1ICS-FORTH November 5, 2007
The CIDOC CRM, a New Standard for
Knowledge Sharing
Martin Doerr
Foundation for Research and Technology - HellasInstitute of Computer Science
ER2007 Auckland, New ZealandNovember 5, 2007
Center for Cultural Informatics
2ICS-FORTH November 5, 2007
The CIDOC CRMOutline
Information Integration – Epistemic Networks
Motivation Example – the Yalta Conference
Scope and Form of the CIDOC CRM
Presentation of contents
Methodology
Applications
Conclusion
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Primary Topic: Development of information systems for access to and reuse of the combined (factual) knowledge from complementary, heterogeneous, cross-disciplinary sources (in contrast to aggregation under subjects).
to find integrated knowledge and produce new knowledge, to provide evidence for new hypotheses or verify or challenge old hypotheses.
As needed in historical and cultural heritage studies, archaeology, biodiversity, geo-sciences, e-science in general, business intelligence…(sciences build models from data, not from models!)
Secondary Topic: Good practice of modelling information systems that are easy to be integrated.
Idea: The ultimate goal of users seeking information is not to get an “object” but to understand a topic. Understanding is built on associations. Associations are found in database records, digital objects, metadata or indices.
The CIDOC CRM A view on Information Integration
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Association can be categorical or factual:
Categorical: Richly exploited by Semantic Web technology, limited use for information access! (e.g., “smoking causes cancer”). Limited integration.
Factual associations concatenate to meaningful (“epistemic”) networks: can support context-based hypothesis building, cross-disciplinary search etc. (e.g. “John smoked with 20”, …30.. 40”. “John had lung cancer with 60”)
Requisites for a global epistemic network of knowledge:
1. A sufficiently generic global model, i.e. a core ontology with the relevant relationships. (topic of this tutorial)
2. Methods to populate the network: knowledge extraction / data transformation.
3. Methods of negotiating and preserving identifier equivalence across data sources.
The CIDOC CRM A view on Information Integration
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The CIDOC CRM Stages of the Knowledge Life-Cycle
Information acquisition needs:
— sequence and order, completeness, case-specific language and constraints to guide and control data entry.
— ergonomic documentation units, optimized to specialist needs— work-flow on series of analogous items, item-centric.— Low interoperability needs (capability to be mapped!)
Integration / comprehension needs epistemic networks:
— break up document boundaries, relate facts to wider context,
— match shared identifiers of items, aggregate alternatives— no preference direction of search, no cardinality constraints.— High interoperability needs (mapping to a global schema)
Interpretation, story-telling, hypothesis building
— explore context, paths, analogies (orthogonal to data acquisition)
— present in order, resolve alternatives (enforce constraints)— deduction and induction
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Typical Objection:
Ontologies are domain specific, there are no global ontologies !– This is not true….
We regard suitable knowledge engineering and management as the key. We distinguish:
1. Core ontologies for “schema semantics”, such as: “part-of”,”located at”,”used for”, “made from”. They are small (hundreds) and rich in relationships that structure information and relate content.
2. Ontologies that are used as “categorical data” for reference and agreement on sets of things, rather than as means of reasoning, such as: “basket ball shoe”, “whiskey tumbler”, “burma cat”, “terramycine”. They do not structure information. They allow to cluster, more than to integrate (millions of classes).
3. Factual background knowledge for reference and agreement as objects of discourse, such as particular persons, places, material and immaterial objects, events, periods, names (billions of particulars, simple identity).
The CIDOC CRM Feasibility of Epistemic Networks
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The CIDOC CRM Epistemic Networks: orthogonal to sources
Actors Events Objects
extractedfactual knowledge
(network)
“Categorical data”(Thesauri) extentthe core ontology
Sources and
metadata
Factual BackgroundKnowledge /“Authorities”
Core Ontology relationships,language neutral,
global
terms, multilingual, domain specific
curated evolving!
domaininformation
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Ontologies are formalized knowledge: clearly defined concepts and relationships about real possible states of affairs of a domain. “Semantics” is the world they refer to (“ontological commitment”), and not a set of logical rules! (e.g., what is an event?)
Ontologies describe a reality, independent from context and performance! A subset of an ontology should not be regarded as another ontology! Incommensurable concepts belong to different ontologies (e.g., waves and particles)
Information models are not ontologies! They abbreviate, denormalize, select. E.g.: “DC.creator”, “birthday/birthplace”, “destination” in the MIDAS schema (UK monuments records).
Ontologies can be understood by people and processed by machines to enable data exchange, data integration, query mediation.
We will show that at least one small, global and highly expressive core ontology exists for epistemic networks!
The CIDOC CRM What is an ontology?
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It must be crafted by deep knowledge engineering, generalizing in a bottom-up manner from real, specific data structures as empirical base to find the true generic structures across multiple domains.
It should contain only classes needed to describe relationships. It should be independent from the meaning of local terminology (e.g., event, period).
It should support Local as View integration. It must fit rich and poor models under one common logical frame-work (IsA for relationships!)
It should be small enough to limit the complexity of mediator systems. This can only be achieved by appropriate generalizations.
Information integration can be achieved by an “extensible core ontology of relationships” that provides shared explanation rather than prescription of a common data structure (avoiding local optimization needs!).
We show that at least one small, global and highly expressive core ontology exists for epistemic networks!
The CIDOC CRM A Core Ontology for Schema Semantics
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The CIDOC CRM ISO21127
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (ISO21127:2006)
Developed by the CRM Special Interest Group of the International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of the International Council of Museums (ICOM), following an initiative of ICS-FORTH, Heraklion, Crete.
Is a core ontology describing the underlying semantics of over a hundred database schemata and structures from all museum disciplines, archives and libraries..
It is result of 15 years interdisciplinary work and agreement.
In essence, it is a generic model of recording of “what has happened” in human scale, i.e. a class of discourse.
It can generate huge, meaningful networks of knowledge by a simple abstraction: history as meetings of people, things and information.
It bears surprise: Minimal or no specialization allows for covering new domains.
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The CIDOC CRM Historical Archives….
Type: TextTitle: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference Title.Subtitle: II. Declaration of Liberated Europe Date: February 11, 1945.Creator: The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The President of the United States of AmericaPublisher: State DepartmentSubject: Postwar division of Europe and Japan
“The following declaration has been approved:The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert… ….and to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world…… “
DocumentsMetadata
About…
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The CIDOC CRMImages, non-verbose objects…
Type: ImageTitle: Allied Leaders at Yalta Date: 1945Publisher: United Press International (UPI)Source: The Bettmann ArchiveCopyright: CorbisReferences: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Photos, Persons
Metadata
About…
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The CIDOC CRM Places and Objects
TGN Id: 7012124Names: Yalta (C,V), Jalta (C,V) Types: inhabited place(C), city (C)Position: Lat: 44 30 N,Long: 034 10 EHierarchy: Europe (continent) <– Ukrayina (nation) <– Krym (autonomous republic)Note: …Site of conference between Allied powers in WW II in 1945; ….Source: TGN, Thesaurus of Geographic Names
Places, Objects
About…
Title: Yalta, Crimean PeninsulaPublisher: Kurgan-LisnetSource: Liaison Agency
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The CIDOC CRM Explicit Events, Object Identity,
Symmetry
P14 performed
P11 participated in
P94 has created
E31 Document“Yalta Agreement”
E7 Activity
“Crimea Conference”
E65 Creation Event
*
E38 Image
P86 falls within
P7 took place at
P67 is referred to by
E52 Time-Span
February 1945
P81 ongoing throughout
P82 at some time within
E39 Actor
E39 Actor
E39 Actor
E53 Place7012124
E52 Time-Span
11-2-1945
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The CIDOC CRM Outcomes
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
An ontology of 80 classes and 132 properties for culture and more
With the capacity to explain dozens of (meta)data formats
Accepted by ISO TC46 in Sept. 2000, now international standard ISO 21127:2006.
Serving as:
intellectual guide to create schemata, formats, profiles
A language for analysis of existing sources for integration/mediation:
“Identify elements with common meaning”
Transportation format for data integration / migration / Internet
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The CIDOC CRM The Intellectual Role of the CRM
Legacy systems
Legacy systems
Databases
World Phenomena
?
Data structures &Presentation models
Conceptualization
abstracts fromapproximates
explains,motivates
organize
refer to
Data in various forms
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The CIDOC CRM is a formal ontology (defined in TELOS)
But CRM instances can be encoded in many forms: RDBMS, ooDBMS, XML, RDF(S).
Uses Multiple IsA – to achieve uniqueness of properties in the schema.
Uses multiple instantiation - to be able to combine not always valid combinations (e.g. destruction – activity).
Uses Multiple IsA for properties to capture different abstractions of relationships.
Methodological aspects:
Classes are only introduced as anchors of properties or if structurally relevant).
Frequently found joins (shot-cuts) of complex data paths are modeled explicitly. Note the redundancy!
The CIDOC CRM Encoding of the CIDOC CRM
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The CIDOC CRM Data Example (e.g. from Extraction)
Transfer of Epitaphios GE34604 (entity E10 Transfer of Custody, E8 Acquisition Event
P28 custody surrendered by Metropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara
P23 transferred title from
P29 custody received by Museum Benaki
P22 transferred title to
Exchangeable Fund of Refugees P2 has type national foundation
P14 carried out by
Exchangeable Fund of RefugeesP4 has time-span
GE34604_transfer_time
P82 at some time within 1923 - 1928
P7 took place at
Greece
nation republic
P89 falls within Europe
continent
TGN data
P30 custody transferred through, P24 changed ownership through
Epitaphios GE34604 (entity E22 Man-Made Object)
P2 has type
P2 has type
)E39 Actor(entity
)E39 Actor(entity
)E39 Actor(entity
P40 Legal Body )(entity
E55 Type )(entity
E55 Type )(entity
E55 Type )(entity
E55 Type )(entity
Metropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara
)E39 Actor(entity
E53 Place )(entity
E53 Place )(entity
E52 Time-Span )(entity
E61 Time Primitive)(entity
Multiple Instantiation !
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The CIDOC CRMTop-level Entities relevant for Integration
participate in
E39 Actors
E55 Types
E28 Conceptual Objects
E18 Physical Thing
E2 Temporal Entities
E41
Ap
pel
lati
ons
affect or / refer to
refer to / refine
refe
r to
/ i d
ent i f
ie
location
atwithinE53 Places
E52 Time-Spans
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The CIDOC CRM Example: Temporal Entity
E2 Temporal Entity
Scope Note:
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time.
In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
Note: Primitive Concepts are defined by texts!
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The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity- Main Properties
E2 Temporal Entity Properties: P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span
E4 Period Properties: P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place
P9 consists of (forms part of): E4 Period P10 falls within (contains): E4 Period
E5 Event Properties:
P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor
E7 Activity
Properties: P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E7
Activity P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type
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tt
CaesaCaesar’s r’s mothemotherr
CaesCaesarar
BrutuBrutuss
BrutusBrutus’ ’ daggedaggerr
coherence coherence volume of volume of Caesar’s Caesar’s deathdeath
coherence coherence volume of volume of Caesar’s Caesar’s birthbirth
The CIDOC CRM Historical Events as Meetings…
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tt
ancientancientSantoriniSantorinianan househouse
lava andlava andruinsruins
volcanovolcano
coherence coherence volume of volume of volcano eruptionvolcano eruption
coherence coherence volume of volume of house house buildingbuilding
Santorini - AkrotitiSantorini - Akrotiti
The CIDOC CRM Deposition Events as Meetings…
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tt
runnrunnerer
11stst AthenianAthenian
coherence volume coherence volume of first of first announcementannouncement
coherence coherence volume of the volume of the battle of battle of Marathon Marathon
MarathonMarathon
otherotherSoldiersSoldiers
AthensAthens
22ndnd AthenianAthenian
coherence volume coherence volume of second of second announcementannouncement
Victory!Victory!!!!!
Victory!Victory!!!!!
The CIDOC CRM Information Exchange as Meetings…
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The CIDOC CRM Partial Hierarchy of Participation
Properties
PROPERTY
P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at)
P11 had participant (participated in)
P14 carried out by (performed)
P22 transferred title to (acquired title through)
P23 transferred title from (surrendered title of)
P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through)
P29 custody received by (received custody through)
P96 by mother (gave birth)
P99 dissolved (was dissolved by)
FROM TO
E5 Event E77 Persistent Item
E5 Event E39 Actor
E7 Activity E39 Actor
E8 Acquisition E39 Actor
E8 Acquisition E39 Actor
E10 Transfer of Custody E39 Actor
E10 Transfer of Custody E39 Actor
E67 Birth E21 Person
E68 Dissolution E74 Group
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The CIDOC CRM Termini postquem / antequem
Pope Leo I AttilaAttila
meetingLeo I
P14 carried out by (performed)
P14 carried out by (performed)
Birth ofLeo I
Birth ofAttila
Death ofLeo I
Death ofAttila
** P4 has time-span (is time-span of)
**
P4 has time-span
(is time-span of)
P100 was d
eath of
(died in)
P100 was death of
(died in)
P98 brought into life
(was born) P98 brought into lif
e
(was b
orn)
**
P4 has time-span (is time- span of)
P82 at some time
within
P82 at some timewithin AD453AD453AD461
AD452
before
beforebefore
before
Deduction: before
P11 had participant:
P93 took out of existence:
P92 brought into existence:
P82 at some time within
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Identification of real world items by real world names.
Classification of real world items.
Part-decomposition and structural properties of Conceptual &
Physical Objects, Periods, Actors, Places and Times.
Participation of persistent items in temporal entities.
— creates a notion of history: “world-lines” meeting in space-time.
Location of periods in space-time and physical objects in space.
Influence of objects on activities and products and vice-versa.
Reference of information objects to any real-world item.
The CIDOC CRMA Classification of its Relationships
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The CIDOC CRM Activities and inherited properties
E55 Type
E1 CRM EntityE62 String
E7 Activity
P3 has note
P2 has type (is type of)
0,1 0,n 0,n
0,n
E5 Event
E55 Type
P3.1 has type
E59 Primitive Value
E39 ActorP14 carried out by(performed)
1,n0,n
P14.1 in the role of
E.g., “Field Collection”
E.g., “photographer”
E41 Appellation
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The CIDOC CRM Activities: Acquisition
P52 has current owner(is current owner of)
P51 has former or current owner(is former or current owner of)
E55 TypeE1 CRM EntityE62 String
E7 Activity
E8 Acquisition
E39 Actor E18 Physical Thing
P3 has note P2 has type (is type of)
0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n
P22 transferred title to (acquired title through)
0,n
0,n 0,n
0,n
0,n 0,n
0,n
0,n
1,n
0,n
E5 Event
P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through)
P24 transferred title of (changed ownership through)
P14 carried out by (performed)
1,n
0,n
E55 Type
P3.1 has type
P14.1 in the role ofNo buying and selling,
only one transfer !
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The CIDOC CRM Activities: Move
P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of)
E18 Physical Thing
E7 Activity
E9 Move
E53 Place E19 Physical Object
P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of)
P55 has current location (currently holds)
P26 moved to (was destination of)
1,n
0,n 0,n
0,n
0,n
1,n
0,1
0,n
1,n
1,nP27 moved from (was origin of)
P25 moved (moved by)
E55 TypeP21 had general purpose
(was purpose of)
0,n 0,n
P20 had specific purpose(was purpose of) 0,n
0,n
0,n 0,1
E5 PeriodP7 took place at
(witnessed)1,n
0,n
the whole path !
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The CIDOC CRM Activities: Measurement
P140 assigned attribute to(was attribute by)
E16 Measurement
E13 Attribute Assignment
E70 Thing E54 Dimension
P43 has dimension(is dimension of)
0,n 1,1
1,n 0,n1,10,n
P39 measured(was measured by)
P40 observed dimension(was observed in)
0,nP141 assigned
(was assigned by)
0,n
E1 CRM Entity
0,n
E1 CRM Entity
0,n
E58 Measurement Unit E60 Number
P90 has value
1,1
0,n
P91 has unit(is unit of)
1,1
0,n
Deduction ! (“shortcut”)
The CRM contains a model of scientific observation.In general a reification problem: “Who said what?” in the same model with the proposition.
*
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The CIDOC CRM Activities: Modification/Production
E57 MaterialE29 Design or Procedure
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E55 Type
E18 Physical Thing
E12 Production
E11 Modification
E7 Activity E39 Actor
P68 usually employs(is usually employed by)
0,n 0,n
P126 employed(was employed in)
0,n 0,n
1,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
1,n
0,n
1,n
1,1
P14.1 in the role of
P108 has produced(was produced by)
P31 has modified(was modified by)
P33 used specific technique (was used by)
P45 consists of(is incorporated in)
1,n 0,nP14 carried out by(performed)
P69 is associated with
0,n0,n
P32 used general technique(was technique of)
Things may be different from
their plans
Materialsmay be lost or altered!
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The CIDOC CRM Ways of Changing Things
E18 Physical Thing
E11 Modification
P111 added (was added by)
E80 Part Removal
P110 augmented (was augmented by)
E24 Ph. M.-Made Thing
P113 removed
(was removed by)
P112 diminished (was diminished by)
E77 Persistent ItemE81 Transformation
E64 End of Existence E63 Beginning of Existence
P124 transformed (was transformed by)
P123 resulted in(resulted from)
P92 brought into existence(was brought into existence by)
P93 took out of existence(was taken o.o.e. by)
P31 has modified(was modified by)
E79 Part Addition
missing: description of growth !
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The CIDOC CRM Taxonomic Discourse
E28 Conceptual Object
E7 Activity
E17 Type Assignment E55 Type
P136 was based on
(supported type creation)
P42 assigned (was assigned by)
E1 CRM Entity
E83 Type Creation
E65 Creation Event
P137 is exemplifiedby (exemplifies)
P41 classifie
d
(was classified by)
P94 has created (was created by)
P135 created type (was created by)
P136.1 in the taxonomic role P137.1 in the
taxonomic role
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The CIDOC CRM Visual Contents and Subject
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E55 Type
E1 CRM Entity
P62 depicts
(is depicted by)
P62.1 mode of depiction
P65 shows visual item (is shown by)
E36 Visual Item
P138 represents(has representation)
E73 Information Object
E38 Visual Image
P67 refers to (is referred to by)
E84 Information Carrier
P128 carries (is carried by)
P138.1 mode of depiction
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The CIDOC CRM What is a Place
E53 Place
A place is an extent in space, determined diachronically with regard to a larger, persistent constellation of matter, often continents -
by coordinates, geophysical features, artefacts, communities, political systems, objects - but not identical to.
A “CRM Place” is not a landscape, not a seat - it is an abstraction from temporal changes - “the place where…”
A means to reason about the “where” in multiple reference systems.
Examples: figures from the bow of a ship, African dinosaur foot-prints in Portugal
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The CIDOC CRM Place
P59 has section
(is located on or within)
P53 has former or current location
(is former or current location of )
P8 took place on or within (witnessed)
E45 Address
E48 Place Name
E47 Spatial Coordinates
E46 Section Definition E18 Physical Thing
E44 Place AppellationE44 Place Appellation
E53 PlaceE53 Place
P88 consists of (forms part of)
P58 has section definition (defines section)
E9 MoveE9 Move
P26 moved to (was destination of)
P27 moved from (was origin of)
P25 moved (moved by)
E12 Production
P108 has produced (was produced by)
P7 took place at (witnessed)
E24 Physical Man-Made ThingE19 Physical Object
E4 Period1,n
0,n
1,n
1,1
1,n
0,n
1,n
1,n
0,n
0,n
1,n
0,n
0,n
0,1
0,n
0,n
0,n
0,n
1,1 0,n
P87 is identified by (identifies)
0,n
0,n
P89 falls within (contains)
0,n
0,n
Where was Lord Nelson’s ring when he died?
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The CIDOC CRMTime Uncertainty, Certainty and Duration
time
before
P82 at some time within
P81 ongoing throughout
after
“int
ensi
ty”
Duration (P83,P84)
E2 Temporal Entity E52 Time SpanP4 has time-span(is time-span of)
P86 falls within(contains)
E61 Time PrimitiveP81 ongoingthroughout
P82 at sometime within
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Epistemological aspects:
Select concepts and network structure to increase monotonicity of schema and data under increase of knowledge:
— IsA: increase of stability (“it’s at least a thing”) / subclass: increase of knowledge
— prefer transitions over states
— aggregate opinions as propositions (relations)
— Avoid replication of properties
— Do not accept exceptions in the IsA hierarchy
The CIDOC CRM Methodological aspects
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Bottom-up development:
Driving force: generalization of the domain and range of relationships.
Avoid overgeneralization: Reduction of domain is not monotonic!! (such as
“resource” in DC, “Manifestation” in FRBR)
Real data structures as empirical base lead to relevant selection of
robust concepts (Robust against change of context/view).
Surprise: Normalization of knowledge to physical reality, such as absolute time
& space, causality, etc., does not work. Empirical information is discrete and
incomplete, in whatever domain. Model units of knowledge as described by
humans.
Most robust concepts are names, things handled, events. Relations are more
uncertain.
The CIDOC CRM Methodological aspects
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Generally: Many ontologies are lacking empirical base, have a functionally insufficient
system of relationships (terminology driven), lack of functional specifications.
The CRM misses concepts that are not in the empirical base (e.g., contracts), but it
detects concepts that are not lexicalized (e.g.,”Persistent Item”), because functionally
needed.
DOLCE: Lexical base, intuition. Very good theoretically motived logical description.
Foundational relationships. Overspecified relationships (e.g., modes of participation). Bad
model of space-time. Strong overlap with CRM.
BFO: Philosophically motivated. Poor model of relationships. Notion of a precise,
deterministic underlying reality. Empirically verification dificult. Strong overlap with CRM
IndeCs, ABC Harmony: Small ontologies, event centric, strong overlap with CRM
(harmonized!).
SUMO: Large aggregation of concepts without functional specifications.
The CIDOC CRM Differences to other ontologies
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E52 Time-Span
1898
E53 Place
France (nation)
E21 Person
Rodin Auguste
E52 Time-Span
1840
E67 Birth
Rodin’s birth
E52 Time-Span
1917P4 has time-span
E69 DeathRodin’s death
E12 Production
Rodin making “Monument to Balzac” in 1898
E21 Person
Honoré de Balzac
E55 Type
sculptors
E84 Information Carrier
The “Monument to Balzac” (plaster)
E55 Type
plaster
E52 Time-Span
1925
E55 Type
bronze
E40 Legal Body
Rudier (Vve Alexis) et Fils
E12 Production
Bronze casting“Monument to
Balzac” in 1925
E55 Type
companies
E84 Information CarrierThe “Monument to
Balzac”(S1296)
P108B was produced by
P62 depicts
P16B was used for
P134 continued
P2 has type
P120B occurs after
P4 has time-span
P2 has type
P100B died in
P98B was born
P4 has time-span
P2 has type
P14 carried out by P14 carried out by
P62 depicts
P108B was produced by P2 has type
P7 took place at
P4 has time-span
The CIDOC CRM - ApplicationsExample: Integration with CRM Core
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Work (CRM Core)Work (CRM Core)..Category = E84 Information CarrierClassification =sculpture (visual work) Classification =plasterIdentification =The Monument to Balzac (plaster)Description =Commissioned to honor one of France's greatest novelists, Rodin spent seven years preparing for Monument to Balzac. When the plaster original was exhibited in Paris in 1898, it was widely attacked. Rodin retired the plaster model to his home in the Paris suburbs. It was not cast in bronze until years after his death.Event Role in Event =P108B was produced by Identification= Rodin making Monument to Balzac in 1898 Event Type = E12 Production Participant Identification =Rodin, Auguste Identification =ID: 500016619 Participant Type = artists Participant Type = sculptors Date = 1898 Place = France (nation) Related event Role in Event =P134B was continued by Identification= Bronze casting Monument to Balzac in 1925Event Role in Event =P16B was used for
Identification= Bronze casting Monument to Balzac in 1925 Event Type = E12 Production Participant Identification =Rudier (Vve Alexis) et Fils Participant Type = companies Thing Present
Identification =The Monument to Balzac (S.1296) Thing Present Type =bronze
Thing Present Type =sculpture (visual work) Date = 1925 Related event Role in Event =P120B occurs after
Identification= Rodin's deathRelation To = Honore de Balzac Relation type refers to
Artist (CRM Core)Artist (CRM Core)..
Category = E21 Person
Classification = artists
Classification = sculptors
Identification =Rodin, Auguste
Identification =ID: 500016619
Event
Role in Event =P98B was born Identification= Rodin‘s birth Event Type = E67 Birth Date = 1840Event Role in Event =P100B died in Identification= Rodin‘s death Event Type = E69_Death Date = 1917 Related event Role in Event =P120 occurs before Identification= Bronze casting Monument to Balzac in 1925
CRM Core, aminimal metadata
element set
47ICS-FORTH November 5, 2007
Type: textTitle: Mapping of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to the CIDOC CRMCreator: Martin DoerrPublisher: ICS-FORTHIdentifier: FORTH-ICS / TR 274 July 2000Language: English
Example: Partial DC Record about a Technical Report
The CIDOC CRM -Application LAV Mapping: DC to CIDOC CRM
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was created byis i
dentified by
E41 Appellation
Name: Mapping of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to the CIDOC CRM…..
E33 Linguistic Object
Object: FORTH-ICS /
TR-274 July 2000
E82 Actor Appellation
Name: Martin Doerr
E65 Creation
Event: 0001
carriedout by
is identified by
E82 Actor Appellation
Name: ICS-FORTH
E7 Activity
Event: 0002
carried out by
E55 Type
Type: Publication
has type
was used for
E75 Conceptual Object Appellation
Name: FORTH-ICS / TR-274 July 2000
E55 Type
Type:FORTH Identifier
has type
is identified by
E56 Language
Lang.: English
has language
The CIDOC CRM -Application LAV Mapping: DC to CIDOC CRM
E39 Actor
Actor:0001
E39 Actor
Actor:0002
is identified by
(background knowledge not in the DC record)
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Semantic Interoperability can defined by the capability of mapping.
Mapping for epistemic networks is relatively simple:
Specialist / primary information databases frequently employ a flat schema, reducing complex
relationships into simple fields.
Source fields frequently map to composite paths under the CRM, making semantics explicit using a
small set of primitives.
Intermediate nodes are postulated or deduced (e.g., “birth” from “person”). They are the hooks for
integration with complementary sources.
Cardinality constraints must not be enforced= Alternative or incomplete knowledge
Domain experts easily learn schema mapping IT experts may not understand meaning, underestimate it or are bored with it !
Intuitive tools for domain experts needed:
Separate identifier matching from schema mapping
Separate terminology mediation from schema mapping.
The CIDOC CRM - LessonsMapping experience
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Two applications:
For www.c-h-i.org: A completely CRM-based model for provenance (scientific
workflow) metadata for generating RTI images. (combines up to 2000 individual
shots).
For the European Integrated Project CASPAR on Digital Preservation:
— Could explicating OAIS PDI Type “Provenance Information” as a
query to the CRM.
To be adequate, we needed only 3 classes and 2 properties to add
under the CRM:
Digitization Process, Digital Object, Formal Derivation, digitized, derived from.
Only the property “digitized” declares more semantics than a new type of things
or a constraint, i.e. the “source”.
The CIDOC CRM Extended applications – Digital
Provenance
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The CIDOC CRM Material and Immaterial Creation
P16 used specific object (was used for)
P16.1 mode of use P130 shows features of
(features are also found on)
P94 has created (was created by)
P14 carried out by (performed)
P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at)
P131: is identified by (identifies)
P14.1 in the role of
P108 has produced (was produced by) E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E19 Physical Object
E39 Actor
E12 Production
E65 Creation
E70 Thing
E82 Actor Appellation
E55 Type
E55 Type
E73 Information Object
E28 Conceptual Object
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Digitization Process
E84 Information Carrier
P31 has modified(was modified by)
P94 has created (was created by)
Digital Object
P128 carries(is carried by)
digitized
E54 Dimension
P40 observed dimension(was observed in)
E70 Thing
E70 Thing
E16 Measurement E65 Creation
P39 measured(was measured by)
E11 Modification
E28 Conceptual Object
The CIDOC CRM Digitization: From Material to Immaterial Representation
Specialization adds constraints. Constraints are irrelevant for querying and information aggregation!
has created
(was created by)
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Formal Derivation
E7 Activity
has created (was created by)
E65 Creation
Digital Object
E70 ThingP16 used specific object
(was used for)
E55 Type
P16.1 mode of use
derived from
P94 has created (was created by)
E28 Conceptual Object
E73 Information Object
The CIDOC CRM Processing Digital Objects to Digital Objects
“ = source of derivation”
Digital Object
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The ongoing European Integrated Project ACGT on cancer research
will create a generic mediator system to integrate clinical case studies with gene activation studies to
feed scientific processing workflow for research.
Based on a Master Ontology under development by IFOMIS, UNI Saarbruecken.
MO initially based on BFO and domain terminology.
We (FORTH) could show:
First level integration of experimental records needs macroscopic objects & context
relationships. No first integration based on molecular or biological processes!
Second level integration is highly specialized. Requires preselection of comparable data,
typically secondary databases. Respective provenance data can be encapsulated.
Therefore a “museum model” CRM still fits. On the first level, for e-science data integration a
generic model of scientific observation and processing “things” , plus domain terminologies is
needed. It will be integrated into the ACGT Master Ontology.
Publications will follow.
The CIDOC CRM Extended applications – Genomic Cancer
Research
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The CIDOC CRMSpecialization for the Medical Domain
A1.Sample_Taking
E12 Production E80 Part Removal A2.Body_Place
E53 Place
A3.Body_Part
E26 Physical Feature
A4.Disease
E4 Period
A5.Intervention
E7 Activity
E11 Modification A6.Treatment
A7.Medication
AP1 from location (was removed)
E21 Person
AP2.treated (was treated)
E39 ActorP11B participated in (had participant)
AP3 bears body part(body part is found on)
E19 Physical ObjectP56 bears feature(is found on)
P8 took place on or within (witnessed)
AP4 took place or within (witnessed)
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The CIDOC CRMSpecialization for the Medical Domain
E14 Condition AssessmentP9 consists of
Lab_RLST1
hasStudy
E16 Measurement P40 observed dimension
P39 measured
P9 consists of
E21 PersonP34 concerned
E3 Condition StateP35 has identified
E4 Period
P44 has condition
A4.Disease AP4 took place on or within
P117 occurs during
Quality
is characterized by
A3.Body part
E54 Dimension
TUMOR
CANCER
E55 Type
E7 Activity
P2 has type
bears body part
PM_CLIN
PN_CLIN
PT_CLIN
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The CIDOC CRMJoining Medical Databases under LAV
E14 Condition Assessment
P9 consists of
E16 Measurement
E54 Dimension
P40 observed dimension
P39 measured
E7 Activity
P9 consists of
E3 Condition State
P35 has identified
E60 Number
P90 has value
E55 Type
P2 has type
A3.Body part
E16 Measurement
E54 Dimension
P40 observed dimension
P39 measured
E7 Activity`
E38 Image
P16 used specific objectP138 Represents
P20 had specific purpose
P90 has value E55 Type
P2 has type
E20 Biological Object
P46 is composed of
E60 Number
“Tumor”
“Sample”
“GATA3”
E20 Biological Object …“Estrogen
Reception State”
E55 Type
“Estrogen Reception Positive”
Sample TakingP108 has produced
From location “+1”
P43 has dimension
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The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)
An ER model to integrate library objects by clustering publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin content relation. Multiply implemented.
Intended to formulate a new library practice, but lacks explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).
Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:
A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group. To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM, for the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.
Complete draft of “FRBROO” available for public comment as text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics. To be reviewed by IFLA in 2008.
A generic model of intellectual creation completely subsumed by the CRM. Now base for continued modelling of IPR in the European Project CASPAR.
The CIDOC CRM Extended applications - FRBRoo
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Intellectual Production: “Externalization”
E28 Conceptual
Object
E84 Information
Carrier
E24 Physical
Man-Made Thing
E65 Creation
E12 Production
F31 Expression Creation
F2 Expression
F20 Self Contained Expression
F23 Expression Fragment
F4 ManifestationSingleton
F46 Individual Work
F21 Complex Work
F1 Work
F5 Item
F3 Manifestation Production Type
F40 Carrier Production
Event
R49 created a realization of
R56 is realized in
R45 created
R9 comprises carriers of
R10 belongs to type
R22 created
R41 produced (was produced by)
E11 Modification
E55 Type
60ICS-FORTH November 5, 2007
FRBRoo is extremely detailed, about 50 classes and 60 relationships describing so specific things such as constructing bibliographic identifiers, performances and performance recording, electronic and physical publishing processes etc. It is still completely subsumed by the CRM classes and properties. A core model will be provided.
A picture emerges of conceptual modelling from a core ontology
as starting point and generic pattern.
Knowledge engineering of FRBR based on the CRM revealed hidden relevant processes, such as the publishers work, or incorporation of intellectual products in others.
It allowed for detecting the generic pattern in digital provenance and clinical research.
We have created dozens of specialized data structures for various museums from the CRM
The CIDOC CRM Extended applications - Summary
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The CIDOC CRM Conclusions
Core ontologies for schema semantics can be separated from ontologies for terminology (as can the integration process). Data structures as empirical base seems to be a successful method.
Such core ontologies are widely domain independent and can mostly be integrated into nearly global ontologies. We have no reason to doubt the feasibility to extend it further.
The current plethora of ontologies seems to be more a lack of collaboration and methodology, in particular empirical base and functional specification. We have repeatedly shown how core ontologies can be harmonized and merged.
The construction of epistemic networks seems to be possible based on a generic model of actors, events, objects in space time, based on the CIDOC CRM. Whoever wants to reinvent it, will probably come up with something very similar..
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The CIDOC CRM Conclusions
This generic model, the CIDOC CRM and its extensions can also be used as guide to good practice for conceptual modelling of information systems.
The existence of a sufficiently generic model allows for new generations of highly expressive information integration systems. Mapping, scalability and the co-reference problem has to addressed by generic systems and tools.
CIDOC CRM home: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr,
Look at :— Comprehensive Introduction,— Definition — Cross-Reference Manual
References: Doerr, M. (2003). The CIDOC CRM - An Ontological Approach to Semantic Interoperability of Metadata. AI Magazine, 24(3).
Doerr M., Hunter J and Lagoze C. (2003): Towards a Core Ontology for Information Integration. Journal of Digital Information 4(1), Article No. 169.