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© ABB Group August 24, 2012 | Slide 1

Aspects and requirements of real- time simulation of HVDC Grids CIGRE Workshop on DC Grid modeling, Paris, 2012-Aug-28

Dr. Magnus Callavik, ABB Grid Systems / HVDC


Outline

HVDC Light and HVDC Grid technologies and applications

General factory system test requirements

Requirements on multi-terminal HVDC simulations in real-time


Integration of remote renewables and transmission to distant load centres (eg. hydro, wind, offshore wind, large scale solar etc.)

Grid interconnections to balance loads and facilitate power trading

Shore supply to offshore platforms

Embedded DC to reinforce AC networks

Continued technology development since the 1950s.

Next development step - DC Grids

HVDC technology- pioneered in the 1950s A key transmission enabler for emerging trends

Enabling stronger, smarter and more flexible grids

* HVDC High Voltage Direct Current Significant loss reduction

Losses %

3

1

VSC** HVDC

400

800

20102000

1000

Losses

Capacity

Tran

smis

sion

cap

acity

(MW

)

Significant performance gains

LCC* HVDC

2,000

4,000

1970 1990 2010

6,000

Voltage kV

200

800

600

Voltage

Capa

city

*Line commutated converters ** Voltage source converters


56 HVDC Classic Projects since 195414 HVDC Classic Upgrades since 199114 HVDC Light Projects since 1997


HVDC Light (VSC-HVDC) is maturing It is the preferred technology for DC Grids

Murraylink 2002, 220 MW

Directlink 2000, 3X60 MW

Tjäreborg 2000, 7 MW

Estlink2006, 350 MW

Troll, 2004 2X40 MW

Eagle Pass 2000, 36 MW

Valhall, 2009 75 MW

Caprivi link2009, 300 MW

Hellsjön1997, 3 MW

East West Interconnector, 2012, 500 MW

BorWin12009, 400 MW

NordBalt2015, 700 MW

Gotland1999, 50 MW

Skagerrak 4 2014, 700 MW

DolWin22015, 900 MW

DolWin12013, 800 MW

Troll, 2015 2X50 MW

Cross Sound 2002, 330 MW

Mackinac 2014, 200 MW

ABB Project references


HVDC Light Generation 4: Evolution since 1997 Maintained functionality, availability and reliability

Reduce losses Increase capacity

Compactness 150 x 100 m 320 kV, 1000 MW

Gen. 1

Gen. 2

Gen. 3

Gen. 4

HVDC Classic

HVDC Light

0,0%

0,5%

1,0%

1,5%

2,0%

2,5%

3,0%

3,5%

1995 2000 2005 2010 20150

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

MW

Gen. 1

Gen. 2

Gen. 3

Gen. 4

Losses

Capacity

Recent : Dolwin 1 800 MW, 320 kV 2 x 165 km cable system


HVDC Light cascaded two-level converters (multilevel)Valve arm (one phase)

+

-


DC grid vision first conceived in 90’s Now a shared vision

Technology gaps to close DC breaker Control and protection Power flow control

Future developments Multi-taps DC grids Mixed AC/DC grids

Other gaps to close Political consensus Regulatory framework Funding and operation models

Technology will not be a stumbling block – planning can start !

Hydro powerSolar power

DC transmissionWind power

Hydro200 GW

Solar700 GW ; 8000 km2

90 x 90 km

Wind300 GW ; 25000 km2

5000 x 10 km

Statnett

wind-energy-the-facts.org mainstreamrp.com pepei.pennnet.com

Statnett

wikipedia/desertec

claverton-energy.com

Desertec-australia.org


© ABB Group August 24, 2012 | Slide 8© ABB Group August 24, 2012 | Slide 8

What is a DC grid?

A HVDC grid that can operate:

Independent of one or several disturbances (isolate a failure)

In different operation modes in the connected AC- & DC-systems

Technology gaps for the full realization includes:

DC breaker

Power flow control

Automatic network restoration

High voltage DC/DC converters

Global rules/regulations for operation required for market acceptance


Perhaps the first HVDC FST was for the Itaipu project, The consequences of incorrect controls and protections

was too much to leave to commissioning

FST in the 70’s: Itaipu 6300 MW


HVDC Control General structure

Standard database server forlong term storage Operator workstations with Windows NT

Fast Ethernet LAN(100 Mbit/s)

Bridge/Firewall/WEB server

Remote operator workstations

Operation&

Maintenance

optical I/O extension

Process and Process

Interfaces

Control &Protectioncomputers

PCP A PCP B VC

Valve ControlElectro – optical interfaceThyristor Monitoring

MainComputers

Interfaces, amplifiers, relays, signal converters


FST areas in Ludvika: 4 test rooms with a floor area of 1900m2


FST Systematic testing and verification of the functional

performanceof the controls and protections.


Why FST is performed and what is important

Verify

Equipment towards the specifications

Coordination of control & protection

Control & protection functions which are not feasible to test on site

Shorten the time for commissioning and plant "burn-in"

Minimize disturbances to the AC-system during commissioning and identify and solve problems as early as possible

Focus: verify control & protection, a simple AC grid is enough, since AC interaction is done in DPS study

Complete testing within the time allocated!

Cost for delays in testing outweigh the investment cost of any simulator

Delays may cost money in the form of liquidated damages and interest


What is required for FST?

Simulator that accurately represents the main circuit plant

Simulation hardware and software that runs consistently 24/7

An Interface to the external controls that runs 24/7 and does not damage the external controller

Library of verified models. Long experience in power system simulation

Automatic and safe IO shutdown in the case of communication break

Robust simulator architecture that allows for quick expansion, stable simulation, flexibility

Support from the supplier

Motivated, trained and willing employees


HVDC Grids Real time simulations Requirement inputs


HVDC Grid SpecificationTransmission capability

VoltageSize of DC Grid

AC Grid

System designPSCAD studies

Control design

Protection designPSCAD studies

Conceptual and

electrical design

HVDC Grid Simulator RequirementsHardware

ModelRTDSMach2Communication

PSCAD studies

© ABB Group August 24, 2012 | Slide 16© ABB Group August 24, 2012 | Slide 16© ABB Power TechnologiesAugust 24, 2012 | Slide 16

HVDC Grid FST General principle

HVDC control system

HVDC process


Multiterminal HVDC operation in an AC grid Closed loop control overview for one station


1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

I/O’s

PC’s

HMI

DC Voltage ref

To PC

AC & DC Voltage and Current

Firing pulsesValve Control Unit

RTDS

Verification of the new control and protection functions in a real system (Mach2 hardware & software) in a combined multi-terminal HVDC and AC Grid in real time to be at the

forefront of DC Grid technologies

The Grid

The Valve


Verify Master Control & Converter Controller

Control modes, examples of objectives Power control, islanded network operation, dc voltage control Keep a well defined load flow Keep dc voltage within acceptable limits at disturbances AC system interactions


Verify selective line protection features


Summary

HVDC Light technology is mature and available for renewable connections

HVDC grids can be planned today – technology will not be a stumbling block

Real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulations are needed for equipment manufacturers to develop and verify DC Grids operations and characteristics

HVDC Light Generation 4

BorWin1 Off-shore platform

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