ics-forth november 5, 2007 1 the cidoc crm, a new standard for knowledge sharing martin doerr...

1ICS-FORTH November 5, 2007

The CIDOC CRM, a New Standard for

Knowledge Sharing

Martin Doerr

Foundation for Research and Technology - HellasInstitute of Computer Science

ER2007 Auckland, New ZealandNovember 5, 2007

Center for Cultural Informatics


The CIDOC CRMOutline

Information Integration – Epistemic Networks

Motivation Example – the Yalta Conference

Scope and Form of the CIDOC CRM

Presentation of contents

Methodology

Applications

Conclusion


Primary Topic: Development of information systems for access to and reuse of the combined (factual) knowledge from complementary, heterogeneous, cross-disciplinary sources (in contrast to aggregation under subjects).

to find integrated knowledge and produce new knowledge, to provide evidence for new hypotheses or verify or challenge old hypotheses.

As needed in historical and cultural heritage studies, archaeology, biodiversity, geo-sciences, e-science in general, business intelligence…(sciences build models from data, not from models!)

Secondary Topic: Good practice of modelling information systems that are easy to be integrated.

Idea: The ultimate goal of users seeking information is not to get an “object” but to understand a topic. Understanding is built on associations. Associations are found in database records, digital objects, metadata or indices.

The CIDOC CRM A view on Information Integration


Association can be categorical or factual:

Categorical: Richly exploited by Semantic Web technology, limited use for information access! (e.g., “smoking causes cancer”). Limited integration.

Factual associations concatenate to meaningful (“epistemic”) networks: can support context-based hypothesis building, cross-disciplinary search etc. (e.g. “John smoked with 20”, …30.. 40”. “John had lung cancer with 60”)

Requisites for a global epistemic network of knowledge:

1. A sufficiently generic global model, i.e. a core ontology with the relevant relationships. (topic of this tutorial)

2. Methods to populate the network: knowledge extraction / data transformation.

3. Methods of negotiating and preserving identifier equivalence across data sources.

The CIDOC CRM A view on Information Integration


The CIDOC CRM Stages of the Knowledge Life-Cycle

Information acquisition needs:

— sequence and order, completeness, case-specific language and constraints to guide and control data entry.

— ergonomic documentation units, optimized to specialist needs— work-flow on series of analogous items, item-centric.— Low interoperability needs (capability to be mapped!)

Integration / comprehension needs epistemic networks:

— break up document boundaries, relate facts to wider context,

— match shared identifiers of items, aggregate alternatives— no preference direction of search, no cardinality constraints.— High interoperability needs (mapping to a global schema)

Interpretation, story-telling, hypothesis building

— explore context, paths, analogies (orthogonal to data acquisition)

— present in order, resolve alternatives (enforce constraints)— deduction and induction


Typical Objection:

Ontologies are domain specific, there are no global ontologies !– This is not true….

We regard suitable knowledge engineering and management as the key. We distinguish:

1. Core ontologies for “schema semantics”, such as: “part-of”,”located at”,”used for”, “made from”. They are small (hundreds) and rich in relationships that structure information and relate content.

2. Ontologies that are used as “categorical data” for reference and agreement on sets of things, rather than as means of reasoning, such as: “basket ball shoe”, “whiskey tumbler”, “burma cat”, “terramycine”. They do not structure information. They allow to cluster, more than to integrate (millions of classes).

3. Factual background knowledge for reference and agreement as objects of discourse, such as particular persons, places, material and immaterial objects, events, periods, names (billions of particulars, simple identity).

The CIDOC CRM Feasibility of Epistemic Networks


The CIDOC CRM Epistemic Networks: orthogonal to sources

Actors Events Objects

extractedfactual knowledge

(network)

“Categorical data”(Thesauri) extentthe core ontology

Sources and

metadata

Factual BackgroundKnowledge /“Authorities”

Core Ontology relationships,language neutral,

global

terms, multilingual, domain specific

curated evolving!

domaininformation


Ontologies are formalized knowledge: clearly defined concepts and relationships about real possible states of affairs of a domain. “Semantics” is the world they refer to (“ontological commitment”), and not a set of logical rules! (e.g., what is an event?)

Ontologies describe a reality, independent from context and performance! A subset of an ontology should not be regarded as another ontology! Incommensurable concepts belong to different ontologies (e.g., waves and particles)

Information models are not ontologies! They abbreviate, denormalize, select. E.g.: “DC.creator”, “birthday/birthplace”, “destination” in the MIDAS schema (UK monuments records).

Ontologies can be understood by people and processed by machines to enable data exchange, data integration, query mediation.

We will show that at least one small, global and highly expressive core ontology exists for epistemic networks!

The CIDOC CRM What is an ontology?


It must be crafted by deep knowledge engineering, generalizing in a bottom-up manner from real, specific data structures as empirical base to find the true generic structures across multiple domains.

It should contain only classes needed to describe relationships. It should be independent from the meaning of local terminology (e.g., event, period).

It should support Local as View integration. It must fit rich and poor models under one common logical frame-work (IsA for relationships!)

It should be small enough to limit the complexity of mediator systems. This can only be achieved by appropriate generalizations.

Information integration can be achieved by an “extensible core ontology of relationships” that provides shared explanation rather than prescription of a common data structure (avoiding local optimization needs!).

We show that at least one small, global and highly expressive core ontology exists for epistemic networks!

The CIDOC CRM A Core Ontology for Schema Semantics


The CIDOC CRM ISO21127

The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (ISO21127:2006)

Developed by the CRM Special Interest Group of the International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of the International Council of Museums (ICOM), following an initiative of ICS-FORTH, Heraklion, Crete.

Is a core ontology describing the underlying semantics of over a hundred database schemata and structures from all museum disciplines, archives and libraries..

It is result of 15 years interdisciplinary work and agreement.

In essence, it is a generic model of recording of “what has happened” in human scale, i.e. a class of discourse.

It can generate huge, meaningful networks of knowledge by a simple abstraction: history as meetings of people, things and information.

It bears surprise: Minimal or no specialization allows for covering new domains.


The CIDOC CRM Historical Archives….

Type: TextTitle: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference Title.Subtitle: II. Declaration of Liberated Europe Date: February 11, 1945.Creator: The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The President of the United States of AmericaPublisher: State DepartmentSubject: Postwar division of Europe and Japan

“The following declaration has been approved:The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert… ….and to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world…… “

DocumentsMetadata

About…


The CIDOC CRMImages, non-verbose objects…

Type: ImageTitle: Allied Leaders at Yalta Date: 1945Publisher: United Press International (UPI)Source: The Bettmann ArchiveCopyright: CorbisReferences: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Photos, Persons

Metadata

About…


The CIDOC CRM Places and Objects

TGN Id: 7012124Names: Yalta (C,V), Jalta (C,V) Types: inhabited place(C), city (C)Position: Lat: 44 30 N,Long: 034 10 EHierarchy: Europe (continent) <– Ukrayina (nation) <– Krym (autonomous republic)Note: …Site of conference between Allied powers in WW II in 1945; ….Source: TGN, Thesaurus of Geographic Names

Places, Objects

About…

Title: Yalta, Crimean PeninsulaPublisher: Kurgan-LisnetSource: Liaison Agency


The CIDOC CRM Explicit Events, Object Identity,

Symmetry

P14 performed

P11 participated in

P94 has created

E31 Document“Yalta Agreement”

E7 Activity

“Crimea Conference”

E65 Creation Event

*

E38 Image

P86 falls within

P7 took place at

P67 is referred to by

E52 Time-Span

February 1945

P81 ongoing throughout

P82 at some time within

E39 Actor

E39 Actor

E39 Actor

E53 Place7012124

E52 Time-Span

11-2-1945


The CIDOC CRM Outcomes

The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model

An ontology of 80 classes and 132 properties for culture and more

With the capacity to explain dozens of (meta)data formats

Accepted by ISO TC46 in Sept. 2000, now international standard ISO 21127:2006.

Serving as:

intellectual guide to create schemata, formats, profiles

A language for analysis of existing sources for integration/mediation:

“Identify elements with common meaning”

Transportation format for data integration / migration / Internet


The CIDOC CRM The Intellectual Role of the CRM

Legacy systems

Legacy systems

Databases

World Phenomena

?

Data structures &Presentation models

Conceptualization

abstracts fromapproximates

explains,motivates

organize

refer to

Data in various forms


The CIDOC CRM is a formal ontology (defined in TELOS)

But CRM instances can be encoded in many forms: RDBMS, ooDBMS, XML, RDF(S).

Uses Multiple IsA – to achieve uniqueness of properties in the schema.

Uses multiple instantiation - to be able to combine not always valid combinations (e.g. destruction – activity).

Uses Multiple IsA for properties to capture different abstractions of relationships.

Methodological aspects:

Classes are only introduced as anchors of properties or if structurally relevant).

Frequently found joins (shot-cuts) of complex data paths are modeled explicitly. Note the redundancy!

The CIDOC CRM Encoding of the CIDOC CRM


The CIDOC CRM Data Example (e.g. from Extraction)

Transfer of Epitaphios GE34604 (entity E10 Transfer of Custody, E8 Acquisition Event

P28 custody surrendered by Metropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara

P23 transferred title from

P29 custody received by Museum Benaki

P22 transferred title to

Exchangeable Fund of Refugees P2 has type national foundation

P14 carried out by

Exchangeable Fund of RefugeesP4 has time-span

GE34604_transfer_time

P82 at some time within 1923 - 1928

P7 took place at

Greece

nation republic

P89 falls within Europe

continent

TGN data

P30 custody transferred through, P24 changed ownership through

Epitaphios GE34604 (entity E22 Man-Made Object)

P2 has type

P2 has type

)E39 Actor(entity

)E39 Actor(entity

)E39 Actor(entity

P40 Legal Body )(entity

E55 Type )(entity

E55 Type )(entity

E55 Type )(entity

E55 Type )(entity

Metropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara

)E39 Actor(entity

E53 Place )(entity

E53 Place )(entity

E52 Time-Span )(entity

E61 Time Primitive)(entity

Multiple Instantiation !


The CIDOC CRMTop-level Entities relevant for Integration

participate in

E39 Actors

E55 Types

E28 Conceptual Objects

E18 Physical Thing

E2 Temporal Entities

E41

Ap

pel

lati

ons

affect or / refer to

refer to / refine

refe

r to

/ i d

ent i f

ie

location

atwithinE53 Places

E52 Time-Spans


The CIDOC CRMExample: The Temporal Entity Hierarchy


The CIDOC CRM Example: Temporal Entity

E2 Temporal Entity

Scope Note:

This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time.

In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

Note: Primitive Concepts are defined by texts!


The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity- Main Properties

E2 Temporal Entity Properties: P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span

E4 Period Properties: P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place

P9 consists of (forms part of): E4 Period P10 falls within (contains): E4 Period

E5 Event Properties:

P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor

E7 Activity

Properties: P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E7

Activity P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type

23ICS-FORTH November 5, 2007 SS

tt

CaesaCaesar’s r’s mothemotherr

CaesCaesarar

BrutuBrutuss

BrutusBrutus’ ’ daggedaggerr

coherence coherence volume of volume of Caesar’s Caesar’s deathdeath

coherence coherence volume of volume of Caesar’s Caesar’s birthbirth

The CIDOC CRM Historical Events as Meetings…


tt

ancientancientSantoriniSantorinianan househouse

lava andlava andruinsruins

volcanovolcano

coherence coherence volume of volume of volcano eruptionvolcano eruption

coherence coherence volume of volume of house house buildingbuilding

Santorini - AkrotitiSantorini - Akrotiti

The CIDOC CRM Deposition Events as Meetings…


tt

runnrunnerer

11stst AthenianAthenian

coherence volume coherence volume of first of first announcementannouncement

coherence coherence volume of the volume of the battle of battle of Marathon Marathon

MarathonMarathon

otherotherSoldiersSoldiers

AthensAthens

22ndnd AthenianAthenian

coherence volume coherence volume of second of second announcementannouncement

Victory!Victory!!!!!

Victory!Victory!!!!!

The CIDOC CRM Information Exchange as Meetings…


The CIDOC CRM Partial Hierarchy of Participation

Properties

PROPERTY

P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at)

P11 had participant (participated in)

P14 carried out by (performed)

P22 transferred title to (acquired title through)

P23 transferred title from (surrendered title of)

P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through)

P29 custody received by (received custody through)

P96 by mother (gave birth)

P99 dissolved (was dissolved by)

FROM TO

E5 Event E77 Persistent Item

E5 Event E39 Actor

E7 Activity E39 Actor

E8 Acquisition E39 Actor

E8 Acquisition E39 Actor

E10 Transfer of Custody E39 Actor

E10 Transfer of Custody E39 Actor

E67 Birth E21 Person

E68 Dissolution E74 Group


The CIDOC CRM Termini postquem / antequem

Pope Leo I AttilaAttila

meetingLeo I



Birth ofLeo I

Birth ofAttila

Death ofLeo I

Death ofAttila

** P4 has time-span (is time-span of)

**

P4 has time-span

(is time-span of)

P100 was d

eath of

(died in)

P100 was death of

(died in)

P98 brought into life

(was born) P98 brought into lif

e

(was b

orn)

**

P4 has time-span (is time- span of)

P82 at some time

within

P82 at some timewithin AD453AD453AD461

AD452

before

beforebefore

before

Deduction: before

P11 had participant:

P93 took out of existence:

P92 brought into existence:



Identification of real world items by real world names.

Classification of real world items.

Part-decomposition and structural properties of Conceptual &

Physical Objects, Periods, Actors, Places and Times.

Participation of persistent items in temporal entities.

— creates a notion of history: “world-lines” meeting in space-time.

Location of periods in space-time and physical objects in space.

Influence of objects on activities and products and vice-versa.

Reference of information objects to any real-world item.

The CIDOC CRMA Classification of its Relationships


The CIDOC CRM Activities and inherited properties

E55 Type

E1 CRM EntityE62 String

E7 Activity

P3 has note

P2 has type (is type of)

0,1 0,n 0,n

0,n

E5 Event

E55 Type

P3.1 has type

E59 Primitive Value

E39 ActorP14 carried out by(performed)

1,n0,n

P14.1 in the role of

E.g., “Field Collection”

E.g., “photographer”

E41 Appellation


The CIDOC CRM Activities: Acquisition

P52 has current owner(is current owner of)

P51 has former or current owner(is former or current owner of)

E55 TypeE1 CRM EntityE62 String

E7 Activity

E8 Acquisition

E39 Actor E18 Physical Thing

P3 has note P2 has type (is type of)

0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n

P22 transferred title to (acquired title through)

0,n

0,n 0,n

0,n

0,n 0,n

0,n

0,n

1,n

0,n

E5 Event

P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through)

P24 transferred title of (changed ownership through)


1,n

0,n

E55 Type

P3.1 has type

P14.1 in the role ofNo buying and selling,

only one transfer !


The CIDOC CRM Activities: Move

P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of)

E18 Physical Thing

E7 Activity

E9 Move

E53 Place E19 Physical Object

P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of)

P55 has current location (currently holds)

P26 moved to (was destination of)

1,n

0,n 0,n

0,n

0,n

1,n

0,1

0,n

1,n

1,nP27 moved from (was origin of)

P25 moved (moved by)

E55 TypeP21 had general purpose

(was purpose of)

0,n 0,n

P20 had specific purpose(was purpose of) 0,n

0,n

0,n 0,1

E5 PeriodP7 took place at

(witnessed)1,n

0,n

the whole path !


The CIDOC CRM Activities: Measurement

P140 assigned attribute to(was attribute by)

E16 Measurement

E13 Attribute Assignment

E70 Thing E54 Dimension

P43 has dimension(is dimension of)

0,n 1,1

1,n 0,n1,10,n

P39 measured(was measured by)

P40 observed dimension(was observed in)

0,nP141 assigned

(was assigned by)

0,n

E1 CRM Entity

0,n

E1 CRM Entity

0,n

E58 Measurement Unit E60 Number

P90 has value

1,1

0,n

P91 has unit(is unit of)

1,1

0,n

Deduction ! (“shortcut”)

The CRM contains a model of scientific observation.In general a reification problem: “Who said what?” in the same model with the proposition.

*


The CIDOC CRM Activities: Modification/Production

E57 MaterialE29 Design or Procedure

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

E55 Type

E18 Physical Thing

E12 Production

E11 Modification

E7 Activity E39 Actor

P68 usually employs(is usually employed by)

0,n 0,n

P126 employed(was employed in)

0,n 0,n

1,n

0,n

0,n

0,n

0,n

0,n

1,n

0,n

1,n

1,1


P108 has produced(was produced by)

P31 has modified(was modified by)

P33 used specific technique (was used by)

P45 consists of(is incorporated in)

1,n 0,nP14 carried out by(performed)

P69 is associated with

0,n0,n

P32 used general technique(was technique of)

Things may be different from

their plans

Materialsmay be lost or altered!


The CIDOC CRM Ways of Changing Things

E18 Physical Thing

E11 Modification

P111 added (was added by)

E80 Part Removal

P110 augmented (was augmented by)

E24 Ph. M.-Made Thing

P113 removed

(was removed by)

P112 diminished (was diminished by)

E77 Persistent ItemE81 Transformation

E64 End of Existence E63 Beginning of Existence

P124 transformed (was transformed by)

P123 resulted in(resulted from)

P92 brought into existence(was brought into existence by)

P93 took out of existence(was taken o.o.e. by)


E79 Part Addition

missing: description of growth !


The CIDOC CRM Taxonomic Discourse

E28 Conceptual Object

E7 Activity

E17 Type Assignment E55 Type

P136 was based on

(supported type creation)

P42 assigned (was assigned by)

E1 CRM Entity

E83 Type Creation

E65 Creation Event

P137 is exemplifiedby (exemplifies)

P41 classifie

d

(was classified by)

P94 has created (was created by)

P135 created type (was created by)

P136.1 in the taxonomic role P137.1 in the

taxonomic role


The CIDOC CRM Things

material

immaterial


The CIDOC CRM Visual Contents and Subject

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

E55 Type

E1 CRM Entity

P62 depicts

(is depicted by)

P62.1 mode of depiction

P65 shows visual item (is shown by)

E36 Visual Item

P138 represents(has representation)

E73 Information Object

E38 Visual Image

P67 refers to (is referred to by)

E84 Information Carrier

P128 carries (is carried by)

P138.1 mode of depiction


The CIDOC CRM What is a Place

E53 Place

A place is an extent in space, determined diachronically with regard to a larger, persistent constellation of matter, often continents -

by coordinates, geophysical features, artefacts, communities, political systems, objects - but not identical to.

A “CRM Place” is not a landscape, not a seat - it is an abstraction from temporal changes - “the place where…”

A means to reason about the “where” in multiple reference systems.

Examples: figures from the bow of a ship, African dinosaur foot-prints in Portugal


The CIDOC CRM Place

P59 has section

(is located on or within)

P53 has former or current location

(is former or current location of )

P8 took place on or within (witnessed)

E45 Address

E48 Place Name

E47 Spatial Coordinates

E46 Section Definition E18 Physical Thing

E44 Place AppellationE44 Place Appellation

E53 PlaceE53 Place

P88 consists of (forms part of)

P58 has section definition (defines section)

E9 MoveE9 Move

P26 moved to (was destination of)

P27 moved from (was origin of)

P25 moved (moved by)

E12 Production

P108 has produced (was produced by)

P7 took place at (witnessed)

E24 Physical Man-Made ThingE19 Physical Object

E4 Period1,n

0,n

1,n

1,1

1,n

0,n

1,n

1,n

0,n

0,n

1,n

0,n

0,n

0,1

0,n

0,n

0,n

0,n

1,1 0,n

P87 is identified by (identifies)

0,n

0,n

P89 falls within (contains)

0,n

0,n

Where was Lord Nelson’s ring when he died?


The CIDOC CRMTime Uncertainty, Certainty and Duration

time

before


P81 ongoing throughout

after

“int

ensi

ty”

Duration (P83,P84)

E2 Temporal Entity E52 Time SpanP4 has time-span(is time-span of)

P86 falls within(contains)

E61 Time PrimitiveP81 ongoingthroughout

P82 at sometime within


Epistemological aspects:

Select concepts and network structure to increase monotonicity of schema and data under increase of knowledge:

— IsA: increase of stability (“it’s at least a thing”) / subclass: increase of knowledge

— prefer transitions over states

— aggregate opinions as propositions (relations)

— Avoid replication of properties

— Do not accept exceptions in the IsA hierarchy

The CIDOC CRM Methodological aspects


Bottom-up development:

Driving force: generalization of the domain and range of relationships.

Avoid overgeneralization: Reduction of domain is not monotonic!! (such as

“resource” in DC, “Manifestation” in FRBR)

Real data structures as empirical base lead to relevant selection of

robust concepts (Robust against change of context/view).

Surprise: Normalization of knowledge to physical reality, such as absolute time

& space, causality, etc., does not work. Empirical information is discrete and

incomplete, in whatever domain. Model units of knowledge as described by

humans.

Most robust concepts are names, things handled, events. Relations are more

uncertain.

The CIDOC CRM Methodological aspects


Generally: Many ontologies are lacking empirical base, have a functionally insufficient

system of relationships (terminology driven), lack of functional specifications.

The CRM misses concepts that are not in the empirical base (e.g., contracts), but it

detects concepts that are not lexicalized (e.g.,”Persistent Item”), because functionally

needed.

DOLCE: Lexical base, intuition. Very good theoretically motived logical description.

Foundational relationships. Overspecified relationships (e.g., modes of participation). Bad

model of space-time. Strong overlap with CRM.

BFO: Philosophically motivated. Poor model of relationships. Notion of a precise,

deterministic underlying reality. Empirically verification dificult. Strong overlap with CRM

IndeCs, ABC Harmony: Small ontologies, event centric, strong overlap with CRM

(harmonized!).

SUMO: Large aggregation of concepts without functional specifications.

The CIDOC CRM Differences to other ontologies


E52 Time-Span

1898

E53 Place

France (nation)

E21 Person

Rodin Auguste

E52 Time-Span

1840

E67 Birth

Rodin’s birth

E52 Time-Span

1917P4 has time-span

E69 DeathRodin’s death

E12 Production

Rodin making “Monument to Balzac” in 1898

E21 Person

Honoré de Balzac

E55 Type

sculptors


The “Monument to Balzac” (plaster)

E55 Type

plaster

E52 Time-Span

1925

E55 Type

bronze

E40 Legal Body

Rudier (Vve Alexis) et Fils

E12 Production

Bronze casting“Monument to

Balzac” in 1925

E55 Type

companies

E84 Information CarrierThe “Monument to

Balzac”(S1296)

P108B was produced by

P62 depicts

P16B was used for

P134 continued

P2 has type

P120B occurs after

P4 has time-span

P2 has type

P100B died in

P98B was born

P4 has time-span

P2 has type

P14 carried out by P14 carried out by

P62 depicts

P108B was produced by P2 has type

P7 took place at

P4 has time-span

The CIDOC CRM - ApplicationsExample: Integration with CRM Core


The CIDOC CRM - ApplicationsExample: Integration with CRM Core


Work (CRM Core)Work (CRM Core)..Category = E84 Information CarrierClassification =sculpture (visual work) Classification =plasterIdentification =The Monument to Balzac (plaster)Description =Commissioned to honor one of France's greatest novelists, Rodin spent seven years preparing for Monument to Balzac. When the plaster original was exhibited in Paris in 1898, it was widely attacked. Rodin retired the plaster model to his home in the Paris suburbs. It was not cast in bronze until years after his death.Event Role in Event =P108B was produced by Identification= Rodin making Monument to Balzac in 1898 Event Type = E12 Production Participant Identification =Rodin, Auguste Identification =ID: 500016619 Participant Type = artists Participant Type = sculptors Date = 1898 Place = France (nation) Related event Role in Event =P134B was continued by Identification= Bronze casting Monument to Balzac in 1925Event Role in Event =P16B was used for

Identification= Bronze casting Monument to Balzac in 1925 Event Type = E12 Production Participant Identification =Rudier (Vve Alexis) et Fils Participant Type = companies Thing Present

Identification =The Monument to Balzac (S.1296) Thing Present Type =bronze

Thing Present Type =sculpture (visual work) Date = 1925 Related event Role in Event =P120B occurs after

Identification= Rodin's deathRelation To = Honore de Balzac Relation type refers to

Artist (CRM Core)Artist (CRM Core)..

Category = E21 Person

Classification = artists

Classification = sculptors

Identification =Rodin, Auguste

Identification =ID: 500016619

Event

Role in Event =P98B was born Identification= Rodin‘s birth Event Type = E67 Birth Date = 1840Event Role in Event =P100B died in Identification= Rodin‘s death Event Type = E69_Death Date = 1917 Related event Role in Event =P120 occurs before Identification= Bronze casting Monument to Balzac in 1925

CRM Core, aminimal metadata

element set


Type: textTitle: Mapping of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to the CIDOC CRMCreator: Martin DoerrPublisher: ICS-FORTHIdentifier: FORTH-ICS / TR 274 July 2000Language: English

Example: Partial DC Record about a Technical Report

The CIDOC CRM -Application LAV Mapping: DC to CIDOC CRM


was created byis i

dentified by

E41 Appellation

Name: Mapping of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to the CIDOC CRM…..

E33 Linguistic Object

Object: FORTH-ICS /

TR-274 July 2000

E82 Actor Appellation

Name: Martin Doerr

E65 Creation

Event: 0001

carriedout by

is identified by


Name: ICS-FORTH

E7 Activity

Event: 0002

carried out by

E55 Type

Type: Publication

has type

was used for

E75 Conceptual Object Appellation

Name: FORTH-ICS / TR-274 July 2000

E55 Type

Type:FORTH Identifier

has type

is identified by

E56 Language

Lang.: English

has language

The CIDOC CRM -Application LAV Mapping: DC to CIDOC CRM

E39 Actor

Actor:0001

E39 Actor

Actor:0002

is identified by

(background knowledge not in the DC record)


Semantic Interoperability can defined by the capability of mapping.

Mapping for epistemic networks is relatively simple:

Specialist / primary information databases frequently employ a flat schema, reducing complex

relationships into simple fields.

Source fields frequently map to composite paths under the CRM, making semantics explicit using a

small set of primitives.

Intermediate nodes are postulated or deduced (e.g., “birth” from “person”). They are the hooks for

integration with complementary sources.

Cardinality constraints must not be enforced= Alternative or incomplete knowledge

Domain experts easily learn schema mapping IT experts may not understand meaning, underestimate it or are bored with it !

Intuitive tools for domain experts needed:

Separate identifier matching from schema mapping

Separate terminology mediation from schema mapping.

The CIDOC CRM - LessonsMapping experience


Two applications:

For www.c-h-i.org: A completely CRM-based model for provenance (scientific

workflow) metadata for generating RTI images. (combines up to 2000 individual

shots).

For the European Integrated Project CASPAR on Digital Preservation:

— Could explicating OAIS PDI Type “Provenance Information” as a

query to the CRM.

To be adequate, we needed only 3 classes and 2 properties to add

under the CRM:

Digitization Process, Digital Object, Formal Derivation, digitized, derived from.

Only the property “digitized” declares more semantics than a new type of things

or a constraint, i.e. the “source”.

The CIDOC CRM Extended applications – Digital

Provenance


The CIDOC CRM Material and Immaterial Creation

P16 used specific object (was used for)

P16.1 mode of use P130 shows features of

(features are also found on)



P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at)

P131: is identified by (identifies)


P108 has produced (was produced by) E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

E19 Physical Object

E39 Actor

E12 Production

E65 Creation

E70 Thing


E55 Type

E55 Type




Digitization Process




Digital Object

P128 carries(is carried by)

digitized

E54 Dimension

P40 observed dimension(was observed in)

E70 Thing

E70 Thing

E16 Measurement E65 Creation

P39 measured(was measured by)

E11 Modification


The CIDOC CRM Digitization: From Material to Immaterial Representation

Specialization adds constraints. Constraints are irrelevant for querying and information aggregation!

has created

(was created by)


Formal Derivation

E7 Activity

has created (was created by)

E65 Creation

Digital Object

E70 ThingP16 used specific object

(was used for)

E55 Type

P16.1 mode of use

derived from




The CIDOC CRM Processing Digital Objects to Digital Objects

“ = source of derivation”

Digital Object


The ongoing European Integrated Project ACGT on cancer research

will create a generic mediator system to integrate clinical case studies with gene activation studies to

feed scientific processing workflow for research.

Based on a Master Ontology under development by IFOMIS, UNI Saarbruecken.

MO initially based on BFO and domain terminology.

We (FORTH) could show:

First level integration of experimental records needs macroscopic objects & context

relationships. No first integration based on molecular or biological processes!

Second level integration is highly specialized. Requires preselection of comparable data,

typically secondary databases. Respective provenance data can be encapsulated.

Therefore a “museum model” CRM still fits. On the first level, for e-science data integration a

generic model of scientific observation and processing “things” , plus domain terminologies is

needed. It will be integrated into the ACGT Master Ontology.

Publications will follow.

The CIDOC CRM Extended applications – Genomic Cancer

Research


The CIDOC CRMSpecialization for the Medical Domain

A1.Sample_Taking

E12 Production E80 Part Removal A2.Body_Place

E53 Place

A3.Body_Part

E26 Physical Feature

A4.Disease

E4 Period

A5.Intervention

E7 Activity

E11 Modification A6.Treatment

A7.Medication

AP1 from location (was removed)

E21 Person

AP2.treated (was treated)

E39 ActorP11B participated in (had participant)

AP3 bears body part(body part is found on)

E19 Physical ObjectP56 bears feature(is found on)

P8 took place on or within (witnessed)

AP4 took place or within (witnessed)


The CIDOC CRMSpecialization for the Medical Domain

E14 Condition AssessmentP9 consists of

Lab_RLST1

hasStudy

E16 Measurement P40 observed dimension

P39 measured

P9 consists of

E21 PersonP34 concerned

E3 Condition StateP35 has identified

E4 Period

P44 has condition

A4.Disease AP4 took place on or within

P117 occurs during

Quality

is characterized by

A3.Body part

E54 Dimension

TUMOR

CANCER

E55 Type

E7 Activity

P2 has type

bears body part

PM_CLIN

PN_CLIN

PT_CLIN


The CIDOC CRMJoining Medical Databases under LAV

E14 Condition Assessment

P9 consists of

E16 Measurement

E54 Dimension

P40 observed dimension

P39 measured

E7 Activity

P9 consists of

E3 Condition State

P35 has identified

E60 Number

P90 has value

E55 Type

P2 has type

A3.Body part

E16 Measurement

E54 Dimension

P40 observed dimension

P39 measured

E7 Activity`

E38 Image

P16 used specific objectP138 Represents

P20 had specific purpose

P90 has value E55 Type

P2 has type

E20 Biological Object

P46 is composed of

E60 Number

“Tumor”

“Sample”

“GATA3”

E20 Biological Object …“Estrogen

Reception State”

E55 Type

“Estrogen Reception Positive”

Sample TakingP108 has produced

From location “+1”

P43 has dimension


The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)

developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)

An ER model to integrate library objects by clustering publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin content relation. Multiply implemented.

Intended to formulate a new library practice, but lacks explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).

Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:

A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group. To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM, for the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.

Complete draft of “FRBROO” available for public comment as text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics. To be reviewed by IFLA in 2008.

A generic model of intellectual creation completely subsumed by the CRM. Now base for continued modelling of IPR in the European Project CASPAR.

The CIDOC CRM Extended applications - FRBRoo


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Intellectual Production: “Externalization”

E28 Conceptual

Object

E84 Information

Carrier

E24 Physical

Man-Made Thing

E65 Creation

E12 Production

F31 Expression Creation

F2 Expression

F20 Self Contained Expression

F23 Expression Fragment

F4 ManifestationSingleton

F46 Individual Work

F21 Complex Work

F1 Work

F5 Item

F3 Manifestation Production Type

F40 Carrier Production

Event

R49 created a realization of

R56 is realized in

R45 created

R9 comprises carriers of

R10 belongs to type

R22 created

R41 produced (was produced by)

E11 Modification

E55 Type


FRBRoo is extremely detailed, about 50 classes and 60 relationships describing so specific things such as constructing bibliographic identifiers, performances and performance recording, electronic and physical publishing processes etc. It is still completely subsumed by the CRM classes and properties. A core model will be provided.

A picture emerges of conceptual modelling from a core ontology

as starting point and generic pattern.

Knowledge engineering of FRBR based on the CRM revealed hidden relevant processes, such as the publishers work, or incorporation of intellectual products in others.

It allowed for detecting the generic pattern in digital provenance and clinical research.

We have created dozens of specialized data structures for various museums from the CRM

The CIDOC CRM Extended applications - Summary


The CIDOC CRM Conclusions

Core ontologies for schema semantics can be separated from ontologies for terminology (as can the integration process). Data structures as empirical base seems to be a successful method.

Such core ontologies are widely domain independent and can mostly be integrated into nearly global ontologies. We have no reason to doubt the feasibility to extend it further.

The current plethora of ontologies seems to be more a lack of collaboration and methodology, in particular empirical base and functional specification. We have repeatedly shown how core ontologies can be harmonized and merged.

The construction of epistemic networks seems to be possible based on a generic model of actors, events, objects in space time, based on the CIDOC CRM. Whoever wants to reinvent it, will probably come up with something very similar..


The CIDOC CRM Conclusions

This generic model, the CIDOC CRM and its extensions can also be used as guide to good practice for conceptual modelling of information systems.

The existence of a sufficiently generic model allows for new generations of highly expressive information integration systems. Mapping, scalability and the co-reference problem has to addressed by generic systems and tools.

CIDOC CRM home: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr,

Look at :— Comprehensive Introduction,— Definition — Cross-Reference Manual

References: Doerr, M. (2003). The CIDOC CRM - An Ontological Approach to Semantic Interoperability of Metadata. AI Magazine, 24(3).

Doerr M., Hunter J and Lagoze C. (2003): Towards a Core Ontology for Information Integration. Journal of Digital Information 4(1), Article No. 169.