2.3 icawc 10 snuffles mr
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Snuffles, scabs and squitsSnuffles, scabs and squits
Dealing with feline infectious disease in a Dealing with feline infectious disease in a sheltershelter
Maggie Roberts BVM&S MRCVSMaggie Roberts BVM&S MRCVSDirector of Veterinary ServicesDirector of Veterinary Services
Cats ProtectionCats Protection
OverviewOverview
Infectious disease in the Infectious disease in the sheltershelter
Common infectious Common infectious diseasesdiseases Cat ‘fluCat ‘flu RingwormRingworm Infectious diarrhoeaInfectious diarrhoea FeLV & FIVFeLV & FIV
Containing diseaseContaining disease Disease preventionDisease prevention
What makes cats different?What makes cats different?
Cats were originally solitary hunters.Cats were originally solitary hunters. Not evolved to live in close proximity with other Not evolved to live in close proximity with other
cats.cats. Cats can be carriers of disease without showing Cats can be carriers of disease without showing
symptomssymptoms
Infectious disease is more likely Infectious disease is more likely in the shelter situation because:in the shelter situation because:
Population densityPopulation density Transient populationTransient population Frequent introduction of different Frequent introduction of different
infectious agents infectious agents StressStress Environmental factors eg ventilationEnvironmental factors eg ventilation Host susceptibilty eg age, health statusHost susceptibilty eg age, health status
Cat ‘fluCat ‘flu
CausesCauses Feline herpes virus (FHV)Feline herpes virus (FHV) Feline calicivirus (FCV)Feline calicivirus (FCV) Chlamydophila felisChlamydophila felis Bordetella bronchisepticaBordetella bronchiseptica Mycoplasma spMycoplasma sp
Cat ‘fluCat ‘flu
SignsSigns Intermittent sneezingIntermittent sneezing Runny nose and eyesRunny nose and eyes Swelling of the eyelidsSwelling of the eyelids UlcersUlcers Dribbling Dribbling High temperature High temperature Quiet and subduedQuiet and subdued Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite Cough or loss of voiceCough or loss of voice LamenessLameness Gingivo-stomatitis Gingivo-stomatitis
Cat ‘fluCat ‘flu
Feline herpes virus
Cat ‘fluCat ‘flu
Feline calicivirus
Cat ‘fluCat ‘flu
Feline chlamydophilosis
Cat ‘fluCat ‘flu
DiagnosisDiagnosis Oral or conjunctival swabs are needed for a Oral or conjunctival swabs are needed for a
definitive diagnosisdefinitive diagnosis
Cat ‘fluCat ‘fluTreatmentTreatment Isolate affected cat and barrier nurseIsolate affected cat and barrier nurse Good nursing careGood nursing care No drugs available to kill virusesNo drugs available to kill viruses Antibiotics for secondary infectionsAntibiotics for secondary infections DecongestantsDecongestants Pain killersPain killers
Cat ‘flu CarriersCat ‘flu Carriers
Cats with herpes virus can become infected for Cats with herpes virus can become infected for lifelife
They can show symptoms or shed the virus They can show symptoms or shed the virus intermittently especially when stressedintermittently especially when stressed
Cats with calcivirus can shed the virus for many Cats with calcivirus can shed the virus for many weeks or occasionally for lifeweeks or occasionally for life
Chlamydophila can be cured but if not treated Chlamydophila can be cured but if not treated thoroughly it will recurthoroughly it will recur
RingwormRingworm
CauseCause A fungus known as a dermatophyteA fungus known as a dermatophyte
90% of cases in cats caused by 90% of cases in cats caused by Microsporum Microsporum caniscanis
Trichophyton speciesTrichophyton species
RingwormRingworm
SignsSigns Hair lossHair loss Crusting and scalingCrusting and scaling ItchingItching UlcerationUlceration Can mimic other skin diseasesCan mimic other skin diseases
RingwormRingworm
RingwormRingworm
DiagnosisDiagnosis Woods lampWoods lamp Hair cultureHair culture
RingwormRingworm
TreatmentTreatment Isolate affected cat and barrier nurseIsolate affected cat and barrier nurse Appropriate disinfectantsAppropriate disinfectants Oral antifungal medicationOral antifungal medication Topical treatmentsTopical treatments If long haired may need clippingIf long haired may need clipping Ideally have 3 negative culture tests before Ideally have 3 negative culture tests before
hominghoming
Infectious diarrhoeaInfectious diarrhoeaCausesCauses
Viral agentsViral agents ParvovirusParvovirus CoronavirusCoronavirus
Bacterial agentsBacterial agents CampylobacterCampylobacter SalmonellaSalmonella E ColiE Coli
WormsWorms RoundwormsRoundworms TapewormsTapeworms
Protozoan agentsProtozoan agents GiardiaGiardia CoccidiaCoccidia Tritrichomonas Tritrichomonas
foetus foetus
Feline parvovirusFeline parvovirus
Greatest disease threat to any rescue Greatest disease threat to any rescue
facilityfacility Very high death rate, particularly in Very high death rate, particularly in
unvaccinated kittensunvaccinated kittens
Feline ParvovirusFeline Parvovirus Three different names for the same diseaseThree different names for the same disease
Feline parvovirusFeline parvovirus Feline infectious enteritis Feline infectious enteritis Feline panleucopeniaFeline panleucopenia
Spread between cats by direct or indirect Spread between cats by direct or indirect contact with contaminated faecescontact with contaminated faeces
Survives in the environment a long timeSurvives in the environment a long time
Feline ParvovirusFeline ParvovirusSignsSigns Severe vomitingSevere vomiting Severe diarrhoea with Severe diarrhoea with blood and mucusblood and mucus High temperatureHigh temperature DehydrationDehydration Weight lossWeight loss Lack of appetiteLack of appetite Sudden death with no signsSudden death with no signs
Feline ParvovirusFeline Parvovirus
DiagnosisDiagnosis Faecal sample Faecal sample Blood testBlood test
Feline ParvovirusFeline Parvovirus
TreatmentTreatment Isolate affected cat and barrier nurseIsolate affected cat and barrier nurse Appropriate disinfectantsAppropriate disinfectants Good nursing careGood nursing care No drugs available to kill virusNo drugs available to kill virus Fluids – oral, I/VFluids – oral, I/V Antibiotics for secondary infectionsAntibiotics for secondary infections Vaccinate in face of outbreakVaccinate in face of outbreak
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
Most common in young catsMost common in young cats Recurrent secondary infectionsRecurrent secondary infections High temperatureHigh temperature LethargyLethargy TumoursTumours AnaemiaAnaemia Very poor outlookVery poor outlook
Feline immunodeficiency virus Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)(FIV)
Non-specificNon-specific Often older catsOften older cats May survive many May survive many
yearsyears
Recurrent secondary Recurrent secondary infectionsinfections
GingivitisGingivitis DiarrhoeaDiarrhoea Neurological diseaseNeurological disease Skin diseaseSkin disease TumoursTumours
FeLV and FIV in the shelterFeLV and FIV in the shelter
Virus does not survive long in the Virus does not survive long in the environmentenvironment
Usually needs direct contact (grooming, Usually needs direct contact (grooming, fighting) to be transmittedfighting) to be transmitted
Housing singly and using good hygiene is Housing singly and using good hygiene is sufficientsufficient
Containing Containing DiseaseDisease
Some infectious diseases are Some infectious diseases are ZOONOTIC ZOONOTIC eg ringwormeg ringworm Some infectious diseases can survive in the Some infectious diseases can survive in the
environment for a long timeenvironment for a long time– Parvovirus survives up to 12 monthsParvovirus survives up to 12 months– Ringworm spores up to 2 yearsRingworm spores up to 2 years
Disease Disease transmissiontransmission
Direct (from cat to cat)Direct (from cat to cat) Saliva e.g. FeLV Saliva e.g. FeLV Sneezing e.g. cat ‘flu Sneezing e.g. cat ‘flu Fighting e.g. FIV Fighting e.g. FIV Rubbing e.g. RingwormRubbing e.g. Ringworm
Indirect (from people or objects)Indirect (from people or objects) Pens e.g. RingwormPens e.g. Ringworm Litter trays e.g. CoronavirusLitter trays e.g. Coronavirus Food bowls e.g. FeLVFood bowls e.g. FeLV People’s hands,People’s hands, shoes etc e.g. shoes etc e.g. Parvovirus Parvovirus
Containing DiseaseContaining Disease
Keep infected cat isolated Keep infected cat isolated from all other catsfrom all other cats
Wear and use Personal Wear and use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Protective Equipment (PPE)
Use suitable disinfectant that Use suitable disinfectant that is effective against the is effective against the diseasedisease
Clean and handle infected Clean and handle infected cat lastcat last
Containing diseaseContaining disease Have separate cleaning utensils for Have separate cleaning utensils for
isolated catisolated cat Use disposable litter trays and food bowls Use disposable litter trays and food bowls
or return trays and bowls to same cator return trays and bowls to same cat
Containing Containing DiseaseDisease
Use disposable bedding or soak in Use disposable bedding or soak in disinfectant before washing on hot cycledisinfectant before washing on hot cycle
Wash contaminated bedding last and Wash contaminated bedding last and separate from other beddingseparate from other bedding
Use footbaths containing disinfectantUse footbaths containing disinfectant
Containing diseaseContaining disease
Deep clean area for Deep clean area for 5 continuous days 5 continuous days after housing after housing infected catinfected cat
Steam clean first if Steam clean first if possible possible
Stop the movement Stop the movement of cats in or outof cats in or out
Disease preventionDisease prevention
Avoid over-crowdingAvoid over-crowding Keep cats singly or only with cats from Keep cats singly or only with cats from
the same sourcethe same source Use full height sneeze barriersUse full height sneeze barriers Quarantine new arrivals and isolate sick Quarantine new arrivals and isolate sick
catscats
Disease preventionDisease prevention
Reduce stress as much as possibleReduce stress as much as possible Health check by a vetHealth check by a vet Screen for disease where possibleScreen for disease where possible Good preventative medicineGood preventative medicine
VaccinationVaccination CoreCore - essential in all - essential in all
rescue facilities as a rescue facilities as a minimumminimum FHV FHV FCVFCV FPV FPV Rabies in endemic Rabies in endemic
areaarea
VaccinationVaccination
Non-core – Non-core – depends depends on risk, funds on risk, funds available available
FeLVFeLV Chlamydophila felisChlamydophila felis Bordetella Bordetella
bronchisepticabronchiseptica
AfterAfter
Thank youThank you
BeforeBefore