ias 7 cash flow statements upd

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for Accounting Professionals

IAS 7 CASH FLOW STATEMENTS

This Project is funded by EU
http://www.accountingreform.ru/http://www.accountingreform.ru/


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Cash Flow Statements

PREFACE

This series of workbooks has been updated by the project team of the EuropeanUnion project Implementation of the Accounting Reform in the RussianFederation.

The workbooks cover the concepts of International Financial ReportingStandards (IFRS). They are intended to be practical self-instruction aidsthat practicing accountants can use to upgrade their knowledge, understanding andskills.

Each workbook is designed for a maximum of three hours of study.

Each workbook is a combination of:

Information with examples Self Test Questions Multiple choice and Exercises Answers to Self Test Questions

The members of the project team were contributed by PricewaterhouseCoopers,ACCA, FBK and Agriconsulting.

The Workbook Series consists of a range of titles listed on our website.

The copyright of the material contained in each workbook belongs to theEuropean Union and, according to its policy, may be used free of charge for anynon-commercial purpose.

The project team would like to express thanks to those who have contributedtheir time and thoughts to the content of the workbooks.

Contact:

e-mail [email protected] www.accountingreform.ru

Tel. + 7 495- 967-6000 Fax. + 7 495- 967-6001

Moscow, Russia, February 2007 (updated)

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................3

2. DEFINITIONS.........................................................................3

3. PRESENTATION OF A CASH FLOW STATEMENT.............4

4. REPORTING CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATINGACTIVITIES.................................................................................7

5. FOREIGN CURRENCY CASH FLOWS..................................8

6. COMPONENTS OF CASH (AND CASH EQUIVALENTS)...11

7. CASH FLOW STATEMENT FOR A FINANCIALINSTITUTION............................................................................15

8. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.......................................15

9. ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS..............19

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1. Introduction

AIMThe aim of this workbook is to assist the individual in understanding Cash FlowStatements according to IFRS.

OBJECTIVE

Cash Flow Statements are the subject of IAS 7.

Information about the cash flows of an undertaking is useful in providing userswith a basis to assess the ability to generate cash (and cash equivalents) andthe needs to utilise those cash flows. Also required are the timing (andcertainty) of their generation.

The objective of IAS 7 is to require the provision of information about thechanges in cash (and cash equivalents) of an undertaking, by means of a cashflow statement. This classifies cash flows during the period from:-operating,-investing and-financing activities.

Scope

An undertaking should prepare a cash flow statement in accordance withIAS 7, and should present it as an integral part of its financial statements, foreach period for which financial statements are presented.

Users are interested in how the undertaking generates, and uses, cash (andcash equivalents). Businesses need cash to conduct their operations, to paytheir obligations, and to provide returns to their investors. IAS 7 requires allundertakings to present a cash flow statement.

Benefits of Cash Flow Information

A cash flow statement, when used in conjunction with the rest of the financialstatements, provides information that enables users to evaluate the changes innet assets of an undertaking, its financial structure (including its liquidity andsolvency) and its ability to affect the amounts (and timing) of cash flows, in orderto adapt to changing circumstances, and opportunities.

Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability to generate cash (andcash equivalents), and enables users to develop models to compare the presentvalue of cash flows of different undertakings.

It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating performance bydifferent undertakings, as it eliminates the effects of using different accountingtreatments for the same transactions.

Historical cash flow information is often used as an indicator of the amount,timing and certainty of future cash flows. It is also useful in checking theaccuracy of past assessments of future cash flows, and in examining therelationship between profitability, net cash flow, and the impact of changingprices.

2. Definitions

Cash comprises cash on hand, and deposits that can be repaid on demand.

Cash equivalents are short-term, highly-liquid investments that are readilyconvertible to known amounts of cash, and which are subject to an insignificantrisk of changes in value.

EXAMPLE Cash equivalentsHolding cash earns no interest on your funds. To earn interest on cashbalances, your firm places money on short-term deposits, at its bank. Eachday, you add receipts to the deposit, and subtract money needed to paycreditors.

Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash (and cash equivalents).

Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of theundertaking, and other activities that are not investing, or financing activities.

EXAMPLE- Operating activitiesDaily sales and purchases, employee costs and general overheads comprisethe operating activities.

Investing activities are the acquisition, and disposal, of long-term assets (andother investments not included in cash equivalents).

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Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size (andcomposition) of the equity capital, and borrowings, of the undertaking.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cashcommitments, rather than for investment.

For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent, it must be readily convertibleto a known amount of cash, and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes invalue.

An investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has amaturity of three months (or less), from the date of acquisition.

Equity investments are excluded from cash equivalents, unless they are, insubstance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred sharesacquired within a short period of their maturity (and with a specified redemptiondate).

EXAMPLE- Preferred shares acquired within a short period of theirmaturityYou buy some preferred shares of a large, listed company in January. Theywill redeemed in full in March. (The company will buy back the shares fromyou.) These may be considered to be cash equivalents.

Bank borrowings are generally considered to be financing activities. However, insome countries, bank overdrafts (which are repayable on demand) form anintegral part of an undertaking's cash management.

In these circumstances, bank overdrafts are included as a component of cash(and cash equivalents). The bank balance often fluctuates from being positive tooverdrawn.

EXAMPLE-OverdraftYou have a seasonal business. For the first half of the year you have positivecash balances, which you place in short-term deposits. In the second half ofthe year, you have negative cash balances, which are financed by a bankoverdraft. The overdraft is treated as a cash equivalent.

Cash flows statements do not disclose movements between items thatconstitute cash (or cash equivalents) because these components are part of

cash management, rather than part of its operating, investing and financingactivities. Cash management includes the investment of excess cash in cashequivalents.

3. Presentation of a Cash Flow Statement

The cash flow statement should report cash flows during the period, classified

by operating, investing and financing activities.

An undertaking presents its cash flows from operating, investing and financingactivities in a manner that is most appropriate to its business.

Classification by activity provides information that allows users to assess theimpact of those activities on the financial position of the undertaking, and theamount of its cash (and cash equivalents). This information may also be used toevaluate the relationships among those activities.

A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently.

EXAMPLE-Single transaction-both operating and financing activityA cash repayment of a loan includes both interest and capital, the interestelement may be classified as an operating activity, and the capital element isclassified as a financing activity.

Operating Activities

The amount of cash flows arising from operating activities is a key indicator ofthe extent to which the operations have generated sufficient cash flows to repayloans, maintain the operating capability of the undertaking, pay dividends (andmake new investments) without recourse to external sources of financing.

EXAMPLE Operating activities not generating cashYour manufacturing activities are not generating cash, as inventories areincreasing rapidly, and your clients are taking excessive credit. Unlesscorrective action is taken, you will need to obtain more cash from banks orinvestors.If this is a planned expansion, the financial needs should have been plannedin advance.

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Information about the specific components of operating cash flows is useful, inconjunction with other information, in forecasting operating cash flows.

EXAMPLES Forecasting operating cash flows1. You run a chain of super markets. Every store that you open requires$50.000 of additional inventory. This fact can be notified to users, and

monitored in future periods.2. You are a manufacturer. Every time that you enter a new foreign market,you have to provide $80.000 of inventory, and accounts receivable increaseby $120.000. This fact can be notifies to users, and monitored in futureperiods.

Cash flows from operating activities are primarily derived from the principalrevenue-producing activities of the undertaking. Therefore, they generally resultfrom the transactions that enter into the determination of net profit.

Examples of cash flows from operating activities are:

(i) receipts from the sale of goods, and the rendering of services;

(ii) receipts from royalties, fees, commissions and other revenue;

EXAMPLE- feesYou control a franchise of restaurants.You receive an annual franchise fee from each restaurant, and a fee for everymeal served.

(iii) payments to suppliers for goods (and services);

(iv) payments to (and on behalf of) employees;

(v) receipts and payments of an insurance undertaking for premiums andclaims, annuities and other policy benefits;

(vi) payments (or refunds) of income taxes unless they can be specificallyidentified with financing and investing activities; and

(vii) receipts (and payments) from contracts held for dealing (or trading)purposes.

Some transactions, such as the sale of an item of plant, may give rise to a gain(or loss) that is included in net profit. However, these cash flows are cash flowsfrom investing activities.

EXAMPLE - sale of an item of plant: a gain that is included in net profitYou sell a machine, and record a gain of $4.000 in your net profit. For cashflow purposes, this gain is deducted from net profit, and recorded in investing

activities.

A specialist trading in securities will treat them as inventory acquired specificallyfor resale. Cash flows arising from the purchase and sale of dealing (or trading)securities are classified as operating activities. For other businesses, they willeither be operating activities, or cash equivalents (see above).

Cash advances, and loans made by financial institutions, are usually classifiedas operating activities, as they relate to the main revenue-producing activity ofthat undertaking.

EXAMPLE- Loans made by financial institutionsYou are a financial institution. Making loans, and receiving loan repayments is

your primary business. The cash flows from these loans are shown asoperating activities.

Investing Activities

The separate disclosure of cash flows arising from investing activities representsthe extent to which expenditures have been made for resources intended togenerate future income and cash flows.

Examples of cash flows arising from investing activities are:

(i) payments to acquire property, plant and equipment, intangibles andother long-term assets. These payments include those relating tocapitalised development costs and self-constructed property, plant andequipment;

EXAMPLE- Self-constructed propertyTo expand your business you build a new factory. You capitalise theconstruction costs. This is an investment activity, for cash flow purposes.

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(ii) receipts from sales of property, plant and equipment, intangibles andother long-term assets;

EXAMPLE- Receipt from sales of propertyYou sell your head office. As a rare event, this will not be considered to be anoperating activity. It will be an investment activity.

(iii) payments to acquire shares or debt instruments of other undertakings,and interests in joint ventures (other than for instruments that are cashequivalents, or held for dealing (or trading purposes));

EXAMPLE- Payments to acquire sharesYou buy a competitors business, and acquire all of its shares. This is aninvestment activity.

(iv) receipts from sales of shares (or debt) instruments of otherundertakings and interests in joint ventures (other than for instrumentsthat are cash equivalents, or held for trading purposes);

(v) advances (and loans) made to other parties (other than by a financialinstitution);

(vi) receipts from the repayments of advances and loans made to otherparties (other than those of a financial institution);

(vii) payments for futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts andswap contracts (except when the contracts are held for dealing ortrading purposes, or the payments are classified as financing activities);and

(viii) receipts from futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts andswap contracts (except when the contracts are held for dealing ortrading purposes, or the receipts are classified as financing activities).

When a contract is accounted for as a hedge of an identifiable position, the cashflows of the contract are classified in the same manner as those of the positionbeing hedged.

EXAMPLE Hedging

You have purchased products from Japan on credit. This is an operatingactivity. You will need to pay for them in Yen in 3 months time. You have aforward contract to fix the purchase price of the Yen. This will also be treatedas an operating activity.

Financing Activities

The separate disclosure of cash flows arising from financing activities is neededto predict claims on cash flows by providers of capital to the undertaking.

Examples of cash flows arising from financing activities are:

(i) proceeds from issuing shares, or other equity instruments;

(ii) payments to owners to acquire, or redeem the undertaking's shares;

(iii) proceeds from issuing debentures, loans, notes, bonds, mortgages andother short or long-term borrowings;

(iv) repayments of amounts borrowed; and

(v) payments by a lessee for the reduction of the outstanding liabilityrelating to a finance lease.

EXAMPLE-Finance lease (see IAS 17 workbook)You lease some machinery on a finance lease. The lease is a form of a loan(see IAS 17). Each payment includes 2 parts: an interest payment and acapital payment. The interest the interest element may be classified as anoperating activity, and the capital element is classified as a financing activity.

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4. Reporting Cash Flows From OperatingActivities

An undertaking should report cash flows from operating activities using either:

(i) the direct method, whereby major classes of gross receipts and gross

payments are disclosed; or

(ii) the indirect method, whereby net profit is adjusted for the effects oftransactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals (or accruals) of past(or future) operating cash receipts (or payments), and items of income(or expense) associated with investing or financing cash flows.

PRACTICAL NOTEThe indirect method can be produced from the opening and closing balancesheets, together with some information from the income statement. The directmethod normally needs more comprehensive information from the accountingrecords, to identify major classes of gross receipts, and gross payments.

Undertakings are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activitiesusing the direct method. The direct method provides information that is notavailable under the indirect method.

Under the direct method, information about major classes of gross receipts, andgross payments, may be obtained either:

(1) from the accounting records; or

(2) by adjusting sales, cost of sales (interest and similar income, andinterest expense and similar charges, for a financial institution) andother items in the income statement for

(i) changes in inventories, operating receivables, and payables;

(i i) other non-cash i tems; and

(iii) other items, for which the cash effects are investing, or financing cashflows.

Under the indirect method, the net cash flow from operating activities isdetermined by adjusting net profit for the effects of:

(i) changes in inventories, operating receivables, and payables;

(ii) non-cash items such as depreciation, provisions, deferred taxes,unrealised foreign currency gains (and losses), undistributed profits ofassociates, and minority interests; and

(iii) all other items, which are investing or financing cash flows.

Alternatively, the net cash flow from operating activities may be presented underthe indirect method, by showing the revenues and expenses disclosed in theincome statement, and the changes during the period in inventories, operatingreceivables and payables.

Reporting Cash Flows From Investing and FinancingActivities

An undertaking should report separately major classes of gross receipts, and

gross payments, arising from investing and financing activities, except to theextent that cash flows are reported on a net basis.

Reporting Cash Flows on a Net Basis

Cash flows arising from the following operating, investing or financing activitiesmay be reported on a net basis:

(i) receipts and payments on behalf of clients, when the cash flows reflectthe activities of the client, rather than those of the undertaking; and

EXAMPLE Cash flows shown on a net basis.

You collect money on behalf of a client, and immediately pay it to the client,less a commission. If you take no risk (if no money is received, you are notliable to the client), the commissions could be shown net, rather than showingthe gross receipts and payments.

(ii) receipts and payments for items in which the turnover is quick, theamounts are large, and the maturities are short.

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Examples of these receipts and payments are:

(i) the acceptance (and repayment) of demand deposits of a bank;

(ii) funds held for clients by an investment undertaking; and

(iii) rents collected on behalf of (and paid over to) the owners of properties.

Examples of these receipts and payments are advances made for (and therepayment of):

(i) principal amounts relating to credit card clients;

(ii) the purchase and sale of investments; and

(iii) other short-term borrowings, for example, those which have a maturityperiod of three months or less.

Cash flows arising from each of the following activities of a financial institutionmay be reported on a net basis:

(i) receipts, and payments, for the acceptance (and repayment) of depositswith a fixed maturity date;

(ii) the placement of deposits with (and withdrawal of deposits from) otherfinancial institutions; and

(iii) advances, and loans made to clients (and the repayment of thoseadvances and loans).

5. Foreign Currency Cash Flows(see IAS 21 workbook)

Cash flows, arising from transactions in a foreign currency, should be recordedin an undertaking's functional currency, by applying the exchange rate betweenthe functional currency, and the foreign currency, at the date of the cash flow.

EXAMPLE-Reporting foreign currency, at the date of the cash flow.

You receive $600.000 on March 12. Your functional currency is Euros. Theexchange rate on March 12 is Euro1= $1.20. The transaction is reported asEuros 500.000 (600.000/1.2).

The cash flows of a foreign subsidiary should be translated at the exchangerates between the functional currency, and the foreign currency, at the dates ofthe cash flows.

Cash flows denominated in a foreign currency are reported in a mannerconsistent with IAS 21 Foreign Currency.

This permits the use of approximate exchange rates. For example, a weighted-average exchange rate for a period may be used for recording foreign currencytransactions, or the translation of the cash flows of a foreign subsidiary.

EXAMPLE-Reporting foreign currency, at weighted-average rate.You receive $600.000 on March 12. Your functional currency is Euros. Theexchange rate on March 12 is Euro1= $1.20. The weighted-average rate forthe period is Euro1= $1.25. Your policy is to use the weighted-average rate.The transaction is reported as Euros 480.000 (600.000/1.25).

Unrealised gains (and losses) arising from changes in foreign currencyexchange rates are not cash flows.

EXAMPLE- Unrealised gain arising from changes in foreign currency.You have a foreign investment worth $1,2m. Your functional currency isEuros. The exchange rate on January 1 is Euro1= $1.20. The exchange rateon December 31 is Euro1= $1.25. The unrealised gain in Euros is not a cashflow.

However, the effect of exchange rate changes on cash held (or due) in a foreigncurrency is reported in the cash flow statement, in order to reconcile cash at the

beginning, and the end, of the period.

This amount is presented separately from cash flows from operating, investingand financing activities and includes the differences, if any, had those cashflows been reported at end of period exchange rates.

EXAMPLE- Effect of exchange rate changes on cash held

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You have a cash balance worth $2,4m. Your functional currency is Euros. Theexchange rate on January 1 is Euro1= $1.20. The exchange rate onDecember 31 is Euro1= $1.25. The 8.000 gain in Euros is an exchangedifference shown under operating activities.

Interest and Dividends

Cash flows from interest and dividends received, and paid, should each bedisclosed separately. Each should be classified consistently as operating,investing or financing activities.

The total amount of interest paid during a period is disclosed in the cash flowstatement (whether it has been recorded as an expense in the incomestatement, or capitalised in accordance with IAS 23 Borrowing Costs).

EXAMPLE Interest capitalised.You have paid a total of $600.000 in interest of which $100.000 has beencapitalised into a building. The cash outflow will be shown as $600.000, notingthat $100.000 has been capitalised. The charge for interest paid in the incomestatement will be $500.000 (600.000-100.000), if no interest is accrued ateither the start or the end of the period.

Interest paid, and interest and dividends received, are usually classified asoperating cash flows for a financial institution. There is no consensus on theclassification of these cash flows for other undertakings.

Interest paid, and interest and dividends received, may be classified asoperating cash flows, as they enter contribute to net profit.Alternatively, interest paid, and interest and dividends received, may befinancing and investing cash flows respectively, because they are costs ofobtaining financial resources, or returns on investments.

Dividends paid may be classified as a financing cash flow, as they are a cost ofobtaining financial resources.

Alternatively, dividends paid may be cash flows from operating, to assist usersto determine the ability to pay dividends out of operating cash flows.

Taxes on Income

Taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities.When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the totalamount of taxes paid is disclosed.

EXAMPLE - Total amount of taxes paid is disclosedYour cash flow reports tax payments of $10m for operating activities, $2m forinvestment activities and $6m for finance activities. The total tax paid of $18m

should also be noted in the notes to the cash flow statement.

Cash flows arising from taxes on income should be separately disclosed, andshould be cash flows from operating activities, unless they can be specificallyidentified with financing and investing activities.

While tax expense may be readily identifiable with investing or financingactivities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify, and mayarise in a different period from the cash flows of the underlying transaction.

When it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow with an individual transaction,that provides cash flows that are investing or financing activities, the tax cashflow is classified as an investing or financing activity, as appropriate.

EXAMPLE- Tax on investing activityYou sell a subsidiary. The following year you have to pay capital gains tax of$150m on the gain from that sale. This can be classified as a tax on investingactivities.

Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures

When accounting for an associate (see IAS 28), an investor is restricted to thecash flows between itself and the investee, for example, to dividends andadvances.

EXAMPLE-AssociateYou own 25% of another company. You provide a loan of $44m to theassociate, and receive $6m in dividends. These transactions appear in yourcash flow statement. The internal cash flows of the associate are notconsolidated into your cash flow figures.

An undertaking, which reports its interest in a jointly-controlled entity (see IAS31 Joint Ventures) using proportionate consolidation, includes its proportionateshare of the jointly-controlled entity's cash flows.

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EXAMPLE- Joint ventureYou own 60% of a joint venture. Using proportionate consolidation, youconsolidate 60% of all its cash flows into your accounts.

For an undertaking, which reports such an interest using the equity method (analternative allowed under IAS 31), the cash flows in respect of its investments in

the jointly-controlled entity, and distributions (and other payments or receiptsbetween it and the jointly controlled entity). The accounting is the same as for anassociate (see above).

Acquisitions and Disposals of Subsidiaries and OtherBusiness Units

The aggregate cash flows arising from acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries(or other business units) should be presented separately as investing activities.

EXAMPLE -DisposalsYou sell a subsidiary. You show the cash flow figures as an investing activity,

including the proceeds of sale.

An undertaking should disclose, in aggregate, in respect of both acquisitionsand disposals of subsidiaries, (or other business units during the period) each ofthe following:

(i) the total purchase (or disposal) consideration

(ii) the portion of the purchase (or disposal) consideration, discharged bycash and cash equivalents;

(iii) the amount of cash (and cash equivalents) in the subsidiary (orbusiness unit) acquired (or disposed of); and

(iv) the amount of the assets and liabilities other than cash (or cashequivalents) in the subsidiary (or business unit) acquired (or disposedof), summarised by each major category.

The cash flow effects of disposals are not deducted from those of acquisitions.

EXAMPLE-Disposals and acquisitions in the same period

You buy a company and sell another in the same period. The cash flows ofthe two companies are shown separately under investing activities. (They arenot netted.)

The aggregate amount of the cash paid (or received) as purchase (or sale)consideration is reported net of cash acquired (or disposed of).

EXAMPLE- Buying a company which has cashYou pay $90m for a company. It holds cash balances of $60m at the time ofpurchase. In your cash flow statement, you show the purchase price as $30m.

Non-cash Transactions

Investing and financing transactions that do not require the use of cash, shouldbe excluded from a cash flow statement.

EXAMPLE- Non-cash transaction: conversion of debt to equityYou redeem $100m of company bonds by issuing shares of the same value.This transaction will not be shown in the cash flow statement, as no cash

changed hands, but it will be noted in the notes relating to share capital andbonds.

Such transactions should be disclosed elsewhere in the financial statements, ina way that provides all the relevant information about these investing, andfinancing activities.

Many investing and financing activities do not have a direct impact on currentcash flows, although they do affect the capital and asset structure.

Examples of non-cash transactions are:(i) the acquisition of assets, either by assuming directly related liabilities, or

by means of a finance lease;

(ii) the acquisition of an undertaking, by means of an equity issue, and

(iii) the conversion of debt to equity.

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6. Components of Cash (and cash equivalents)An undertaking should disclose the components of cash (and cash equivalents),and should present a reconciliation of the amounts in its cash flow statementwith the equivalent items reported in the balance sheet.

Cash and cash equivalents:EXAMPLE - Cash and cash equivalents sample policy and note

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, deposits held at call withbanks, other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of threemonths or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown withinborrowings in current liabilities on the balance sheet.

Cash and cash equivalents:

2004 2003

Cash at bank and in hand 12,698 30,798

Short-term bank deposits 9,530 5,414

22,228 36,212

The effective interest rate on short-term bank deposits was 5.9% (2003:5.6%); these deposits have an average maturity of 20 days.Cash and bank overdrafts include the following for the purposes of the cashflow statement:

2004 2003

Cash and cash equivalents 22,228 36,212

Bank overdrafts (2,650) (6,464)

19,578 29,748

An undertaking discloses the policy that it adopts in determining the compositionof cash (and cash equivalents).

The effect of any change in the policy for determining components of cash (andcash equivalents), for example, a change in the classification of financialinstruments previously considered to be part of an undertaking's investmentportfolio, is reported in accordance with IAS 8 Changes in Accounting Policies.

Other Disclosures

An undertaking should disclose, together with a commentary by management,the amount of significant cash and cash equivalent balances, held by theundertaking, which are not available for use by the group.

EXAMPLE- Cash not available for use by the group.Your foreign subsidiary has cash balances, but the local government has

frozen them, due to tax transgressions that the subsidiary is alleged to havemade. The amount of these balances would be disclosed as cash notavailable for use.

There are various circumstances in which cash (and cash equivalent) balancesare not available for use by the group.

Examples include cash (and cash equivalent) balances held by a subsidiary,that operates where exchange controls (or other restrictions) apply, when thebalances are not available for general use by the parent, or other subsidiaries

Additional information may be relevant to users in understanding the financialposition, and liquidity of an undertaking. Disclosure of this information, together

with a commentary by management, is encouraged and may include:

(i) the amount of undrawn borrowing facilities that may be available forfuture operating activities, and to settle capital commitments, indicatingany restrictions on the use of these facilities;

EXAMPLE-FacilitiesYou have a line of credit for $250m, of which you are only currently using$35m. The line of credit is available for 5 years, at a cost of 1% above thenational bank rate. This information helps users know what finance isavailable for your expansion plans.

(ii) the aggregate amounts of the cash flows from each of operating,investing and financing activities, related to interests in joint ventures, reportedusing proportionate consolidation;

EXAMPLE- Joint ventureYou own 60% of a joint venture. Using proportionate consolidation, youconsolidate 60% of all its cash flows into your accounts. You also show theaggregate amounts included in the operating, investing and financing activitiestotals.

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(iii) the aggregate amount of cash flows that represent increases inoperating capacity, separately from those cash flows that are requiredto maintain operating capacity; and

EXAMPLE- Increases in operating capacityYour only factory has reached full capacity. Your investing activities from yourbusiness have generated $75m. At the very end of the year, you buy someland for $10m, on which you will build a new factory. Showing this amountseparately enhances the information provided to users.

(iv) the amount of the cash flows arising from the operating, investing andfinancing activities of each reported industry and geographical segment(see IFRS 8 Operating Segments).

The separate disclosure of cash flows that represent increases in operatingcapacity, and cash flows which are required to maintain operating, enables theuser to determine whether the undertaking is investing adequately in themaintenance of its operating capacity.

An undertaking that does not invest adequately in the maintenance of its

operating capacity may be prejudicing future profitability, for the sake of currentliquidity, and distributions to owners.

The disclosure of segmental cash flows enables users to obtain a betterunderstanding of the relationship between the cash flows of the business as awhole, and those of its component parts, and the availability (and variability) ofsegmental cash flows.

Cash Flow Statement for an Undertaking other than aFinancial Institution

The examples show only current period amounts. Corresponding amounts, forthe preceding period, are required to be presented in accordance with IAS 1Presentation of Financial Statements.

Information from the income statement and balance sheet is provided to showhow the statements of cash flows under the direct method and indirect methodhave been derived.

The following additional information is also relevant for the preparation of thestatements of cash flows:

All of the shares of a subsidiary were acquired for 590. The fair values of assetsacquired and liabilities assumed were as follows:

Inventories 100Accounts receivable 100Cash 40Property, plant and equipment 650Trade payables 100Long-term debt 200

250 was raised from the issue of share capital, and a further 250 was raisedfrom long-term borrowings.

Interest expense was 400, of which 170 was paid during the period. 100 relatingto interest expense of the prior- period was also paid during the period.

Dividends paid were 1.200.

The liability for tax at the beginning and end of the period was 1.000 and 400respectively. During the period, a further 200 tax was provided for.Withholding tax on dividends received amounted to 100.

During the period, the group acquired property, plant and equipment with anaggregate cost of 1.250 of which 900 was acquired by means of finance leases.Cash payments of 350 were made to purchase property, plant and equipment.

Plant, with original cost of 80 and accumulated depreciation of 60, was sold for20.

Accounts receivable as at end of 2XX2 include 100 of interest receivable.

Consolidated Income Statement for the period ended 2XX2

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Sales 30.650Cost of sales (26.000)Gross Profit 4.650Depreciat ion (450)Administrative and selling expense (910)Interest expense (400)Investment income 500Foreign exchange loss (40)Net profit before taxation 3.350Taxes on income (300)Net profit 3.050

Consolidated balance sheet 2XX2 2XX1AssetsCash (and cash equivalents)

230 160

Accounts receivable 1.900 1.200Inventory 1.000 1.950Portfolio investments 2.500 2.500Property, plant and equipment at

cost

3.730 1.910

Accumulated depreciation (1.450) (1.060)Property, plant and equipment net 2.280 850Total assets 7.910 6.600

LiabilitiesTrade payables 250 1.890Interest payable 230 100Income taxes payable 400 1.000Long term debt 2.300 1.040Total liabilities 3.180 4.030

Shareholders' Equity

Share Capital 1.500 1.250Retained earnings 3.410 1.380Total shareholders equity 4.730 2.630Total liabilities and shareholders equity 7.910 6.660

Direct Method Cash Flow Statement 2XX2

Cash flows from operating activitiesCash receipts from clients 30.150Cash paid to suppliers and employees (27.600)Cash generated from operations 2.550Interest paid (270)

Income taxes paid (900)Net cash from operating activi ties 1.380Cash flows from investing activitiesAcquisition of subsidiary X net of cash acquired(Note A)

(550)

Purchase of property, plant and equipment(Note B)

(350)

Proceeds from sale of equipment 20Interest received 200Dividends received 200Net cash used in investing activities (480)Cash Flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of share capital 250

Proceeds from long-term borrowings 250Payments of finance lease liabilities (90)Dividends paid* (1.200)Net cash used in financing activities (790)Net increase in cash (and cash equivalents) 110Cash (and cash equivalents) at beginning of

period (Note C)120

Cash (and cash equivalents) at end of period(Note C)

230

* This could also be shown as an operatingcash flow.

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Indirect Method Cash Flow Statement2XX2

Cash flows from operating activitiesNet profit before taxation 3.350Adjustments for:Depreciation 450Foreign exchange loss 40

Investment income (500)Interest expense 4003.740

Increase in trade and other receivables (500)Decrease in inventories 1.050Decrease in trade payables (1.740)Cash generated from operations 2.550Interest paid (270)Income taxes paid (900)Net cash from operating activities 1.380Cash flow from investing activitiesAcquisition of subsidiary X net of cash acquired (Note A) (550)Purchase of property. plant and equipment (Note B) (350)

Proceeds from sale of equipment 20Interest received 200Dividends received 200Net cash used in investing activities (480)Cash flows from financing activitiesProceeds from issuance of share capital 250Proceeds from long-term borrowings 250Payment of finance lease liabilities (90)Dividends paid* (1.200)Net cash used in financing activities (790)Net increase in cash (and cash equivalents) 110Cash (and cash equivalents) at beginning of period(Note C)

120

Cash (and cash equivalents) at end of period (Note C) 230* This could also be shown as an operating cash flow.

Notes to the Cash Flow Statement (direct method andindirect method)

A. Acquisition of Subsidiary

During the period the group acquired subsidiary X. The fair value of assetsacquired and liabilities assumed were as follows:

Cash 40Inventories 100Accounts receivable 100Property, plant and equipment 650Trade payables (100)Long-term debt (200)Total purchase price 590Less: Cash of X (40)Cash flow on acquisition net of cash acquired 550

B. Property, Plant and Equipment

During the period the Group acquired property, plant and equipment with anaggregate cost of 1.250, of which 900 was acquired by means of finance leases.Cash payments of 350 were made to purchase property, plant and equipment.

C. Cash (and cash equivalents)

Cash (and cash equivalents) consist of cash on hand and balances with banks,and investments in money market instruments. Cash (and cash equivalents)included in the cash flow statement comprise the following balance sheetamounts:

2XX2 2XX1

Cash on hand and balances with banks 40 25Short-term investments 190 135Cash (and cash equivalents) as previously reported 230 160Effect of exchange rate changes - (40)Cash (and cash equivalents) as restated 230 120

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Cash (and cash equivalents) at the end of the period include deposits withbanks of 100 held by a subsidiary which are not freely remissible to the holdingcompany because of currency exchange restrictions.The Group has undrawn borrowing facilities of 2.000 of which 700 may be usedonly for future expansion.

D. Segment Information

SegmentA

SegmentB

Total

Cash flows from:Operating activities 1,520 (140) 1,380Investing activities (640) 160 (480)Financing activities (570) (220) (790)

310 (200) 110

Alternative Presentation(indirect method)

As an alternative, in an indirect method cash flow statement, operating profitbefore working capital changes is sometimes presented as follows:

Revenues excluding investment income 30,650Operating expense excluding depreciation (26,910)Operating profit before working capital changes 3,740

7. Cash Flow Statement for a FinancialInstitution

1. The example shows only current period amounts. Comparative amountsfor the preceding period are required to be presented.2. The example is presented using the direct method.

2XX2Cash flows from operating activitiesInterest and commission receipts 28.447Interest payments (23.463)Recoveries on loans previously written off 237Cash payments to employees and suppliers (997)

4.224(Increase) decrease in operating assets:Short-term funds (650)Deposits held for regulatory or monetary control purposes 234Funds advanced to clients (288)Net increase in credit card receivables (360)Other short-term negotiable securities (120)Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities:Deposits from clients 600Negotiable certificates of deposit (200)Net cash from operating activities before income tax 3.440Income taxes paid (100)Net cash from operating activities 3.340Cash flows from investing activitiesDisposal of subsidiary M 50Dividends received 200Interest received 300Proceeds from sales of non-dealing securities 1.200Purchase of non-dealing securities (600)Purchase of property, plant and equipment (500)Net cash from investing activities 650Cash flows from financing activitiesIssue of loan capital 1.000Issue of preference shares by subsidiary undertaking 800Repayment of long-term borrowings (200)Net decrease in other borrowings (1.000)Dividends paid (400)

Net cash from financing activities 200Effects of exchange rate changes on cash (and cashequivalents)

600

Net increase in cash (and cash equivalents) 4.790Cash (and cash equivalents) at beginning of period 4.050Cash (and cash equivalents) at end of period 8.840

8. Multiple Choice Questions

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1. A company provides consolidated accounts, with comparative accountsfor 5 previous periods.For how many periods are cash flow statements are required?

1. 12. 53. 6

2. Cash flow statements are required from:

1. All companies.2. Listed companies.3. Financial institutions.

3. A cash flow statement provides information that enables users toevaluate the changes in:

1. Net assets of an undertaking.2. Its financial structure.3. Its liquidity.4. Solvency.5. Profitability.

4. A cash flow statement helps in examining the relationship between:1. Profitability.

Net cash flow.

The use of assets and liabilities.Staffing levels.

1. i2. i-ii3. i-iii4. i-iv

5. Daily sales and purchases, employee costs and general overheadscomprise:

1. Operating activities.2. Investing activities.3. Financial activities.

6. The acquisition, and disposal, of long-term assets are:1. Operating activities.2. Investing activities.

3. Financial activities.

7. Activities that result in changes in the size (and composition) of theequity capital, and borrowings are:

1. Operating activities.2. Investing activities.3. Financial activities.

8. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent, it must be:1. Illiquid and low risk.2. Liquid and low risk.3. Liquid and medium risk.

9. The maximum maturity of a cash equivalent is:1. 3 months.2. 6 months.3. 1 year.

10. Bank borrowings are generally considered to be:1. Operating activities.2. Investing activities.3. Financial activities.4. Cash equivalents.

11. If bank overdrafts form an integral part of an undertaking's cashmanagement, they are considered to be:

1. Operating activities.2. Investing activities.3. Financial activities.4. Cash equivalents.

12. A single transaction:1. May include cash flows that are classified differently.

2. Must be included in full in one of the three headings.3. May be spread over more than one period.

13. The amount of cash flows arising from operating activities is a keyindicator of the extent to which the operations have generated sufficientcash flows to:

1. Repay loans.2. Maintain the operating capability of the undertaking.3. Pay dividends.

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4. Make new investments.5. All

14. Examples of cash flows from operating activities are:

(i) Receipts from the sale of goods, and the rendering of services.

(ii) Receipts from royalties, fees, commissions and other revenue.

(iii) Payments to suppliers for goods (and services).

(iv) Payments to (and on behalf of) employees.

(v) Receipts and payments of an insurance undertaking for premiums andclaims, annuities and other policy benefits.

(vi) Payments (or refunds) of income taxes unless they can be specificallyidentified with financing and investing activities.

(vii) Receipts (and payments) from contracts held for dealing (or trading)purposes.

(viii) Sale of an item of plant, giving rise to a gain (or loss) that is included innet profit.

1. i2. i-ii3. i-iii4. i-iv5. i-v6. i-vi7. i-vii8. i-viii

15. Examples of cash flows arising from investing activities are:

(i) Payments to acquire property, plant and equipment, intangibles andother long-term assets. These payments include those relating tocapitalised development costs and self-constructed property, plant andequipment.

(ii) Receipts from sales of property, plant and equipment, intangibles andother long-term assets.

(iii) Payments to acquire shares or debt instruments of other undertakings,

and interests in joint ventures (other than for instruments that are cashequivalents, or held for dealing (or trading purposes)).

(iv) Receipts from sales of shares (or debt) instruments of otherundertakings and interests in joint ventures (other than for instrumentsthat are cash equivalents, or held for trading purposes).

(v) Advances (and loans) made to other parties (other than by a financialinstitution).

(vi) Receipts from the repayments of advances and loans made to otherparties (other than those of a financial institution).

(vii) Payments for futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts andswap contracts (except when the contracts are held for dealing ortrading purposes, or the payments are classified as financing activities).

(viii) Receipts from futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts andswap contracts not held for dealing or trading purposes.

1. i2. i-ii3. i-iii4. i-iv5. i-v6. i-vi7. i-vii8. i-viii

16. Examples of cash flows arising from financing activities are:

(i) Proceeds from issuing shares, or other equity instruments.

(ii) Payments to owners to acquire, or redeem the undertaking's shares.

(iii) Proceeds from issuing debentures, loans, notes, bonds, mortgages andother short or long-term borrowings.

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(iv) Repayments of amounts borrowed.

(v) Payments by a lessee for the reduction of the outstanding liabilityrelating to a finance lease.

(vi) Receipts by a lessor for the reduction of the outstanding liability relatingto a finance lease.

1. i2. i-ii3. i-iii4. i-iv5. i-v6. i-vi

17. Which method of cash flow reporting starts with net profit?1. Direct method.2. Indirect method.3. Both.4. Neither.

18. Which method of cash flow reporting starts with changes ininventories?1. Direct method.2. Indirect method.3. Both.4. Neither.

19. If you start with net profit, to calculate the cash generated fromoperating activities, you:

adjust net profit for the effects of:

(i) Changes in inventories, operating receivables, and payables.

(ii) Non-cash items such as depreciation, provisions, deferred taxes,unrealised foreign currency gains (and losses), undistributed profits ofassociates, and minority interests.

(i ii ) Investing cash flows.

(iv) Financing cash flows.

(v) Social securi ty costs.

1. i2. i-ii3. i-iii4. i-iv5. i-v

20. Examples of these receipts and payments that can be netted areadvances made for (and the repayment of):

(i) Principal amounts relating to credit card clients.

(ii) The purchase and sale of investments.

(iii) Short-term borrowings (3 months, or less).

1. i2. i-ii3. i-iii

21. Cash flows, arising from transactions in a foreign currency, should berecorded in:

1. Local currency.

2. An undertaking's functional currency, at the rate of the date of thetransaction.

3. An undertaking's functional currency, at the rate at the end of theperiod.

22. When translating the cash flows of a foreign subsidiary, use thegroup's functional currency:

(i) At the rate of the start of the period.(ii) At the rate at the end of the period.(iii) At the dates of the transactions.

1. ( i) only.2. ( ii ) only.3. (ii i) only.4. ( i) or (ii )5. (i) or (ii i)

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6. (ii) or (ii i)7. (i), (ii) or (iii)

23. Unrealised gains (and losses) arising from changes in foreign currencyexchange rates are:

1. Translated at closing rate.2. Translated at opening rate.3. Not cash flows.

24. Cash flows from interest and dividends received, and paid, should:1. Each be disclosed separately.2. Be shown as a net figure.3. Be excluded from the cash flow statement.

25. Taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from:1. Operating activities.2. Investing activities.3. Financial activities.

26. When accounting for an associate, an investor reports the cash flows:1. Using proportional consolidation.2. Only the cash flows between itself and the investee.3. In a separate cash flow statement.

27. When accounting for a joint venture, an investor reports the cashflows:

1. Using proportional consolidation.2. Only the cash flows between itself and the investee.3. In a separate cash flow statement.

9. Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

Question Answer1. 32. 13. 4

4. 35. 16. 27. 38. 29. 110. 3

11. 412. 113. 514. 715. 816. 517. 218. 419. 420. 321. 222. 323. 324. 125. 126. 227. 1

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This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of ZAO PricewaterhouseCoopersACCA, FBK and Agriconsulting and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

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ias 7 cash flow statements upd

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