ICAWC 2011ICAWC 2011

Environmental enrichment Environmental enrichment

on a shoestring!on a shoestring!

The researchThe research

• References:References:• The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association (UK), 2007. Leamington maze for Guide Dogs, Leamington Spa, UK.The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association (UK), 2007. Leamington maze for Guide Dogs, Leamington Spa, UK.• The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association (UK), 2008. Guide Dog Trainers find that dogs love Classic FM!, Leamington Spa, UK.The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association (UK), 2008. Guide Dog Trainers find that dogs love Classic FM!, Leamington Spa, UK.• Guide Dogs for the Blind (USA), 2007. Kennel Enrichment, San Rafael, USA.Guide Dogs for the Blind (USA), 2007. Kennel Enrichment, San Rafael, USA.• Atsumi, T., Tonosaki, K., 2007. Smelling lavender and rosemary increases free radical scavenging activity and decreases cortisol level in saliva. Psychiatry Res 150, 89-96.Atsumi, T., Tonosaki, K., 2007. Smelling lavender and rosemary increases free radical scavenging activity and decreases cortisol level in saliva. Psychiatry Res 150, 89-96.• Barnett, J., Hemsworth, P., 1990. The validity of physiological and behavioural measures of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 25, 177-187.Barnett, J., Hemsworth, P., 1990. The validity of physiological and behavioural measures of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 25, 177-187.• Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., Bernadina, W., Van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M., De Vries, H.W., Mol, J.A., 1999a. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. II. Hormonal Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., Bernadina, W., Van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M., De Vries, H.W., Mol, J.A., 1999a. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. II. Hormonal

and immunological responses. Physiology & Behavior 66, 243-254.and immunological responses. Physiology & Behavior 66, 243-254.• Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., Janssen, N.S.C.R.M., Mol, J.A., 1996. The use of saliva cortisol, urinary cortisol, and catecholamine measurements for a noninvasive assessment of Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., Janssen, N.S.C.R.M., Mol, J.A., 1996. The use of saliva cortisol, urinary cortisol, and catecholamine measurements for a noninvasive assessment of

stress responses in dogs. SO - Hormones & Behavior. 30(3). 1996. 272-279.stress responses in dogs. SO - Hormones & Behavior. 30(3). 1996. 272-279.• Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., Van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M., De Vries, H.W., Mol, J.A., 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., Van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M., De Vries, H.W., Mol, J.A., 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs.

Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58, 365-381.Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58, 365-381.• Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., Van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M., De Vries, H.W., Mol, J.A., 1999b. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., Van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M., De Vries, H.W., Mol, J.A., 1999b. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses.

Physiology & Behavior 66, 233-242.Physiology & Behavior 66, 233-242.• Bradshaw, R.H., Marchant, J.N., Meredith, M.J., Broom, D.M., 1998. Effects of Lavender Straw on Stress and Travel Sickness in Pigs. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Bradshaw, R.H., Marchant, J.N., Meredith, M.J., Broom, D.M., 1998. Effects of Lavender Straw on Stress and Travel Sickness in Pigs. Journal of Alternative & Complementary

Medicine 4, 271.Medicine 4, 271.• Coover, G.D., Heybach, J.P., Lenz, J., Miller, J.F., 1979. Corticosterone "basal levels" and response to ether anesthesia in rats on a water deprivation regimen. Physiology & Coover, G.D., Heybach, J.P., Lenz, J., Miller, J.F., 1979. Corticosterone "basal levels" and response to ether anesthesia in rats on a water deprivation regimen. Physiology &

Behavior 22, 653-656.Behavior 22, 653-656.• Coppola, C.L., Grandin, T., Enns, R.M., 2006. Human interaction and cortisol: Can human contact reduce stress for shelter dogs? Physiology & Behavior 87, 537-541.Coppola, C.L., Grandin, T., Enns, R.M., 2006. Human interaction and cortisol: Can human contact reduce stress for shelter dogs? Physiology & Behavior 87, 537-541.• Cronin, G.M., Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Jongman, E.C., Newman, E.A., McCauley, I., 2003. An anti-barking muzzle for dogs and its short-term effects on behaviour and saliva Cronin, G.M., Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Jongman, E.C., Newman, E.A., McCauley, I., 2003. An anti-barking muzzle for dogs and its short-term effects on behaviour and saliva

cortisol concentrations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 83, 215-226.cortisol concentrations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 83, 215-226.• Davis, A.K., Maney, D.L., Maerz, J.C., 2008. The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists. Functional Ecology 22, 760-772.Davis, A.K., Maney, D.L., Maerz, J.C., 2008. The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists. Functional Ecology 22, 760-772.• De Villiers, M.S., Van Jaarsveld, A.S., Meltzer, D.G.A., Richardson, P.R.K., 1997. Social dynamics and the cortisol response to immobilization stress of the African wild dog, Lycaon De Villiers, M.S., Van Jaarsveld, A.S., Meltzer, D.G.A., Richardson, P.R.K., 1997. Social dynamics and the cortisol response to immobilization stress of the African wild dog, Lycaon

pictus. Hormones & Behavior 31, 3-14.pictus. Hormones & Behavior 31, 3-14.• Dreschel, N.A., Granger, D.A., 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95, 153-Dreschel, N.A., Granger, D.A., 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95, 153-

168.168.• Durrell, J.L., Beattie, V.E., Sneddon, I.A., Kilpatrick, D., 2003. Pre-mixing as a technique for facilitating subgroup formation and reducing sow aggression in large dynamic groups. Durrell, J.L., Beattie, V.E., Sneddon, I.A., Kilpatrick, D., 2003. Pre-mixing as a technique for facilitating subgroup formation and reducing sow aggression in large dynamic groups.

Applied Animal Behaviour Science 84, 89-99.Applied Animal Behaviour Science 84, 89-99.• Field, T., 1995. Massage therapy for infants and children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 16, 105-111.Field, T., 1995. Massage therapy for infants and children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 16, 105-111.• Field, T., Kilmer, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Burman, I., 1996. Preschool children's sleep and wake behavior: Effects of massage therapy. Early Child Development and Care Vol 120 Field, T., Kilmer, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Burman, I., 1996. Preschool children's sleep and wake behavior: Effects of massage therapy. Early Child Development and Care Vol 120

1996, 39-44.1996, 39-44.• Frank, D.G., Audrey; Bergeron, Renee, 2006. Placebo-controlled double-blind clomipramine trial for the treatment of anxietyFrank, D.G., Audrey; Bergeron, Renee, 2006. Placebo-controlled double-blind clomipramine trial for the treatment of anxiety• or fear in beagles during ground transport. Canadian Veterinary Journal 47, 1102-1108.or fear in beagles during ground transport. Canadian Veterinary Journal 47, 1102-1108.• Graham, L., Wells, D.L., Hepper, P.G., 2005. The influence of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 91, 143-Graham, L., Wells, D.L., Hepper, P.G., 2005. The influence of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 91, 143-

153.153.• Hennessy, M.B., Davis, H.N., Williams, M.T., Mellott, C., Douglas, C.W., 1997. Plasma cortisol levels of dogs at a county animal shelter. Physiology & Behavior 62, 485-490.Hennessy, M.B., Davis, H.N., Williams, M.T., Mellott, C., Douglas, C.W., 1997. Plasma cortisol levels of dogs at a county animal shelter. Physiology & Behavior 62, 485-490.• Hennessy, M.B., Williams, M.T., Miller, D.D., Douglas, C.W., Voith, V.L., 1998. Influence of male and female petters on plasma cortisol and behaviour: Can human interaction Hennessy, M.B., Williams, M.T., Miller, D.D., Douglas, C.W., Voith, V.L., 1998. Influence of male and female petters on plasma cortisol and behaviour: Can human interaction

reduce the stress of dogs in a public animal shelter? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61, 63-77.reduce the stress of dogs in a public animal shelter? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61, 63-77.• Hiramatsu, R., 1981. Direct assay of cortisol in human saliva by solid phase radioimmunoassay and its clinical applications. Clinica Chimica Acta 117, 239-249.Hiramatsu, R., 1981. Direct assay of cortisol in human saliva by solid phase radioimmunoassay and its clinical applications. Clinica Chimica Acta 117, 239-249.• Hubrecht, R., 1993a. Dog Housing and Welfare. Animal Welfare Research Report No 6., Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Potters Bar, Herts, UK.Hubrecht, R., 1993a. Dog Housing and Welfare. Animal Welfare Research Report No 6., Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Potters Bar, Herts, UK.• Hubrecht, R., 1995. Dogs and Dog Housing, In: Smith, C.P.a.V.T. (Ed.), Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Laboratory Animals: 1965 - 1995: Birds, Cats, Dogs, Hubrecht, R., 1995. Dogs and Dog Housing, In: Smith, C.P.a.V.T. (Ed.), Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Laboratory Animals: 1965 - 1995: Birds, Cats, Dogs,

Farm Animals, Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents. AWIC Resource Series No. 2. , U.S. Department of Agriculture and Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Potters Bar, Farm Animals, Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents. AWIC Resource Series No. 2. , U.S. Department of Agriculture and Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Potters Bar, Herts, UK, pp. "Dogs and Dog Housing" is a chapter from: Smith, C.P. and V. Taylor (September 1995). Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Laboratory Animals: Herts, UK, pp. "Dogs and Dog Housing" is a chapter from: Smith, C.P. and V. Taylor (September 1995). Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Laboratory Animals: 1965 - 1995: Birds, Cats, Dogs, Farm Animals, Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents. AWIC Resource Series No. 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD and Universities 1965 - 1995: Birds, Cats, Dogs, Farm Animals, Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents. AWIC Resource Series No. 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD and Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Potters Bar, Herts, UK, pp. 1949-1962.Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Potters Bar, Herts, UK, pp. 1949-1962.

• Hubrecht, R.C., 1993b. A comparison of social and environmental enrichment methods for laboratory housed dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 37, 345-361.Hubrecht, R.C., 1993b. A comparison of social and environmental enrichment methods for laboratory housed dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 37, 345-361.• Kahn, J.-P., Rubinow, D.R., Davis, C.L., Kling, M., Post, R.M., 1988. Salivary Cortisol a Practical Method for Evaluation of Adrenal Function. Biological Psychiatry 23, 335-349.Kahn, J.-P., Rubinow, D.R., Davis, C.L., Kling, M., Post, R.M., 1988. Salivary Cortisol a Practical Method for Evaluation of Adrenal Function. Biological Psychiatry 23, 335-349.• Kirschbaum, C., Hellhammer, D.H., 1989. Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology 22, 150-169.Kirschbaum, C., Hellhammer, D.H., 1989. Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology 22, 150-169.• Kobelt, A.J., 2004. The behaviour and welfare of pet dogs in suburban backyards., Animal Welfare Science Centre, Institute of Land and Food Resources, University of Melbourne, Kobelt, A.J., 2004. The behaviour and welfare of pet dogs in suburban backyards., Animal Welfare Science Centre, Institute of Land and Food Resources, University of Melbourne,

Melbourne, p. 126.Melbourne, p. 126.

• Kobelt, A.J., Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Butler, K.L., 2003. Sources of sampling variation in saliva cortisol in dogs. Research in Veterinary Science 75, 157-161.Kobelt, A.J., Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Butler, K.L., 2003. Sources of sampling variation in saliva cortisol in dogs. Research in Veterinary Science 75, 157-161.• Lindsay, S.R., 2000. Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Volume 1: Adaptation and Learning. Blackwell Publishing.Lindsay, S.R., 2000. Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Volume 1: Adaptation and Learning. Blackwell Publishing.• Loveridge, G., 1998a. Environmentally enriched dog housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59, 101-113.Loveridge, G., 1998a. Environmentally enriched dog housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59, 101-113.• Loveridge, G.G., 1998b. Environmentally enriched dog housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59, 101-113.Loveridge, G.G., 1998b. Environmentally enriched dog housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59, 101-113.• McFarlane, J.M., Curtis, S.E., Simon, J., Izquierdo, O.A., 1989. Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks 2. Effects on hematologic, body composition, and pathologic McFarlane, J.M., Curtis, S.E., Simon, J., Izquierdo, O.A., 1989. Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks 2. Effects on hematologic, body composition, and pathologic

traits. Poultry Science 68, 510-521.traits. Poultry Science 68, 510-521.• Meehan, C.L., Mench, J.A., 2007. The challenge of challenge: Can problem solving opportunities enhance animal welfare? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102, Meehan, C.L., Mench, J.A., 2007. The challenge of challenge: Can problem solving opportunities enhance animal welfare? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102,

246-261.246-261.• Moberg, G.P.a.M., J.A., 2000. The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare. CAB International, Wallingford.Moberg, G.P.a.M., J.A., 2000. The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare. CAB International, Wallingford.• Mooncey, S., Giannakoulopoulos, X., Glover, V., Acolet, D., Modi, N., 1997. The effect of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact on plasma cortisol and beta -endorphin Mooncey, S., Giannakoulopoulos, X., Glover, V., Acolet, D., Modi, N., 1997. The effect of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact on plasma cortisol and beta -endorphin

concentrations in preterm newborns. Infant Behavior & Development Vol 20(4) Oct-Dec 1997, 553-557.concentrations in preterm newborns. Infant Behavior & Development Vol 20(4) Oct-Dec 1997, 553-557.• Newberry, R.C., 1995. Environmental enrichment: Increasing the biological relevance of captive environments. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 44, 229-243.Newberry, R.C., 1995. Environmental enrichment: Increasing the biological relevance of captive environments. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 44, 229-243.• Palazzolo, D.L., Quadri, S.K., 1987. The Effects of Aging on the Circadian Rhythm of Serum Cortisol in the Dog. Experimental Gerontology 22, 379-388.Palazzolo, D.L., Quadri, S.K., 1987. The Effects of Aging on the Circadian Rhythm of Serum Cortisol in the Dog. Experimental Gerontology 22, 379-388.• Pell, S.M., McGreevy, P.D., 1999. A study of cortisol and beta-endorphin levels in stereotypic and normal thoroughbreds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64, 81-Pell, S.M., McGreevy, P.D., 1999. A study of cortisol and beta-endorphin levels in stereotypic and normal thoroughbreds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64, 81-

90.90.• Poole, T.B., 1998. Meeting A Mammal’s Psychological Needs, In: Sherpherdson, D.J.M., J. D.; Hutchins, M. (Ed.), Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Poole, T.B., 1998. Meeting A Mammal’s Psychological Needs, In: Sherpherdson, D.J.M., J. D.; Hutchins, M. (Ed.), Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for

Captive Animals, Smithsonian Institute PressCaptive Animals, Smithsonian Institute Press• Washington, DC, pp. 83-94.Washington, DC, pp. 83-94.• Prescott, M.J., Morton, D.B., Anderson, D., Buckwell, A., Heath, S., Hubrecht, R., Jennings, M., Robb, D., Ruane, B., Swallow, J., Thompson, P., 2004a. Prescott, M.J., Morton, D.B., Anderson, D., Buckwell, A., Heath, S., Hubrecht, R., Jennings, M., Robb, D., Ruane, B., Swallow, J., Thompson, P., 2004a.

Environmental enrichment. Laboratory Animals 38, 42-47.Environmental enrichment. Laboratory Animals 38, 42-47.• Prescott, M.J., Morton, D.B., Anderson, D., Buckwell, A., Heath, S., Hubrecht, R., Jennings, M., Robb, D., Ruane, B., Swallow, J., Thompson, P., 2004b. Housing Prescott, M.J., Morton, D.B., Anderson, D., Buckwell, A., Heath, S., Hubrecht, R., Jennings, M., Robb, D., Ruane, B., Swallow, J., Thompson, P., 2004b. Housing

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2 types of enrichment2 types of enrichment

AnimateAnimate

InanimateInanimate

What’s enriching for What’s enriching for you?you?

Does watching the sun set do it Does watching the sun set do it for your dog?for your dog?

Know your species !Know your species !

EthologyEthology

• Adam MiklosiAdam Miklosi

• Ray CoppingerRay Coppinger

• David MechDavid Mech

Individual preferencesIndividual preferences

• Not every dog wants to play with a ballNot every dog wants to play with a ball• Some may prefer a good comfy spot to sleepSome may prefer a good comfy spot to sleep• Others like to use their noseOthers like to use their nose• Some like to digSome like to dig• Others love to run or swimOthers love to run or swim• Whilst many just want to be with youWhilst many just want to be with you

For those that like to use their For those that like to use their nosenose

Sensory gardenSensory garden

Hide & seekHide & seek

• Teach the dog to follow a scent to find a Teach the dog to follow a scent to find a special toy or food item.special toy or food item.

• Start easy and make more difficult Start easy and make more difficult

The sniffing trailThe sniffing trail

Food activity toysFood activity toys

Some like to dig!Some like to dig!

ToysToys• What is a toy ?What is a toy ?

• Aren't they expensive?Aren't they expensive?

• Don’t they just sit in the kennel getting Don’t they just sit in the kennel getting dirty?dirty?

• Surely we have to throw it to make it fun?Surely we have to throw it to make it fun?

Interactive toysInteractive toys

Interactive toysInteractive toys

Drink more coffee!Drink more coffee!

Or cake tinsOr cake tins

Giant activity toysGiant activity toys

Giant activity toysGiant activity toys

Agility equipment?Agility equipment?

Quality time with someoneQuality time with someone

Quality time with someoneQuality time with someone

Don’t forget the puppies!Don’t forget the puppies!

MusicMusic

Lets share ideas and help each Lets share ideas and help each other in the battle against other in the battle against boredom and stress in our boredom and stress in our

kennelskennels

Thank you to everyone who gave Thank you to everyone who gave me so many ideas and inspired me so many ideas and inspired me with their videos and emails.me with their videos and emails.

Caring for animals unites us all!Caring for animals unites us all!

Thank youThank you

For listeningFor listening