i. how organisms interact
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I. How Organisms Interact. Some interactions among species are the result of a long evolutionary history in which many of the participants adjust to one another over time. Types of Species Interactions : 1. Predator / Prey 2. Symbiosis. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
I. How Organisms Interact
Some interactions among species are the result of a long evolutionary history in which many of the participants adjust to one another over time.A.Types of Species
Interactions:1. Predator / Prey2. Symbiosis
1. Predation – The act of one organism killing another for food.
-One of the most basic forms of relationships between organisms.
-Often characterized by various prey acquisition and predator avoidance tactics.
Predators
SpeedAmbushSpecialized
structures/products
Group/pack hunting
Prey
Camouflage Chemical
warfareWarning
colorsMimicry
2. Symbiosis- Relationship where species live together
Three types of symbiotic relationships
A. Parasitism- one organism living in or on another, often causing harm
B. Mutualism- two or more organisms living together benefiting each.
C. Commensalism- two or more organisms living together, one benefiting, one neither helped or harmed.
II. How Competition Shapes Communities
A. Competition – The interaction between organisms either of the same or different species that require the same resources.Two types:
1. Intraspecific - Competition between members of the same species
2. Interspecific:-Competition between 2 or more different species
B. Niche – the role or “job” of an organism within its environment.
*Described in terms of how the organism affects energy flow within the ecosystem in which it lives.
* If the resources of organisms with overlapping niches are in short supply, it is likely that their will be competition between the organisms.*Niche sizes categorized as;•Fundamental Niche•Realized Niche
1. Competition with Limitations of Resources
RESOURCE PARTITIONING
2. Competition without Limitations
of Resources
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
III. Major Biological Communities
Where an organism lives often depends on an areas CLIMATECLIMATE - THE PREVAILING WEATHER CONDITIONS IN ANY GIVEN AREA.
THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT elements of climate are temperature and moisture
A. Categories of ecosystems…
1. Biomes 2. Aquatic Life ZonesBiomes:
-Land portion of the biosphere
-Distinct CLIMATE and specific life-forms adapted for life within that climate.
15,000 ft10,000 ft5,000 ft
Coastalmountainranges
SierraNevadaMountain
GreatAmericanDesert
RockyMountains
GreatPlains
MississippiRiver Valley
AppalachianMountains
Coastal chaparraland scrub
DesertConiferousforest
Coniferousforest
Prairiegrassland
Deciduous
forest
Average annual precipitation
100-125 cm (40-50 in.)
75-100 cm (30-40 in.)
50-75 cm (20-30 in.)
25-50 cm (10-20 in.)
below 25 cm (0-10 in.)
2. Aquatic life zones:Marine – those that contain raised levels of salt
(Estuaries, Coastlines, Reefs, Oceans)Freshwater(Lakes,Streams,& Wetlands)
Body Snatchers