(@(;!2;0!*&';)(E%5!>;?*&!eG&/%!m!W(/%:!"997fC!K)!;&:!,2*!*-!,.%!$;()0!0*+&/%0!*-!

    *;,(*)!;)5!5%$(0%!*-!*&';)(E%5!>;?*+&!()!H*>(@(;C!F.%!TOFSHb0!;)5!

    I`Hb0!>*00!*-!(0$!,.&*+'.*+,!,.%!&%'(*)!

    eH;&&:!"99[fC!H+,!&;,.%&!,.;)!0($A!.;@()'!,.%!%--%/,!*-!5%(,(/(E()'!*&!5%$*?(>(E()'!/(@(>!0*/(%,A:!

    ;0!$;)A!.;@%!;&'+%5!2*+>5!.;@%!?%%)!,.%!%--%/,!*-!$;&4%,=*&(%),%5!&%-*&$:!H*>(@(;!.;0!/>%;&>A!

    5%$*)0,&;,%5!.*2!)%*>(?%&;>(0$!.;0!()!-;/,!h&%(,(/(E%5!/*>>%/,(@%!(,(/;>!;/,(@(,AQ!eG&/%!m!W(/%:!

    "997:!,;)%*+0>A!p5%?(>(,;,()'q!

    /%&,;()!,AA!&%%-,!;)5!0%%$%5!,*!()/+>/;,%!*00!2(,.()!%!,*!$*+),!0*$%!

    &%0(0,;)/%CQ!F.%!5%$(0%!*-!*&';)(E%5!>;?*+&!.%>%@;,%!,.%!%!;)5!&*>%!*-!(,(/;>!%/,*&;>!(,(/0!eI&;?,&%%:!"99[fC!N+&()'!,.(0!(,(*)!'*@%&)$%),0!

    5*$();,%5!,.%!(,(/;>!0A0,%$:!2.(/.!'&%;,>A!/*),&(?+,%5!,*!,.%!%0,;?>(0.$%),!*-!(,(/;>!0,;?(>(,AC!

    F.%0%!0;$%!/*;>(,(*)0:!.*2%@%&:!;>0*!h0%&@%5!,*!%--%/,(@%>A!0.+,!*+,!,.%!*

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    30/74

    !

    L9!

    ,.%!5%/(0(*)=$;4()'!(@(;)!!0A0,%$!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!2(,.!

    .;@()'!0,&*)'!?;&&(%&0!,*!'%)+()%!(@(;b0!(,(/;>!

    >;)50/;(@(;b0!,.(&5!>;&'%0,!/(,A:!>*/;,%5!()!,.%!.%;&,!*-!,.%!/*+),&AC!

    O()/%!,.%!%;&>A!"9 ,.!/%),+&A:!,.%!%$!*-!2;,%&!;@;(>;?(>(,A!;)5!,.%!5(--(/+>,>A!*-!$;);'()'!(,0!

    %Y+(,;?>%!5(0,&(?+,(*)!.;0!?%%)!;!/%),&;>!(,(/;>!;)5!0*/(;>!(00+%!()!,.%!I*/.;?;$?;!@;>>%A!

    eI&;?,&%%:!"99[fC!W;

    `)!O%>()'!(,!,*!/A51$%A0,!-*&!,.%!$*),.0!*-!$;00!!()@%0,$%),0!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    31/74

    !

    L6!

    eI&;?,&%%:!"99[fC!T*&!$;)A!*-!,.%!&%0(5%),0!*-!I*/.;?;$?;:!2.%&%!,.%!$*),.>A!$()($+$!2;'%!(0!

    s^9:!:!"998fC!!!

    `)!1*@%$?%&!Z,.:!6777:!'&*+*0()'!*--!;//%00!,*!,.%!$;M*&!;&,%&(%0!()!;)5!*+,!*-!,.%!/(,AC!

    J.;,!()(,(;>>A!?%';)!;0!;!"Z=.*+&!:!"998fC!G-,%&!$*),.0!*-!5!?%,2%%)!

    '*@%&)$%),!*--(/(;>0!;)5!>%;5%&0!-&*$!,.%!X,,)A!&%@%&0%5!,.%!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    32/74

    !

    L"!

    /*)0%Y+%),>A:!$;&4%5!,.%!?%'())()'!*-!;!)%2!2;@%!*-!(@(;C!K)!,.%!-*>>*2()'!A%;&0:!,.;,!

    2;@%!*-!,($;,%>A!/+>$();,%5!()!,.%!U;0!J;&!*-!#>!G>,*!()!"99L:!5%0/&(?%5!()!O%/,(*)!LC6C!!

    !

    F;4%)!;0!;!2.*>%:!H*>(@(;b0!>;,%0,!2;@%!*-!-(>>!(@()'!0,;)5;&50!;)5!%/*)*$(/!(0$!(0!;>0*!0,&*)'>A!(@(;!;0!?%)%-(,()'!,.%!0*/(;>>A:!%/*)*$(/;>>A:!

    ;)5!(,(/;>>A!!2.(>%!,.%!(?%&;>(E;,(*)!;)5!,.%!0*!?%%)!,.%!%$!*-!&%(@(;b0!>;,%0,!%!2%&%!+>,($;,%>A!h&**,%5!()!;!0%)0%!*-!

    ()%Y+;>(,A:!%B/>+0(*)!;)5!5(0/&($();,(*):!;)5!()!;!(,(/;>!0A0,%$!,.;,!\!5%0!.;5!0,&*)'!?;&&(%&0!e-*&$;>!;)5!()-*&$;>f!,*!'%)+()%!(E;,(*)!;)5!;?*+&!,.&*+'.!,.%!(-%&;,(*)!;)5!

    ($%$%),;,(*)!*-!)%*>(?%&;>!(/(%0!;>0*!/&%;,%5!0!;/,*&0!,*!%$%&'%!eH;&&:!

    "99[fC!W;,.%&!,.;)!?%()'!>%5!?A!0>A!,.%!/;0%!()!,.%!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    33/74

    !

    LL!

    '&*++5()'!)%('.?*&.**5!;00*/(;,(*)0:!0,+5%),0:!(),%>>%/,+;>0:!;&,(0,0:!2*&4%&0:!;)5!

    &%>('(*+0!'&*+!%B;$()%5!()!O%/,(*)!LCLfC!X)(,()'!,.(0!

    5(@%&0%!'&*+(?%&;>!$*5%>!;)5!

    ,.%!5(00;,(0-;/,(*)!2(,.!(,0!5%$*/&;,(/!()0,(,+,(*)!,*!;5%Y+;,%>A!&%(@(;)!(,(/;>!0,;?(>(,A!,.;,!

    /.;&;/,%&(E%5!$+/.!*-!,.%!67c90!;)5!67790!()!H*>(@(;!2;0!?&*4%)!;0!*&5();&A!H*>(@(;)0!?%';)!,*!

    &%5(0/*@%&!,.%!A!?%/*$%!;!/%),&;>!-*&/%!

    2(,.()!H*>(@(;)!(,(/;>:!;&>A!()!>('.,!*-!,.%!,&;)0-*&$;,(*)!*-!&%0(0,;)/%!()!H*>(@(;C!K)!-;/,:!

    ,.(0!(0!;!(@(;!;)5!,.&*+'.*+,!,.%!&%'(*)C!!

    !!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    34/74

    !

    LZ!

    TPT!R!&8F!(?:F!9AB!(FL9D6;?X9E?6A!6J!.AB?NFA6>:!.BFAE?EH!

    J(,.()!,.%!>(,%&;,+&%!*)!H*>(@(;:!;!-();>!,.%$%!,.;,!K!2(0.!,*!.('.>('.,!(0!;)!*)'*()'!(@(;!?+,!,.&*+'.*+,!_;,()!G$%&(/;C!T&*$!I.(;%:!()!&%/%),!A%;&0:!()5('%)*+0!

    $*@%$%),0!.;@%!$*@%5!-&*$!,.%!!;)5!%/*)*$(/!/*),%B,!

    ,.;,!;>>*2%5!,.%!()5('%)*+0!/*$$+)(,(%0!,*!0/;>%!+

    "99c:!%!,*!0/;>%!+5()'!0,&*)'!&%'(*);>!;)5!);,(*);>!*&';)(E;,(*)0:!,.%&%?A!'(@()'!

    ,.%$0%>@%0!;!!(,(/;>!@*(/%!e_+/%&*:!"99cfC!W%;/()'!,.%!*>5!0*/(;>!$*@%$%),!?;0%5!*)!

    />;00:!,.(0!)%2!0*/(;>!$*@%$%),!%--%/,(@%!&%0+>,%5!()!,.%!h%,.)(/(0;,(*)Q!*-!(,(/;>!(@(;:!;0!;&0!.;@%!*?0%&@%5!,.;,!$*&%!;)5!

    $*&%!H*>(@(;)0:!;&>A!-&*$!+&?;)!/%),%&0:!;&%!(5%),(-A()'!,.%$0%>@%0!;0!?%()'!()5('%)*+0C!

    1+$%&*+0!0,+5(%0!.;@%!5%$*)0,&;,%5!.*2!(,!(0!@%&A!/*$$*)!-*&!()5('%)*+0!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    35/74

    !

    L[!

    (5%),(-A()'!,.%$0%>@%0!;0!()5('%)*+0!2.%)!,.%A!$('&;,%!,*!+&?;)!/%),%&0C!K)!,.%!-;/%!*-!&;/(0$!;)5!

    2%;4%)%5!/*$$+);>!,(%0:!,.%!%--%/,!*-!+&?;)!$('&;,(*)!$*&%!,.;)!*-,%)!&%0+>,0!()!0%!()5('%)*+0!(5%),(-(/;,(*)C!K,!(0!,.%&%-*&%!(),%&%0,()'!,*!0%%!,.;,!,.%!/;0%!*-!H*>(@(;!

    5(&%/,>A!/.;>>%)'%0!,.(0!A!(5%),(-A!,.%$0%>@%0!;0!

    ?%()'!()5('%)*+0!>(@%!()!+&?;)!/%),%&0!eI;)%00;:!"99^fC!J(,.()!#>!G>,*:!;!/(,A!,.;,!(0!+)(Y+%>A!

    /.;&;/,%&(E%5!;0!?%()'!()5('%)*+0:!,.(0!A!%@(5%),C!J.;,!(0!*?0%&@%5:!,.%):!

    (0!;!&(0%!;)5!&%@;>*&(E;,(*)!*-!()5('%)*+0!(5%),(,A:!;&>A!2(,.()!,.%!/*+),&Ab0!/(,(%0!e_;)E;&:!

    "99cfC!!G)5!2.(>%!,.(0!

    ;)5!-+&,.%&!;5@;)/%!,.%!/*>>%/,(@%!&%;&,(/+>;,(*)!;)5!&%@;>*&(E;,(*)!*-!()5('%)*+0!(5%),(,AC!!

    !

    =======================!

    !

    `@%&!,.%!/*+&0%!*-!,.%!>A!;*/;>!

    /*),%B,!2;0!/>*0%>A!%B;$()%5!()!,.(0!/.;

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    36/74

    !

    L^!

    CHAPTER 4 Hip-hop as a Tool of Cultural Resistance

    !F.(0!-*&,.!/.;

    ?%%)!>*/;>>A!;(@(;a!F.%!/.;>!;&'+%!,.;,!.(.;0!?%%)!>*/;>>A!;,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%C!I+>,+&;>!

    &%0(0,;)/%!(0!5%-()%5!.%&%!;0!h/+>,+&%!,.;,!(0!+0%5:!/*)0/(*+0>A!*&!+)/*)0/(*+0>A:!%--%/,(@%>A!*&!)*,:!

    ,*!&%0(0,!;)5i*&!/.;)'%!,.%!5*$();),!(,(/;>:!%/*)*$(/!;)5i*&!0*/(;>!0,&+/,+&%Q!eN+)/*$?%:!

    "99":!!>**4!;,!,.%!;*&%! ",(!.(

    /+>,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%C!T();>>A:!,.%!,.(&5!0%/,(*)!2(>>!%B;$()%! ("-!.(,*!.;0!?%%)!

    ;%$%),0:!2.%)!;04%5:!P2.;,!(0!.(A*+ab!*@%&2.%>$()'>A!,.%!&%0

    #*$&)5+'*&!*&!;!&,,;%,.&*+'.!2.(/.!/.;)'%!/*+>5!?%!;/.(%@%5C!F.(0!(0!,.%!-(&0,!$;M*&!,.%$%!,.;,!

    %$%&'%5!-&*$!,.%!5;,;!,.;,!K!2(0.!.('.>('.,C!T*&!SI!T;5*:!-*&!%B;$%:!.(0;A()'!2.;,!*)%!2;),0!,*!0;AC!hD(;&>A!

    5%-()%0!.(

    2(,.:!.%&!+0%!*-!.(A!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    37/74

    !

    L8!

    .(!/.;)'%C!T*&!G?&;.;$:!

    .(%/,!,.%!,&+,.CQ^!T*&!SI!W%)E*)%:!.(+)5%&0,**5!;0!,**>!-*&!%)5()'!/A/>%0!*-!(,Ak!h2%!)%%5!,*!

    $;4%!,.%!!/.;)'%CQ8!

    G$*)'!;>>!,.%!;&,(0,0!0+&@%A%5:!()!+)5%&0,;)5()'!.(

    .(,*!P5*b!.(!G>,*:!*)%!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!?A!(,A:!&;/(0$:!;)5!5(0/&($();,(*):!;0!

    5(0/+00%5!()!,.%!*2C!G?&;.;$!5%0/&(?%0!.(*-!,.%!!?;0%0:Q!,.%!@*(/%!*-!,.*0%!,.;,!h5*)b,!.;@%!

    ,.%!*%;)!->;'C!K,!5*%0)b,!.;@%!?*&5%&0CQ!W;,.%&:!.%!

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![!1();!X$;:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!T%?&+;&A!"[:!"997!^!G?&;.;$!H*M*&Y+%E:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!#>!G>,*:!T%?&+;&A!"8:!"997!8!SI!W%)E*)%:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!S;&/.!66:!"997!c!G?&;.;$!H*M*&Y+%E:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!#>!G>,*:!T%?&+;&A!"8:!"997

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    38/74

    !

    Lc!

    ;&'+%0:!h(,b0!->;'!(0!*2! 01))#,$CQ7!D((E%5C!G//*&5()'!,*!SI!

    N*)/%)%:!hG,!,.%!2*&>5!>%@%>:!()!;)A!/*+),&A:!;)A!*0%>A!&%>;,%!

    ,*!,.*0%!(00+%0!*-!(,A:!;)5:!()!;&:!&;/(0$C!!

    F.(0!-()5()'!+>,($;,%>A!&%->%/,0!;)5!>()40!?;/4!,*!2.;,!&%0%;&/.!;,!,.%!'>*?;>!>%@%>!.;0!-*+)5:!

    ;0!5%0/&(?%5!()!I.;!+)5%&0,;)5()'!*-!,.%!%>%$%),0!*-!.(

    ='%@*,(%:')-%(';;%&"1&%"#89",8%#$%*,&%,5)$?%05&%('%"1:'%&1@'*%,(*')$"#8%,:')%#&%#*%,*'%.,)+%,)%

    1*,&"')7%`,&%,*;-%#*%2,;#:#1%05&%#*%&"'%(,);

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    39/74

    !

    L7!

    K)!0,+5A()'!;)5!?%,,%&!+)5%&0,;)5()'!.*2!.(>A!;!G>,*!(0!,.;,!.(/*$$%&/(;>(E%5!/+>,+&;>!

    ,*!%)0+&()'!,.;,!.(

    (0!;!>*,!*-!0,&*)'!/&(,(/(0$!,*2;&50!$;()0,&%;$!.(A!-('.,()'!-*&!

    $*)%ACQ6Z!F.(0!/.;&;/,%&(0,(/!*-!.(,*!(0!*-!/&(,(/;>!($>!?%!5(0/+00%5!0.*&,>AC!!

    !

    UPQ!R!#67!89:!8?

    D;@()'!0%%)!-&*$!,.%!

    ;;,%!(),*!,.%!5;A=,*=5;A!&%;>(,A!*-!

    &;,+&%!()!#>!G>,*a!F.;,!(0:!()!$*&%!!,%&$0:!",(%'N1C&;-%#$%#&%&"1&%"#89

    ",8%"1$%0''*%5$'>!;55&%00!,.(0!

    Y+%0,(*)C!T(&0,:!K!2(>>!,;4%!;!0,%!/;)!?%!+0%5!;0!;!,**>!*-!/+>,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%C!O>A:!K!2(>>!

    .('.>('.,!,.%!2*&40!*-!F&(/(;!W*0%:!l;$%0!O/*,,:!R;+>*!T&%(&%:!;)5!G+'+0,*!H*;>C!K)!5*()'!0*:!K!2(>>!

    ,.%)!&%,+&)!,*!,.%!/;0%!*-!#>!G>,*:!>()4()'!,.%!,.%*&%,(/;>!,*!,.%!C!T();>>A:!K!2(>>!/*)/>+5%!,.(0!

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6"!SI!T;5*:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!l;)+;&A!68:!"997!6L!SI!N*/%)%:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!T%?&+;&A!"^:!"997!6Z!!SI!T;5*:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!l;)+;&A!68:!"997 !

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    40/74

    !

    Z9!

    0%/,(*)!?A!.('.>('.,()'!,.&%%!%B;$%0!,.;,!0.*2!.(%!,*!/.;>>%)'%!;,(*)0!,.&*+'.!0*/(;>!

    ,&;)0/&(;&'%!,.&*+'.!2.(/.!*,+&;>!/*5%0!,*!/*$$%),!*)!;)5!/.;>>%)'%!

    ;0;)'+;'%!;)5!*,.%&!$*5%0!*-!/*$$+)(/;,(*)!;A!()!,.%!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    41/74

    !

    Z6!

    0+0,%);)/%:!5%0,;?(>(E;,(*):!;)5!0,&+''>%!*@%&!/;)!;/,!;0!;!/*+),%&=.%'%$*)(/!-*&/%!,.+0!;/,()'!;0!h;!/*),%$A!

    ,.%!&;,+&%!()!#>!G>,*!(0!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!;0!?%()'!;!850;#C!,&;)0/&(

    ;5%Y+;,%>A!&%->%/,0!,.%!/;0%!*-!#>!G>,*C!1%@%&,.%>%00:!,.%!2*&4!*-!W*0%!;)5!O/*,,!5*%0!?&()'!,*!>('.,!

    ;)!($(/!

    ,&;)0/&(!,&;)0/&(

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    42/74

    !

    Z"!

    %)/*+&;'%!0,+5%),0!,*!,.()4!/&(,(/;>>A:!,*!;);>AE%!0*/(;>!/*)5(,(*)0:!;)5!,*!%@;>+;,%!()-*&$;,(*)!\!

    ;&>A!()-*&$;,(*)!&%>;,%5!,*!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    43/74

    !

    ZL!

    *A!&%0(,AC!F.%!.(,*!;&%!,.%&%-*&%!;?>%!,*!/*),&(?+,%!,*!

    /.;)'%!?A!;/,(@%>A!+0()'!&;,($;,%>A:!(,!(0!;)!

    $%;)0!*-!1C,*C!

    F.;,!?%()'!0;(5:!,.%!0,+5A!*-!&;,+&%!()!#>!G>,*!.;0!0.*2)!,.;,!,.%&%!

    (0!;)*,.%&!@%&A!($%$%),!,.;,!(0!%$%),!*-!/&(,(/;>! )'.;'C,*C!F.(0!(0!

    0*$%,.()'!,.;,!(0!*-,%)!*@%&>**4%5C!D(%$%),k!.(!%B0*!>A!,.()4!;?*+,:!;);>AE%:!;)5!%@;>+;,%!,.%(&!0*/(;>:!(,(/;>:!

    /+>,+&;>:!;)5!%/*)*$(/!&%;>(,A:!?*,.!()5(@(5+;>>A!;)5!/*>>%/,(@%>AC!N+)/*$?%!e"99":!,+&%!

    5!)*,!?%!%)';'%5!()!,.(0!

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6[!G?&;.;$!H*M*&Y+%E:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!#>!G>,*:!T%?&+;&A!"8:!"997!6^!SI!T;5*:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!l;)+;&A!68:!"997

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    44/74

    !

    ZZ!

    %/,(*)!;)5!;/,(*)C!K!5*:!.*2%@%&:!2(0.!,*!5&;2!;,,%),(*)!,*!,.%!($%!*-!,.(0!

    ;&,!-*&$!()!,.%0%!!%/,(*)!;)5!;/,(*)!(0!0*$%,.()'!&%>;,%5!,*!.(

    )*,!0*$%,.()'!,.;,!(0!&%;>>A!;>>!,.;,!+)(Y+%!,*!,.%!/;0%!*-!#>!G>,*C!K)!*&5%&!,*!&%;>>A!+)5%&0,;)5!.*2!

    #>!G>,*!5(--%&0!-&*$!*,.%&!.(A!()!,.%!+0%!*-!.(;/,(*):!K!2(>>!)*2!>**4!,*!,.%!2*&4!*-!,.%;,&%!5(&%/,*&!;)5!2&(,%&!G+'+0,*!H*;>C!!

    !

    N&;2()'!.%;@(>A!-&*$!,.%!2*&4!*-!T&%(&%:!G+'+0,*!H*;>!e67c[f:!;)5!.(0!2*&4!,(,>%5!!"'1&)'%

    ,.%&"'%K88)'$$'A0(0!(0!

    >()4%5!,*!,.%;,&%:!H*;>!5*%0!;)'+;'%:!,.%A!/;)!;>0*!5(0/*@%&!

    )%2!/*)/%:!67c[:!;00%0!,**4!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    45/74

    !

    Z[!

    X)>(4%!$;)A!*,.%&!$+0(/;>!-*&$0:!;,!(,0!/*&%!&;A!;//%00(?>%C!G0!G);!S;&(;!

    -&*$!,.%!T+)5;/(*)!O*>*):!;)!1U`!?;0%5!()!_;!R;E!2.*!.;0!2*&4%5!2(,.!1;&'I,!&;>!;)5!,.%A!.;@%:!>%,b0!0;A:!;)!;&,(0,!!,&;()()'C!G)5:!

    ;0!1();!X$;!%C!!

    G)5!2.(>%!,.%!/&%;,(*)!;)5!/*)0+$%!,*!;)A*)%:!

    2.%)!5%-()%5!()!/*$$%&/(;>(E%5!,%&$0:!,.%!;//%00(?(>(,A!,*!,.%!/&%;,(*)!;)5!/*)0+$($(,%5k!

    ;!5(@(5()'!2;>>!(0!/&%;,%5C!F.*0%!2.*!2(0.!,*!P/*)0+$%b!e&%;5g!)*2!?%!;?>%!,*!P/*)0+$%b!e&%;5g!,+&;>!(,A!

    /*$$*5(-;?>%!.(!*0+&%!*-!,.%!/*$$*)0Q!2.%&%!;&,:!;)5!.(0>A:!?%/*$%0!,.%!@*(/%!*-!;!h%'%5!0%/,*&!*-!0*/(%,A:!;0!*>!

    (0!()/&%;0()'>A!?%()'!?&*4%)C!F.%&%!;&%!;!)+$?%&!*-!-;/,*&0!/*),&(?+,()'!,*!,.(0C!G&'+;?>A!,.%!$*0,!

    ($!(,A!-*&!,.*0%!2.*!2(0.!,*!/&%;,%!.(

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    46/74

    !

    Z^!

    .**/;>!

    &;*'(/;>!/.;)'%0!;>0*!-+&,.%&!%&*5%!,.%!5(@(5()'!2;>>C!`)>()%!-(>%!0.;&()':!-*&!%B;$%:!.;0!

    ;>>*2%5!;//%00!,*!-&%%!.(

    >%';>>AfC!K)!;55(,(*):!,.%!0*)'0!*-!$*0,!*-!,.%!>*/;>!;&,(0,0!;&%!-&%%>A!;//%00(?>%!*)!2%?0(,%0!0+/.!;0!

    +-$81C'C!!

    F.(0!?>+&&()'!*-!,.%!5(@(0(*)0!.;0!?%%)!/%),&;>!()!%!,*!+0%!.(

    H*;>:!&;

    >(?%&;,(*)C!G0!H*;>!e67c[:!C!H%)M;$()!0;2:!h,.;,!,.%!$*0,!&;5(/;>!*-!/*),%),!

    /*+>5!?%!;00($(>;,%5!;)5!,.+0!)%+,&;>(E%5!(-!A!&;5(/;>!/+>,+&%!2;0!*)%!,.;,!

    /*+>5!h,&;)0/%)5!,.%!0(E;,(*)!()!,.%!,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%C!!

    !

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    47/74

    !

    Z8!

    T&*$!;!,.%*&%,(/;>!/+>,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%!,.&*+'.!%/,(*)!;)5!;/,(*)C!K)!>()4()'!,.%*&A!,*!A!(0!.(!G>,*a!!

    G0!;)!;&,(0,(/!%B(0!)*,!M+0,!;!-*&$!*-!/+>,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%!?+,!;!-*&$!*-! C)'1:'%/+>,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%7%K)!I.;%B(?(>(,A!;)5!;5;(,A!*-!.(!*@%&!,.%!2*&>5:!.(/*),()+%0!,*!?%:!&%2*&4%5!;)5!&%0.;!G>,*:!*)!;!&%'+>;&!

    ?;0(0:!/*),()+%!,*!,.()4!*-!)%2!2;A0!*-!&%2*&4()'!.(A:!(,!(0!/>%;&!,.;,:!()!;!!

    0%)0%:!,.%&%!(0!)*!*)%=2;A!,*!+0%!.(,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%C!F*!,&A!,*!(5%),(-A!M+0,!*)%!

    $%,.*5!2*+>5!?%!,*!$(00!,.%!

    ;?(>(,A!*-!,.%!;&,(0,!,*!/.;>>%)'%!,.%!0,;,+0!Y+*!?A!&%2*&4()'!,.%!;&,!-*&$:!+0()'!(,!,*!&%->%/,!;)5!,*!

    ;/,:!()/*&%!,*!;,.&*+'.!,.%!2*&4!*-!H*;>f!*-!.(*20!(,!,*!?%!+0%5!()!;!2(5%!@;&(%,A!*-!2;A0C!!

    J(,.()!,.%!/;0%!*-!#>!G>,*:!K!.;@%!0%%)!,.*0%!2.*!.;@%!+0%5!(,!;0!;!,**>!,*!&%->%/,:!@%),:!;)5!

    (E%C! ,.%&0!0,(>>!.;@%!+0%5!(,!,*!?+(>5!

    /*$$+)(,A:!+)(,%5!()!,.%!/&%;,(*)!;)5!/*)0+$!.('.>('.,!

    ,.&%%!%B;$%0!*-!.*2!.(,*!.;0!?%%)!+0%5!;0!;!,**>!*-!/+>,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%C!G0!;!

    2.*>%:!,.%0%!%B;$%0!0.*2!,.%!+0%!*-!.((E%5!$;))%&C!!

    !!!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    48/74

    !

    Zc!

    J)1CC1;%PN1+8;'$%%

    F.%!-(&0,!%B;$%!(0!;!0%&(%0!*-!.(5!&+)!;!

    0%&(%0!*-!2*&40.*A:!;&%!;$*)'!

    ,.%!$*0,!$;&'();>(E%5!$%$?%&0!()!H*>(@(;)!0*/(%,A:!.;@()'!/*$$(,,%5!0%&(*+0!*--%)/%0:!()/>+5()'!

    $+&5%&C!K)!;55(,(*)!,*!,%;/.()'!,.%!A*+,.!,.%!.(0,*&A!;)5!,.%!%>%$%),0!*-!.(

    2*+>5!&;()%0C!hI&;EA!,.()'0!?%';)!,*!/*$%!*+,:!@%&A!(),%&%0,()':!,.;,!()!*)%!-*&$!*&!;)*,.%&!

    &%->%/,%5!>(-%!2(,.()!,.%!%!,*!0;A:!PTuuu:!Kb@%!$;5%!;!$(0,;4%C!Kb@%!$;5%!;!

    $(0,;4%C!G)5!K!,&+>A!2;),!,*!/.;)'%CbQ!T&*$!.(0!*2)!>(-%!;)5!-&*$!.(0!%B

    ,.%!%!,*!+0%!&;!,*!

    :'*&!;)5!8),&'$&C!I*>>%/,(@%>A:!,.%):!&;!*-! '+8,(')+'*&!-*&!,.%!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    49/74

    !

    Z7!

    F.(0!-(&0,!%B;$%!/;)!?%!>()4%5!,*!;!'&*2()'!?*5A!*-!>(,%&;,+&%!*)!,.%!0+?M%/,!4)*2)!;0!

    D(%):!"99[k!O,*4%0!m!U;),:!"99"k!FA0*):!"99"fC!DDF!/;)!?%!+)5%&0,**5!

    ;0!h;)!())*@;,(@%:!/+>,+&;>>A=0%)0(,(@%!,%/.)(Y+%Q!-+0()'!.(

    ;5:!,.%!+0%!*-!

    .(

    '!1U`!?;0%5!()!_;!R;E!

    ,.;,!+0%0!;&,:!/+>,+&%:!;)5!/&%;,(@(,A!,*!->('.,!-*&!0*/(;>!M+0,(/%C!F.%A!2*&4!2(,.!;&,(0,0!,*!;55&%00!4%A!

    >*/;>!(00+%0!()!H*>(@(;C!W%/%),>A:!,.%!1U`!/*>>;?*&;,%5!2(,.!;!'&*+!G>,*!,*!+0%!

    .(A:!,.%!

    Z5*

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    50/74

    !

    [9!

    ,.%!IN!(0!/;>>%5!F#)1%;,%45'%$,+,$!eP_**4!;,!2.;,!2%!;&%bf ?!2&(,,%)!?A!1();!X$;C!F.%!?%;,!*-!,.%!

    0*)'!(0!;!0;$%!-&*$!;!,A;00!)%('.?*+&.**5!()!_;!R;EC!F.%!Nl!;04%5!2.(/.!?%;,!,*!4!*+,!;)5i*&!,.;,!.%!2*+>5!?%!>A!.;&$%5C!T();>>A:!)%;&!,.%!%)5!*-!,.%!

    )('.,:!;-,%&!$+/.!5%>(?%&;,(*):!,.%!Nl!&%>+/,;),>A!;A%5!,.%!0*)'C!`)/%!0.%!0,;&,%5!&;**&CQ"9!!

    F.(0!%B;$%!(>>+0,&;,%0!%B;/,>A!2.;,!,.%!'*;>!(0!*-!,.%!IN:!;)5!,.%!2*&4!*-!,.%! Z5*%C!K,!(0!;?*+,!&;(0()'!;2;&%)%00!;)5!/&%;,()'!5(;>*'+%!;?*+,!(00+%0!,.&*+'.!;&,:!()!

    ,.(0!/;0%!&;,($;,%>A:!0*$%!/&%;,(@(,AC!!!

    !

    T();>>A:!;!,.(&5!%B;$%!(0!,.%!=1-*1%!1+0, :!;!/+>,+&;>!/%),%&i&;5(*!0,;,(*)!()!#>!G>,*C!F.%!

    =1-*1%.;0!?%/*$%!*)%!*-!,.%!/%),&;>!0

    G>,*C!F.%!/%),%&!.;0!;A%5!;!@%&A!($

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    51/74

    !

    [6!

    &%;>!/;,;>A0,!-*&!,.%!$*@%$%),b0!5%@%>*+%;&>A!.*0,%5!.(

    .(

    K)!,.(0!-();>!%B;$%:!.(A*+,.!*-!#>!G>,*!;)5!0+,+&%!;0!0*$%,.()'!,.;,!(0!0.;&%5k!h(,!?%/*$%0!;!-*/;>!

    5!;!/*$$+)(,ACQ!F.%!%B;$%!*-!,.%!=1-*1%!1+0,!%B%$(-(%0!,.(0!

    2.%&%!,.%!/+>,+&%!*-!.(*/;>!/+>,+&%:!.;0!/&%;,%5!;!@%&A!,('.,=4)(,!

    /*$$+)(,A:!;!;/%!,*!)%,2*&4!;)5!h?+(>5!)%2!!0%/,(*)!*-!,.(0!/.;>!;)02%&!,.(0!Y+%0,(*)C!!

    !!!

    !!!!!!!

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"6!1();!X$;:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!T%?&+;&A!"[:!"997!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    52/74

    !

    ["!

    UPT!R!+8H!89:!8?

    F.(0!0%/,(*)!;&'+%0!,.;,!,.%!>*/;>!;+>,($;,%>A!;!&%->%/,(*)!*-!,.%!/*),%B,!()!#>!G>,*C!K)!*,.%&!2*&50:!,.%!0*/(;>:!(,(/;>:!%/*)*$(/:!;)5!

    /+>,+&;>!%)@(&*)$%),!.;0!?%%)!!()!0.;!+,(*)!*-!.(()!#>!G>,*C!H%-*&%!%B;$()()'!,.%0%!,2*!0+?M%/,0:!.*2%@%&:!K!2(>>!-(&0,!?&(%->A!>**4!;,!,.%!.($*@%$%),!()!#>!G>,*!-&*$!;!?&*;5%&!

    K)!0,+5A()'!,.%!.(,*:!(,!(0!($(@(;)!.(:!,.%!$*@%$%),0!;&%!/>%;&>A!5(--%&%),!

    /*$!G>,*C!H&*;5>A!0

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    53/74

    !

    [L!

    (,(/;>C!S+0(/;>>A:!(,!.;0!$*&%!*-!;!&%'';%,*)!-%%>C!G//*&5()'!,*!,.*0%!0+&@%A%5:!,.%!.(#>!G>,*!(0!$*&%!;?*+,!-;0.(*):!$;4()'!;!);$%!;)5!@;&*:!;!>*/;>!0*+)5!%)'()%!2.*!

    .;0!2*&4%5!2(,.!&;,*C!G>,%&);,(@%:!.%!)*,%0:!(-!A*+!,;4%!;)!;&,(0,!-&*$!#>!G>,*!,*!

    O;),;!I&+E:!h(,b0!)*,!'*()'!,*!2*&4:!(,!2;A!,**!(,(/;>CQ ""!F.%!-;/,*&!%B;()()'!,.(0!5(--%&%)/%:!

    ;//*&5()'!,*!;>>!,.%!%@%>0!*-!(,A:!;)5!5(0/&($();,(*)!-*+)5!()!#>!G>,*!;&%!)*,!,.%!0;$%C!G0!W%)E*)%!*?0%&@%0:!hF.%A!5*)b,!

    >(@%!*+&!&%;>(,A:!.*2!;&%!,.%A!'*()'!,*!0()'!;?*+,!(,CCC!K,b0!)*,!?%/;+0%!(,!(0!)*,!($!(,:!,.%A!.;@%)b,!>(@%5!(,CQ "L!F*!

    ';()!;!'&%;,%&!+)5%&0,;)5()'!*-!.*2!,.%!/*),%B,!.;0!0.;*/;>!.(,*:!,.%!

    )%B,!>!>**4!;,!,.%!$*,(@;,(*)0!*-!,.%!.(,*C!!!

    %

    F,:1,*$!

    J.%)!*)%!%B;$()%0!,.%!$*,(@;,()'!-;/,*&0!-*&!2.A!,.%!.(,*!5*!2.;,!

    ,.%A!5*:!(,!(0!%B,&%$%>A!/>%;&!,.;,!(,!(0:!()!>;&'%!A!;!&%0(0,;)/%C!K,!(0!+0%5!;0!

    ;)!()0,&+$%),!,*!/.;)'%!,.%!%B(0,()'!0*/(;>:!/+>,+&;>:!%/*)*$(/:!;)5!(,(/;>!0,&+/,+&%C!J.A!(0!,.;,!

    ,.%!/;0%a!K,!(0!?%/;+0%!,.*0%!0,&+/,+&%0!;&%!*)%0!,.;,!.;@%!*-,%)!>%5!,*!,.%!/&%;,(*)!;)5i*&!

    %B;/%&?;,(*)!*-!(,A:!;)5!&;/(0$C!!

    #@%&A!.((@()'!()!#>!G>,*C!h1*!*)%!/;&%0!

    ;?*+,!,.%!>(@%0!*-!,.%!;$%),%5!,*!$%C!hG)5!?%/;+0%!*-!,.;,!K!?%';)!

    ,*!5*!&;

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    54/74

    !

    [Z!

    ,.%&%!(4%!,.(0a!J.A!;&%!,.%&%!(@%5!;)5!,.;,!(0!/;

    .(,*C!!

    !

    !

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"[!1();!X$;:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!T%?&+;&A!"[:!"997 "^!X"1*A,!(0!0>;)'!-*&!A*+)'0,%&!"8!SI!T;5*:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!l;)+;&A!68:!"997!"c!SI!T;5*:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!l;)+;&A!68:!"997!"7!SI!W%)E*)%:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!S;&/.!66:!"997 !

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    55/74

    !

    [[!

    KC&,0')%fWWg%1*,*C!T*&%@%&!,&;)0-*&$()'!,.%!/(,A:!(,!(0!)*,!0+&%5!;)'%&!;)5!&;'%:!

    ,.+0!0

    hO;)/.%E!5%!_*E;5;b0!5%

    /*),%B,:!-*&!;>>!H*>(@(;)0:!()/>+5()'!,.%!.(K,!(0!;>0*!(),%&%0,()'!,*!0%%!,.;,!,.%!$%00;'%0!;)5!$%;)()'0!*-!,.%!0*)'0!&;5(/;>>A!

    ,&;)0-*&$%5!2(,.!,.%!%@%),0!*-!"99LC!H%-*&%!"99L:!,.%!/%),&;>!,.%$%!*-!,.%!0*)'0!/%),%&%5!*)!

    ;55&%00()'!,.%!5(0/&($();,(*)!-%>,!;';()0,!,.%!.(A!-*&!,.%(&!0,A>%!*-!

    5&%00C!K,!2;0!$*&%!;?*+,!(00+%0!,.;,!5(&%/,>A!($O:'%;#:'%%"1:'%0'C,+'%C,*$C#,5$%1*%"1:'%$''*%

    &"1&%#&O$%*,&%35$&%10,5&%+'?%&"')'%1)'%,&"')$%1;$,7%2'C15$'%,.%&"1&?%>%1;$,%(1*&%&,%()#&'%;-)#C$%

    &"1&%*&'):#'(%(#&"%T/+15&1U?%1;&'I,%"#89

    ",8%1)$&?%/8)#;%h%fWWhc% eO;$;);$+5:!I;&5%);0!m!R&(%,*:!"998:!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    56/74

    !

    [^!

    F.&*+'.!,.%!&%;--(&$;,(*)!*-!,.%!%5!,*!,.%!&(0%!;)5!

    0,&%)',.%)()'!*-!;!'&%;,!)+$?%&!*-!)%2!0*/(;>!;/,*&0C!I>*0%!0,+5A!*-!&;,+&%!

    0+''%0,0!,.;,:!'(@%)!,.%!2;A!()!2.(/.!.(>A!;%!*-!,.%!)%2!;-*&%$%),(*)%5!0*/(;>!;/,*&0C!F.%!>*/;>!;

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    57/74

    !

    [8!

    CHAPTER 5 The Impact

    %

    !D;@()'!(5%),(-(%5!;)5!%B;$()%5!.*2!&;,+&%!()!#>!G>,*!.;0!?%%)!

    ;

    0%%!,.;,!,.%!0,+5A!;)5!%B*&;,(*)!*-!,.%!($!G>,*!.;0!

    0.*2)!,.;,!,.%!($

    ?;&&(%&0!2(,.!,.%!)*)=.(A!,.*0%!-&*$!*>5%&!'%)%&;,(*)0C!G>@;&*!

    &%$;&40:!hR%&0*);>>A:!K!,.()4!;!?&(5'%!,.;,!/*$$+)(/;,%0!,*!,.%!'%)%&;,(*)0!(0!,.%!(,(/;>!$%00;'%C!

    K)!;)*,.%&!2;A:!,.%!4()'!;?*+,!

    ,.%!$;&'();>(E;,(*):!*-!,.%!%B/>+0(*):!&;/(0$k!,.%&%!(0!;!+;,(*)!*-!.(($>!.('.>('.,!,.&%%!/%),&;>!;&%;0!()!2.(/.!&;,+&%!.;0!

    .;5:!;)5!/*),()+%0!,*!.;@%:!;)!($!G>,*C!!

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!L9!G>@;&*!S*),%)%'&*:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!S;&/.!66:!"997!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    58/74

    !

    [c!

    OPV!R!&8F!(FL9D6;?X9E?6A!6J!.BFAE?EH!

    T>%(1*&%&,%0)'1@%181)&%1;;%&"1&%

    ,.%!;&,(0,0!*-!#>!G>,*:!()!,.%!-;/%!*-!&;/(0$:!5(0/&($();,(*):!;)5!$(0&%%/,(*)!.;0!

    $*&%!,.;)!*-,%)!/%),%&%5!*)!,.%!(00+%!*-!(5%),(,AC!S*&%*@%&:!.(&%0(,AC!S;)A!*-!,.%!A*+,.!.;@%!+0%5!.(%)'%!

    $(0/*)/%(@%5!+%!,.%$0%>@%0C!G0!;)!%B;$%:!$;)A!*-!,.%!;&,(0,0!(),%&@(%2%5!

    5%0/&(?%5!%B5!0%%!,.%0%!

    A*+,.!*)!0,;'%!2(,.!?;''A!/>*,.%0!;)5!,(>,%5!.;,0C!G)5!,.%)!,.%A!2*+>5!0,;&,!&;;'!*-!G)5%;)!(@(;!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    59/74

    !

    [7!

    ,.%(&!/.(>5&%)!,.%(&!$*,.%&!,*)'+%!-*&!-%;&!,.;,!,.%A!2*+>5!?%!5(0/&($();,%5!;';()0,:!,*!.%;&!,.%0%!

    A*+,.!0,;)5!+(/!0Y+;&%!;)5:!*)!,.%(&!*2):!&;!($,0C!G0!O;),*0:!*)%!*-!,.%!/**&5();,*&0!;,!,.%! =1-*1%!1+0,:!)*,%0:!hJ.;,!(0!?%()'!0;(5!,*!,.%$!(0:!

    P3*+!5*)b,!.;@%!?%!%$?;&&;00%5!*-!2.*!A*+!;&%C!_**4!;,!$%C!_**4!;,!$%t!Kb$!)*,!%$?;&&;00%5CbQLL!G0!

    1();!X$;!5%0/&(?%0!(,:!h3*+!4)*2!A*+!;&%!/*$$+)(/;,()'!2(,.!,.%!*)%:!?%/;+0%!()!/*$$+)(/;,()'!2(,.!,.%!

    @%0!2(,.!A*+CQLZ!F.+0:!()!,.(0!

    0%)0%:!.(

    A,#*A%&,%&1@'%8;1C'%(#&"#*%+'%0'C15$'%#&%(#;;%1;$,%C"1*A'%&"'%)';1,*$"#8$%>%(#;;%"1:'%&"'%

    Y,&"')O?%(#&"%&",$'%(",%1)'%O+%A,#*A%&,%$''%"#+%.1C'%&,%.1C'7%>O+%*,&%A,#*A%

    &,%"1*A%+-%"'1O+%*,&%A,#*A%&,%%1+7 L[!%

    F.%!($!G>,*k!(,!()->+%)/%0!,.%!&%>;,(*)0.(;&'%C!

    !

    G0!;!2.*>%!,.%):!.(!>%@%>!

    2.;,!(0!.;

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    60/74

    !

    ^9!

    O;),*0!)*,%0!*-!,.%!/*),%B,!()!#>!G>,*:!h,.(0!(00+%!*-!5(0/&($();,(*):!,.(0!(00+%!*-!&;/(0$!2;0)b,!*)>A!

    ($-=5%@%0:!;&%!)*,!;?>%:QLc!)*,%0!O;),*0C!H+,!,.&*+'.!%/,(*)!;)5!;/,(*):!;)5!,.&*+'.!

    %B

    h,.;,!-*&!$*&%!,.;)![99!A%;&0:!.;@%!?%%)!0,%

    *//+&&()'!;,!;!&%'(*);>!>%@%>C!F.%!($?&*;5%&!/*+&0%!*-!0*/(;>!/.;)'%C!K)!,.(0!0%/,(*)!K!5*:!.*2%@%&:!2(0.!,*!.('.>('.,!;)5!%$%!()!,.(0!A!;$*)'!,.%!A*+,.C!!!

    !

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!L8!O;),*0!S*(0%0!I;>>%M;0:!_;!R;E:!S;&/.!"Z:!"997!Lc!O;),*0!S*(0%0!I;>>%M;0:!_;!R;E:!S;&/.!"Z:!"997!L7!G?&;.;$!H*M*&Y+%E:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!#>!G>,*:!T%?&+;&A!"8:!"997

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    61/74

    !

    ^6!

    OPQ!R!&8F!%;F:F;L9E?6A!6J!&;9B?E?6A9D!">DE>;F!

    D,5%+1-%0'%1*%5)01*%/-+1)1%05&%-,5%1)'%/-+1)17%%

    /*(/;,(*)0!*-!,.%!5*$();,(*)!*-!

    (),%&);,(*);>!$%5(;!?A!,.%!J%0,C!W%0%;&/.!5%$*)0,&;,()'!,.%!*)%=2;A!->*2!*-!/+>,+&;>!5b!0*2!*-!

    /+>,+&;>!*?;>!1*&,.!,*!,.%!U>*?;>!O*+,.!>%5!,*!h;!0(,+;,(*)!2.%&%?A!,.%!$%5(;!

    *-!;5@;)/%5!/;(0,!%/*)*$(%0!2%&%!;?>%!,*!0+?0,;),(;>>A!()->+%)/%:!(-!)*,!;/,+;>>A!5%,%&$()%:!,.%!

    );,+&%!*-!/+>,+&;>!!

    (00+%!-*&!$;)A!()5('%)*+0!5:!()/>+5()'!()!H*>(@(;C!T*&!$;)A!()!#>!G>,*:!

    ,.%!(),%&);,(*);>!(-%&;,(*)!*-!J%0,%&)!/+>,+&%!.;0!?%%)!&%/*')(E%5!;0!;!0(')(-(/;),!,.&%;,!,*!

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Z9!1();!X$;:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!T%?&+;&A!"[:!"997!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    62/74

    !

    ^"!

    >*/;>!/+>,+&;>!(5%),(,AC!G?&;.;$!;&'+%0:!hF.%!,+&;>!(5%),(,A!(0!>(4%!;!

    %!5*%0!.(

    F.%&%!;&%!0*$%!2.*!.;@%!;&'+%5!,.;,!.(

    K)!*,.%&!2*&50:!(,!(0!0+''%0,%5!,.;,!&;,+&%!(0!;!,**>!*-!J%0,%&)!/+>,+&;>!

    ($(0$C!G0!0+/.:!*)%!$;A!.A5!,.&%;,%)!

    ,.%!()5('%)*+0!/+>,+&%0C!K)!%B*&()'!,.%!/;0%!*-!#>!G>,*:!(,!(0!,.%&%-*&%!(),%&%0,()'!,*!0%%!,.;,!&;

    $+0(/!;)5!.(

    ;)5!!,*!%B;()()'!,.(0!;,%!%@%)()':!2;>4()'!5*2)!,.%! J)15!

    )%B,!,*!$1;&'I1$Z":!O;),*0!,+&%0!;&%!()!;!/*)0,;),!!*-!GA$;&;!/+>,+&%g!

    ;)!%BA!,.%(&0C!D*2%@%&:!2.%)!*)%!>**40!?;/4!.(0,*&(/;>>A:!,.%! 8,;;')1%2;0!

    )*,!0*$%,.()'!,.;,!2;0!*&('();>>A!,.%(&0C!K,!2;0!($%M;0:!_;!R;E:!S;&/.!"Z:!"997 ZZ!H'I,)1$%>%M;0:!_;!R;E:!S;&/.!"Z:!"997

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    63/74

    !

    ^L!

    G0!1();!X$;!;,%&!;550:!h3*+!

    $;A!?%!;)!+&?;)!GA$;&;!?+,!A*+!;&%!GA$;&;C!G)5!,.;,!(0!0*$%,.()'!@%&A!5(--(/+>,!,*!&%$*@%C!G)5!

    ($;'()%:!;-,%&![99!A%;&0:!,.%A!.;@%!)*,!?%%)!;?>%!,*!&%$*@%!(,CQ Z^!

    F.&*+'.!,.%!-+0(*)!*-!.(*/;>!/+>,+&%:!&;

    @%.(/>%!+0%5!?A!,.%!A*+,.!*-!#>!G>,*!,*!&%/*))%/,!2(,.!,.%(&!/+>,+&;>!&**,0!()!;!)%2!2;AC!F.%!A*+,.!

    *-!#>!G>,*!.;@%!)*,!0($A!&%(/;,%5!,.%!PG$%&(/;)!$*5%>b!*-!.(()5('%)*+0!/>*,.%0!*)!0,;'%:!*&!2.%)!,.%A!()/*&!$+0(/!%>%$%),0!;0!!G>,*!;&%:!()!,.%(&!*2)!2;A:!;--(&$()'!;)5!%00%)%5!/+>,+&;>!.*$*'%)%(,A!;)5!()!-;/,!

    ,+&;>!5(@%&0(,A:!,.+0!5(&%/,>A!/.;>>%)'()'!,.%!$%5(;!($(0$!,.%0(0C!!

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Z^!1();!X$;:!;+,.*&!(),%&@(%2:!_;!R;E:!T%?&+;&A!"[:!"997!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    64/74

    !

    ^Z!

    OPT!R!&8F!/6@9D?X9E?6AK!$;E?@>D9E?6AK!9AB!%9;E?@?E8!

    B,(%C1*%-,5%0'%"'1)

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    65/74

    !

    ^[!

    F.&*+'.!%B,%&);,(@%!/.;))%>0!

    ,.&*+'.!2.(/.!,.%A!;&%!;?>%!,*!,+&%:!;!&%0(0,;)/%:!/;)!,.+0!?%!+)5%&0,**5!;0!;!$%;)0!*-!

    ?&%;4()'!?;&&(%&0!,*!(,(/(;)0:!-*&!%B;$%:!

    .;@%!0,;&,()'!+0()'!.(()!#>!G>,*!*&!_;!R;E!;)5!.%;&!;!(,(/;>!$%00;'%!?%()'!&;*/;>!;&,(0,0!,*2;&50!,.%!P$(0+0%b!*-!.(,*!/&%;,%!;!0*/(;>!*&!(,(/;>!PM()'>%bf:!.(

    ()!5(0/+00(*)0!*-!0*/(;>:!(,(/;>:!/+>,+&;>:!;)5!%/*)*$(/!(00+%0C!G0!;!2.*>%!,.%):!.(+)5%&0,**5!;0!;!2;A!,*!/*+),%&!2.;,!.;0!?%%)!5%0/&(?%5!;0!h@*(/%!(,A!*-!

    +%)/%!,.%!5%/(0(*)0!,.;,!;--%/,!,.%(&!>(@%0:!;)5!,.%!&('.,!,*!0*!

    @%&A!$+/.!;)!;/,(@%!0*+&/%!*-!/.;)'%C!F.&*+'.!(,0!;!&%0(0,;)/%:!.(!/+>,+&%:!;)5!,.%!

    @*/;>(E;,(*):!;&,(/+>;,(*):!;)5!,*!(0!

    ,.+0!$*&%!,.;)!M+0,!;!$(&&*&!*-!&%;>(,Ak!(,!(0!;>0*!;)!($!

    /.;)'%:!;!2;A!,*!&%0(,AC!F;4%)!,*'%,.%&:!;0!?*,.!;!&%->%/,(*)!;)5!;!0*+&/%!*-!/.;)'%:!

    .(

    !!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    66/74

    !

    ^^!

    CHAPTER 6 Conclusion

    !ZPV!R!&8F!S9?A!,?AB?AN:!

    F.(0!,.%0(0!.;0!;&'+%5!,.;,!&;,+&%!.;0!?%%)!;,+&;>!&%0(0,;)/%!.;0!?%%)!5%-()%5!;0!h/+>,+&%!,.;,!(0!

    +0%5:!/*)0/(*+0>A!*&!+)/*)0/(*+0>A:!%--%/,(@%>A!*&!)*,:!,*!&%0(0,!;)5i*&!/.;)'%!,.%!5*$();),!

    (,(/;>:!%/*)*$(/!;)5i*&!0*/(;>!0,&+/,+&%Q!eN+)/*$?%:!"99":!

    *5C!K)!,.%!0,+5A!*-!,.%!'>*?;>!

    5(--+0(*)!*-!.(

    /+,=;)5=b!?+,!&;,.%&!(0!>*/;>>A!;!%B,+&%:!>;)'+;'%:!>A&(/;>!/*),%),:!$+0(/:!;)5!%,.)(/!

    0A$?*>0:!&%->%/,()'!>(@%5!/*)5(,(*)0:!%B*/;>(E%5bf!-*&$!*-!/+>,+&%!%B,*:!H*>(@(;!2;0!/>*0%>A!%B;$()%5C!F.(0!$;M*&!+&?;)!

    /%),%&!>*/;,%5!()!H*>(@(;b0!1;1*,!.;0!?%%)!/.;&;/,%&(E%5!?A!!()%Y+;>(,A:!&;/(0$:!;)5!

    %B/>+0(*)C!G0!;!+)(Y+%>A!()5('%)*+0!/(,A:!,.%!$;&'();>(E;,(*)!,.;,!(,0!&%0(5%),0!-;/%!(0!)*,!*)>A!

    %/*)*$(/!;)5!0*/(;>!?+,!;>0*!/+>,+&;>C!K)!,.%!-;/%!*-!,.(0!%)@(&*)$%),:!,.&*+'.!%@%),0!0+/.!;0!,.%!

    U;&!J;&!()!"99L:!#>!G>,*!.;0!?%/*$%!;!0A$?*>!*-!,.%!(,AC!F.%!U;&!J;&!&%(@(;:!*)%!,.;,!?%';)!2(,.!,.%!J;,%&!J;&!()!"999C!X)>(4%!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    67/74

    !

    ^8!

    '&*+)%*>(?%&;>!$*5%>!;)5!,.%!5(00;,(0-;/,(*)!2(,.!(,0!5%$*/&;,(/!()0,(,+,(*)0!,*!;5%Y+;,%>A!&%(@(;!!G>,*!%$%&'%5C!!

    F.+0!'(@%)!,.;,!&%0%;&/.!;&*+)5!,.%!2*&>5!.;0!5%$*)0,&;,%5!,.;,!.(>A!

    ;

    ?&()'!;?*+,!/.;)'%!,*!?&*;5%&!(,(/;>:!%/*)*$(/:!;)5i*&!0*/(;>!0,&+/,+&%0C!N&;2()'!-&*$!,.%!2*&4!

    *-!R;+>*!T&%(&%:!K!;&'+%5!,.;,!,.&*+'.!%/,(*)!;)5!;/,(*):!,.%!.(

    G>,*!;&%!;?>%!,*!+0%!.(G+'+0,*!H*;>:!,.%!%&*0(*)!?%,2%%)!P0(,AC!K)!,.%!>;0,!0%/,(*)!

    *-!,.%!-*+&,.!/.;

    .(!G>,*:!.;0!/*),&(?+,%5!,*!e6f!,.%!&%@;>*&(E;,(*)!*-!(5%),(,A:!

    e"f!,.%!!/+>,+&%:!;)5!eLf!,.%!@*/;>(E;,(*):!;&,(/+>;,(*):!;)5!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    68/74

    !

    ^c!

    ZPQ!R!,>E>;F!(F:F9;@8!

    G0!;!2.*>%:!,.%!.(,*!.;0!&%/%(@%5!@%&A!>(,,>%!;,,%),(*)!-&*$!,.%!

    ;/;5%$(/!/*$$+)(,AC!F.%&%!;&%!0,(>>!;!)+$?%&!*-!5(--%&%),!;@%)+%0!*-!&%0%;&/.!,*!?%!%B*&%5!

    2(,.()!,.(0!@%&A!(),%&%0,()'!0+?M%/,C!F.(0!-();>!0%/,(*)!2(>>!%B*&%!;&%;0!*-!-+,+&%!&%0%;&/.C!!

    T*&!,.(0!0,+5A:!K!.;@%!-*/+0%5!*)!,.%!%>%$%),!*-!&;!G>,*:!.*2%@%&:!*,.%&!

    %>%$%),0!*-!.(0*!';()%5!2(5%0

    ,.%A!?%%)!;:!*)%!*-!,.%!$;M*&!,*5!

    ()/&%;0()'!;//%00!,*!,.%!P$%;)0!*-!

    ?%/*$%!()@*>@%5!()!.(!G>,*!?+,!;&*+)5!,.%!2*&>5a!

    T&*$!;!?&*;5%&!0*!?%!(),%&%0,()'!,*!0%%!.*2!,.%!.(()!#>!G>,*!/*$$+/.!5*%0!,.%!&*>%!*-!/*),%B,!;A!()!0.;

    .(A0(0!;)5!5!*-!

    (),%&);,(*);>!5%@%>*!G>,*!

    ,%;/.!+0!;?*+,!5%@%>*

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    69/74

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    70/74

    !

    89!

    2&(,%0:!hJ(,.!;5%Y+;,%!0*/(;>!*A!0.;A!;0!(-(%0!,.(0C!F.&*+'.!,.%!;,*!.;@%!,;4%)!;!'>*?;>!/+>,+&;>!

    %BA!+0()'!(,!,*!?+(>5!;!?%,,%&!-+,+&%!-*&!,.%(&!/*$$+)(,AC!!

    !

    !

    !!!!!!!!!!!!!

    !!!!!!!!!!

    !!!!!!!

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    71/74

    !

    86!

    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    !G>>%):!1C!e"99[fC!#B*&()'!.(+,*!R&%00C!!!H%)M;$():!JC!e67c^fC!F.%!;+,.*&!;0!(;,()'!2(,.!&;(,(/;>!&;

    "8C!!I;)%00;:!GC!e"99^fC!F*5*0!0*$*0!()5('%);0g!F*2;&50!;!)%2!>;)'+;'%!*-!);,(*);>!(,(/;>!(5%),(,AC!

    25;;'*%,.%G1*%/+')#C1*%\'$'1)C"?%fVe"f:!"Z6="^LC!!!I.;5.;:!_C:!m!V;@**&(:!GC!e"999fC!S%5(;!($(0$!&%@(0(,%5g!O*$%!-()5()'0!-&*$!,.%!G0(;)!/;0%C!

    F'!$*@%$%),0!()!H*>(@(;C!1%2!3*&4g!F.*$0*)!U;>%C!

    !N;)'>:!HC!e"998fC!!"'%8)#C'%,.%.#)'[%\'$,5)C'%(1)$%1*;)5g!GV!R&%00C!!!N%)0/*$?%:!SC!e"998fC!!"'%A,,

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    72/74

    !

    8"!

    !U**5;>%:!SC!e"99^fC!W%/>;($()'!$*5%&)(,Ag!K)5('%)*+0!/*0$*(,;)(0$!;)5!,.%!/*$()'!*-!,.%!

    0%/*)5!&%@*>+,(*)!()!H*>(@(;C!/+')#C1*%P&"*,;,A#$&?%ggeZf:!^L7=^Z7C!!D;+,+&;>!$*@%$%),!(0!

    %@*>@()'!(),*!(,(/;>!+81$$'%#*%2,;#:#1[%`',;#0')1;%"'A'+,*-%1*%0!;)5!;!0*/(;>!$*@%$%),g!J&(,()'!.((@(;C!

    K)!GC!H%??()',*):!GC!N;)(:!GC!D;;):!m!SC!J;>,*)!e#50Cf:! >*$&5,*1;%81&"(1-$%&,%'45#&-[%/,+&%C!E,5)*1;%

    ,.%25$#*'$$%\'$'1)C"?%hl:!"ZL="[LC!!

    `0+$;&%:!DC!e"996fC!H%;,!0,&%%,0!()!,.%!'>*?;>!.**5g!I*))%/,(@%!$;&'();>(,(%0!*-!,.%!.(

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    73/74

    !

    8L!

    O;>;E;&:!lC!e"997fC!O%>-=5%,%&$();,(*)!()!!$;4()'!*-!()5('%)*+0!$%5(;C!a':';,8+'*&%#*%J)1CC'?%lneZ=[f:![9Z=[6LC!

    !O;$;);$+5:!lC:!I;&5%);0:!IC:!m!R&(%,*:!RC!e"998fC!E,:'*'$%-%8,;#C1%'*%P;%/;&,[%G1%$503':#%!X)(@%&0(,A!R&%00C!!!O%):!GC!e6777fC!a':';,8+'*&%1$%.)''%0!*)!,.%!DKdiGKNO!%

    &%;/.()'!G-&(/;)=G$%&(/;)!;5*>%0/%),!'(&>0C!/.)#C1*%/+')#C1*%\'$'1)C"%J')$8'C:'$?%ce"f:!89=c6C!

    !FA0*):!#C!e"99"fC!D(*&;,*&A!0,+5A!*-!;!&;

    ;)5!5%>()Y+%),!A*+,.C!E,5)*1;%,.%J,'&)-%!"')18-?%lVeLf:!6L6=6ZLC!!J%?%%&:!lC!e"99[fC!_%-,=()5('%)*+0!0,&+''>%0!()!H*>(@(;g!O%;&/.()'!-*&!&%@*>+,(*);&A!5%$*/&;/AC!

    F,*&";-%\':#'(?%VjeZf:!LZ=ZcC!!3;

  • 8/7/2019 IDSD01 - Thesis - April 16 - reduced size

    74/74

    !

    PHOTOS

    !`,&'%d%/;;%8",&,$%8),8')&-%,.%15&",)%

    %

    !,?N>;F!V!C!F.%!;+,.*&!e>%-,f!2(,.!G?&;.;$!()!,.%!?**,.!;,!,.%!J;A);!F;$?*!

    !!