hydrogen for rail in the us: prospects and context · rail in the usa vs. europe europe: 391...
TRANSCRIPT
Hydrogen for Rail in the
US: Prospects and
Context
Hydrail Conference
June 27-28, 2017
Graz, Austria
Raphael Isaac, Dr. Andreas Hoffrichter (MSU), and Athanasios Iraklis (WMG)
Courtesy Chasingsteel.com
Rail in the USA vs. Europe
Europe:
391 billion passenger-km (7.6% of total PKM in Europe) were transported by rail in
2013. 29% of these accounted for by high speed rail, a 7-fold increase since 1990.
Electrified network doubled in length between 1975 and 2013 -->
221,000 km or 61% of the network, in 2013
11.9% of freight TKM from rail
US:
0.1% of total PKM in US accounted for by rail!! (And only ~ 10% increase in PKM from
1990.)
32.6% of freight TKM from rail
Total length of tracks has decreased since 1990, with a slight increase since 2010
Source: UIC (2015)
(Source: UIC, 2015)
Europe
Source: UIC, 2015
United States
2-3% of track over which passenger rail
operates in the United States is electrified*;
However, passenger rail operational energy
currently split at 47% diesel, 53% electric.
* Author’s research, based on data from Amtrak
Courtesy UIC 2016
Kansas City Southern
(Kansas City, MO)
US Headquartered Class I (Freight) Railways
Union Pacific Corporation
(Omaha, NE)
Norfolk Southern Corporation
(Norfolk, VA)
CSX Corporation
(Jacksonville, FL)
BNSF Railway
(Fort Worth, TX)
Courtesy Amtrak.com
Courtesy USDOT
Locomotives: Exhaust Emissions
Standards (3/2016)
Europe (Valid in 2019)
1 bhp-hr =~ .75 kWh, so US Tier 4:
HC: .187 g/kWh
NOx: 1.73 g/kWh
PM: .04 g/kWh
CO: 2.0 g/kWh
And then there’s California…
1 bhp-hr =~ .75 kWh, so proposed levels:
HC: 0.0267g/kWh
NOx: 0.2667 g/kWh
PM: <.01333 g/kWh
Why hybridize?
A hybrid vehicle has a primary power sources and an on-board energy storage device
Primary power source/power-plant
Wayside electrification
Combustion engine
Turbine
Fuel cell
Storage device
Batteries
Flywheels
Supercapacitors
Benefits:
Capture regenerative braking energy
Operate prime mover (especially an engine) in its optimal zone(s)
Opportunity to downsize the prime mover
Not all routes equally benefit…
Regenerative Braking Kinetic energy
converted into electrical in traction motors during braking
Electricity either returned to wayside infrastructure or stored on-board
Potential for energy recovery largely dependent on duty cycle
Frequent braking events, e.g., for station stops have high potential
Speed less important
Case Studies - Dissertation
Commuter-Intercity Blend (Capitol Corridor)
Analogues: NCDOT RGH-CLT (N. Carolina), Blue Water (Michigan)
Heavy Commuter (Caltrain)
Analogues: FrontRunner (Utah), GoTransit (Toronto), MARC (Maryland)
Intermodal Freight Line
Switcher Locomotive Duty Cycle
Courtesy imallaboardflorida.com
Court
esy
tra
inw
eb.o
rg
Author’s collection
Passenger Rail Initial Study Results
Thank you./ Danke schön
Questions??