iapri smallholder access to land in zambia emerging research findings and implications for rural...
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IAPRI Smallholder Access to Land in Zambia Emerging Research Findings and Implications for Rural Development 2014TRANSCRIPT
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INDABA AGRICULTURAL POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
M. Hichaambwa, J. Chamberlin & IAPRI team 10 April 2104
SMALLHOLDER ACCESS TO LAND IN ZAMBIA EMERGING RESEARCH FINDINGS &
IMPLICATIONS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
10/04/2014
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Purpose of presentation
To highlight key findings coming out of our on-going research related to rural land in Zambia To make the case that despite Zambia’s land abundance, there are
significant land access challenges which face many smallholders;
addressing these challenges is of central importance to achieving broader agricultural and rural development goals
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Outline
Motivation: observed inverse relationship between landholding size & poverty Constraints to smallholder expansion Institutions affecting access & security Land titling Other land-related research Land markets, rural mobility, forest-cover change Policy implications of emerging results
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Smallholder farm size and poverty
Broad-based ag growth is most powerful source of poverty reduction in developing world since most rural people work in agriculture However, in Zambia, agricultural growth since
2000 has taken place without poverty reduction rural poverty rates have remained above 80% This suggests that agricultural growth is not
broad-based most smallholders are excluded from growth
process and hence remain in poverty 3
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Zambian growth: 2005-2012
4
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Economy Agriculture
Source: GRZ, CSO
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But persistently high poverty…
5
82% 83% 78% 80% 78%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
1996 1998 2004 2006 2010
Pove
rty
rate
Source: LCMS, various years
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05
1015
Per
cent
0 5 10 15 20Tota land holding size in Ha
#1: Smallholdings are unequally distributed
44% own <1 ha 64% own <2 ha 30% own 2–5 ha 6% own 5–20 ha Holdings within
the smallholder sector are highly skewed
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#2: Agricultural sales & market orientation are positively correlated with farm size
Farm size category Avg 2002/3 ag sales (constant 2011 ZMW)
< 2 ha 1,051 2 to <5 ha 3,121 5 to <10 ha 6,536 10 to 20 ha 11,633 Total 2,063
7 Source: Supplemental Surveys, 2004 and 2008; Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Survey
Low annual household agricultural
sales for the majority
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#3: Agricultural growth is strongly associated with farm size
Farm size category Avg 2002/3 ag sales (constant 2011 ZMW)
% growth (2002/3 – 2010/11)
< 2 ha 1,051 7.8 2 to <5 ha 3,121 9.1 5 to <10 ha 6,536 35.9 10 to 20 ha 11,633 40.6 Total 2,063 14.8
8
Too little for poverty reduction
for the majority Employment multipliers generated in ag growth is limited due to the small proportion of SHH involved…
Source: Supplemental Surveys, 2004 and 2008; Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Survey
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#4: Poverty rates are persistently high, especially for the smallest farmers
0102030405060708090
100
2002/3 2006/7 2010/11
Pove
rty
rate
(%)
Agricultural season
<2 ha2 to <5 ha5 to 20 ha
9 Source: Supplemental Surveys, 2004 and 2008; Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Survey
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But Zambia is a land-abundant country!
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“Labor is the binding constraint,
not land”
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Multiple constraints to expansion
Labor does seem to be a key constraint but is not the only one Availability of
traction technologies (oxen, tractors) is also important
Evidence that land availability is also a factor (esp. high-density & accessible)
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Perceptions of limited land availability
Rural population
density (persons/
km2)
Percentage of respondents
reporting “no unallocated land is available
in this area”
< 25 54%
25 - 50 76%
50 - 100 72%
> 100 84%
National 59%
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Decreasing farm sizes & fallow
-60%-50%-40%-30%-20%-10%
0%
leastdense
2nd 3rd mostdense
change in land holdingchange in fallow
% changes in area: 2001-2008
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Increasing competition for land
Land grabs, displacement, squatter evictions German et al. 2010, Brown 2005 Increasing commoditization of land incl. in customary tenure where sales are not legal winners and losers Sitko 2010; (SSA: Chimhowu & Woodhouse 2006) Frequent commentary in popular press e.g. illegal speculation by government officials
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High rural-rural mobility
Land availability not a constraint everywhere, but it is in at least some places We know that there is surprisingly high mobility
in rural Zambia: 25-50% identify as non-local Field visits to high mobility areas indicate land
and wage labor are primary factors Movement into buffer zones of PAs forest loss Limited absorption capacity of NFE/urban
areas
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Many constraints have strong spatial expressions
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___ own animal traction ----- hired animal traction
Report that land is available
Indicates the relevance of investments in infrastructure, services and market development,
especially in more remote areas
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Summary of key points
Farmland is key asset for rural growth & poverty reduction We are concerned about distribution of
constraints to using land Availability to good quality land Capacity to exploit it efficiently & sustainably Constraints are multi-dimensional, implying
multi-dimensional responses
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Investment & policy options
1. Public investments Rural infrastructure Disease control
2. Promote the development of traction markets
3. Support the Land Audit
4. Strengthen incentives for investments & intensification
5. Facilitate resettlement?
6. Encourage the development of land markets?
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Institutional reform?
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INDABA AGRICULTURAL POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Jordan Chamberlin, Munguzwe Hichaambwa, Nicholas Sitko
DOES SMALLHOLDER LAND TITLING FACILITATE AGRICULTURAL GROWTH?
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Land titling in Zambia
Most land in Zambia under customary tenure However, increasing conversion of customary
to leasehold tenure 1995 Land Act formalized conversion mechanisms Ministry of Lands: plots titled for agricultural
purposes has increased by 183% since 1995 Survey data:
8.4% smallholders have title to at least some portion of their the land under their control
9.8% of smallholder land area
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Titling & agricultural development
Theory is straightforward:
title security, collateral investments Empirical evidence elsewhere in SSA is mixed Institutional context may favor access by elites Land Act does not identify development objectives
But productivity growth is a major policy objective of gov’t
Primary access mechanisms: Via state: settlement & resettlement schemes, farm
blocks Direct conversion (requires approval of chief) 21
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What role does land titling play in smallholder agricultural development in Zambia? Research questions
1. Who acquires title? 2. What are the impacts of title on
farm investment, productivity & income?
3. How does the institutional setting (of the title acquisition process) condition these outcomes in systematic ways?
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Data & methods
Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Survey: 2012 8,600+ smallholder households Geospatial data: access, population density
Household econometric model Determinants of title acquisition Impacts of title possession on farm orientation &
investments
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Where are titled smallholders located?
24 Source: RALS 2012
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Comparing titleholders & non-titleholders
Within-group characteristics
Characteristic HHs without title HHs with title
% female headed household 24 21
Average age of household head 44.6 45.7
% related to local traditional authority 53 24
% households headed by migrants 53 77
Level of education hh head in years 5.6 7.6
% households in private waged labour 15 27
% households receiving pension 0.5 1.7
% households in public waged labour 4 14
% households earning business income 45 47
Average number of adult equivalent 4.3 4.7
Average total land holding size in Ha 2.7 3.2
25 Source: RALS 2012
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Agricultural income & land title
Median income (ZMW)
Farm income Total income % farm income in total
Non title-holders 3,340 4,866 68.6
Title-holders 2,915 6,900 42.2
Total 3,305 4,998 66.1
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Source: RALS 2012
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Effect of title on farm management & investment strategies
Farm outcomes has title (=1)
Average Partial Effect Farm share of household income -0.044 *** Marketed % of farm production 0.025 * Crop intensity (kwacha/ha) -353.36 *** Livestock intensity (kwacha/ha) 0.055 Irrigation 0.025 *** Manuring 0.018 Fallowing -0.005 Erosion management 0.016 Planting soil-fertility trees 0.007
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Titling is not leading to farm-level productive investments…
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Summary of results
On the whole, smallholder title-holders are: Economically orientated toward wage earnings,
rather than agriculture Earn less agricultural income than those with
customary tenure Make fewer productive investments (except irrig.) Results suggest speculative rather than
productive objectives for title acquisition Raises questions about role of titling in dev’t
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Summary of results
Institutional access to title by smallholders favors Individuals migrating into an area, not local
residents Individuals with access to off-farm income,
primarily public sector employment, not individuals primarily engaged in farming
Results suggest a pattern of awarding title to relatively unproductive land users
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Conclusions
Zambia’s system of awarding title is not achieving the sorts of agricultural growth outcomes envisaged There is a concern that the system is aiding
speculative land acquisition at the expense of local smallholders
Long-term consequences: As land constraints grow this could limit the
capacity of productive smallholders to expand Stifle smallholder growth prospects
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Recommendations
Devise strategies to enable smallholders, individually or collectively, to access title: Make process of granting title in customary areas
more inclusive Decentralize administrative processes Revenue from conversion: Currently any payment to award title goes to the
chief or other authorities Revenue generated transparent and utilized on
public works
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Recommendations
Support on-going land audit: Urgent need to know how much customary land
is actually available Transparent registry system can aid development
of credit and land markets
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Other IAPRI land studies
Rural land markets Rental markets are small but developing:
3% of smallholders rent in (0.5% rent out) Rural population mobility 20-40% of rural households on average are
relocating from elsewhere Forest cover change Moderate but steady loss of forest cover
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Key messages Land is a critical development asset Skewed distributions within smallholder sector Inequitable distribution of growth appears linked to
inequitable distributions of land access Land institutions may be important policy levers Farm size not fully explained by factor
endowments Remaining inequalities may be reinforced by
existing institutions Land access issues of increasing importance... ↑ pop densities, ↑ investor interest, limited NFRE
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For more information, please visit us at:
http://www.iapri.org.zm/ or
http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/zambia/
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Decreasing land-labor ratios
.2.4
.6.8
hect
ares
per
per
son
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
World Sub-Saharan Africa Zambia
Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank
1960-2010Arable land per capita
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Decreasing land-labor ratios
Zambia trends similar to SSA in general and to high density countries!
Countries Arable land to labor ratios
1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2000-09 as % of 1960-69
Ethiopia 0.501 0.444 0.333 0.224 0.218 43.5% Zambia 0.643 0.607 0.398 0.342 0.297 46.2% Kenya 0.462 0.364 0.305 0.264 0.219 47.4% Uganda 0.655 0.569 0.509 0.416 0.349 53.3% Malawi 0.480 0.466 0.357 0.304 0.307 64.0% Zimbabwe 0.613 0.550 0.452 0.420 0.469 76.5% Rwanda 0.212 0.213 0.195 0.186 0.174 82.1% Mozambique 0.356 0.337 0.320 0.314 0.294 82.6% Ghana 0.646 0.559 0.508 0.492 0.565 87.5% Nigeria 0.982 0.860 0.756 0.769 0.898 91.4%
Source: World Development Indicators 37
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Traction technology usage at different levels of market access
___ own mech. traction ----- hired mech. traction
___ own animal traction ----- hired animal traction
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Competition for land at different levels of market access
Report that land is available
Has titled land
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Probability of title possession APE p-value years education 0.006*** (0.000) age of head 0.000 (0.364) female head (=1) 0.010 (0.308) farm size (ha) 0.003*** (0.000) adult equivalents 0.002 (0.182) assets (kwacha) 0.021*** (0.000) kin to chief (=1) -0.042*** (0.000) migrant (=1) 0.036*** (0.000) waged, priv. (=1) 0.041*** (0.000) waged, gov't (=1) 0.034** (0.046) pop. density 0.001*** (0.000) km to tarmac -0.000*** (0.001) hours to town -0.004*** (0.000) N 8432 40
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Farm sizes smaller than expected thresholds Farm sizes are
shrinking over time Fallow rates are
declining Widespread
perceptions of limited land Reports of competition
and displacement High rural movement
These sectoral characteristics are not consistent with a simple “labor is the binding constraint” story!
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