ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment
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Ecology: The study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment. Ecology Definitions: Habitat: The space or environment when an organism lives Niche: role of an organism in a community Biotic Factors: All the living things within an environment - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon • Berg • Martin
Ecology: Ecology: The study The study of how organisms of how organisms
interact with each other interact with each other and the environment.and the environment.
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Ecology Definitions:• Habitat: The space or environment
when an organism lives• Niche: role of an organism in a
community• Biotic Factors: All the living things
within an environment• Abiotic Factors: All the physical
(non-living) things in an environment
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Connections to the size of the acorn crop
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Limiting Resources• Environmental factors that restrict
the growth of populations.
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Effect of competition on an organism’s realized niche
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
• Competition• Two or more individuals attempting
to use the same resource• Intraspecific competition
–Among individuals within a population
• Interspecific competition–Between different species
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Interspecific competition
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Competitive exclusion principle• Two species cannot occupy the
same niche in the same community for an indefinite period
• One species is excluded by another as a result of competition
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
• Some species reduce competition by resource partitioning
• Competition among species is reduced by character displacement• Structural ecological and
behavioral characteristics diverge where ranges overlap
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Resource partitioning
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Predation• Consumption of one species (the
prey) by another (the predator)
Co-evolution• Predator and prey both evolve
more efficient ways to interact
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Ecological interactions among species
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Defenses• Mechanical defenses• Associating in groups• Cryptic coloration• Warning coloration• Müllerian mimicry
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Cryptic coloration
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Symbiosis• Mutualism
–Both partners benefit
• Commensalism–One partner benefits and the other is
unaffected
• Parasitism –One partner benefits while the other is
harmed
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Mutualism between flowering plants & pollinators
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Mutualism between clown fish Mutualism between clown fish & & sea anemone sea anemone
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Commensalism:
Spanish moss & trees
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Parasitism: Ticks and Mammals Parasitism: Ticks and Mammals
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Parasitism
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
• Keynote species• Present in small numbers but are
crucial in determining the species composition and ecosystem functioning
• Dominant species• Affect the community because they
are so common
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
• Species richness• Number of species within a
community
• Species diversity• Relative importance of each
species within a community
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Effect of community complexity on species richness
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Ecological Succession• Primary succession
–Occurs in an area not previously inhabited
• Secondary succession–Occurs where there is a pre-existing
community and well-formed soil
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Ecological SuccessionEcological SuccessionPioneer SpeciesPioneer Species= annual plants/grasses= annual plants/grassesSecondary SpeciesSecondary Species= shrubs= shrubsClimax SpeciesClimax Species= trees= trees
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
• Intermediate disturbance hypothesis• Disturbance affects succession and
species richness• Species richness is greatest at
moderate levels of disturbance
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 52 Community Ecology
• The nature of communities• Organismic model
–Views a community as a superorganism that goes through stages of development (succession)
• Individualistic model–Abiotic environmental factors are
primary determinants of species composition
–Organisms are independent