future meshed hvdc grids: challenges and opportunities, 29th october 2015, portoviejo ecuador

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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD | [email protected] | Copyright © 2008-2015 1/102

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29 Octubre 2015

Portoviejo, Ecuador

Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD

mailto:[email protected]

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Agenda

• Historic Overview

• Key Milestone

• Evolution of HVDC Projects

• Configurations of HVDC

• Operation of Multi-Terminal HVDC: Challenges

• A DC Grid as Part of a Larger System: Where is The

Border ???

• Conclusions

• Questions and Answers


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• This section presents a brief history and facts

related to the HVDC transmission systems, the

classical dilemma of AC versus DC.


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Ancient History• The first electrical networks used direct current - generated,

distributed and consumed at a single voltage level

• By the late 1880s the increase in distance from generation toload and increasing price of copper was making theeconomies of dc difficult

• 1870s first ac transformers were built based on earlier workon induction coils

• 1891 Westinghouse built the first commercial alternatingcurrent distribution system

• 1893 transmission of ac power from Niagara (at 25Hz) anddc was dead in the water

• But nothing ever goes away……

Invention of the transformer allowed voltage to be stepped up for transmission

• But transformers only work for AC to AC power transmission network.

• Hence AC became the preferred medium.


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War of Currents: AC versus DC

War of Currents• George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison became adversaries due to Edison's

promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over alternating

current (AC) advocated by several European companies and Westinghouse

Electric based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

George Westinghouse, Jr

(October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914)

Thomas Alva Edison

(February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)

War of Currents

• Thomas Edison (DC) vs

George Westinghouse (AC)

• AC won…or so it seemed.

• Why?

However, AC transmission is hard to

control (power flows where it wants to

flow).

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

transmission is more efficient and more

controllable.

“Take warning! Alternating currents are

dangerous, they are fit only for the

electric chair”, Thomas A. Edison

(1847-1931)


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The Beginning of DC Systems• 1882 – First Demo of 1.5 kW HVDC

• Marcel Deprez was a Frenchman who created the DC distribution

system for the Exposition in Paris helped Miller create the first

long distance high voltage direct current transmission ever.

• They transmitted 1,500 watts at 2000 volts over 35 miles from

Miesbach (the foothills of the Alps) to the Glaspalast in Munich.

Marcel Deprez (December 12, 1843 - October 13, 1918)

“The two systems shake hands fraternally in order to

give each other help and assistance…” (1889) R. Thury


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Thury Systems (1/4)• 1889 – Rene Thury developed a new

630 kW system transmitted power

at 14 kV DC over 120 km.

• He was known for his work with high

voltage direct current electricity

transmission and was known in the

professional world as the “King of

DC”.

Schematic diagram of a Thury HVDC transmission systemRené Thury (August 7, 1860 – April 23, 1938)

In 1882, Thury's 6 pole dynamos were more compact than

Edison's. The small 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) version produced 22 kW at

600 rpm, while a larger 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) version produced 66

kW at 350 rpm


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Thury Systems (3/4)• 1913 – fifteen Thury systems were

in place up to 100 kV

NameConverter

Station 1

Converter

Station 2

Cable

(km)

Overhead

line (km)

Voltage

(kV)

Power

(MW)

Year of

inaug.

Year of

decomm.Remarks

Gorzente River

- Genoa DC

transmission

scheme

Italy -

Gorzente

River

Italy -

Genoa? ? 6 ? 1889 ?

upgraded later to a

voltage of 14 kV,

power of 2.5 MW and

a length of 120 km,

dismantled

La Chaux-de-

Fonds DC

transmission

scheme

Switzerland

- ?

Switzerland

- ?? ? 14 ? 1897 ? dismantled

St. Maurice -

Lausanne DC

transmission

scheme

Switzerland

- St. Maurice

Switzerland

- Lausanne? ? 22 3.7 1899 ? dismantled

Lyon-Moutiers

DC

transmission

scheme

France -

Lyon

France -

Moutiers10 190 ±75 30 1906 1936

Wilesden-

Ironbridge DC

transmission

scheme

UK -

Wilesden

UK -

Ironbridge22.5 ? 100 ? 1910 ?

Chambéry DC

transmission

scheme

France - ? France - ? ? ? 150 ? 1925 1937

1889 1897 1906 1912 1925

Year

6

14

22

58

100

150

Dir

ect

Vo

ltag

e [k

V]

Gorzente River, Genoa

La Chaux de Fonds

St. Maurice, Lausanne

Lyon,Moutiers

Lyon, Moutiers, La Bridoire

Wilesden, Irongridge

Lyon, Moutiers,

La Bridoire and Bozel

Chambéry

Bipolar voltages

of up to 150 kV

where

successfully

achieved.


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Thury Systems (4/4)

• 1930 – Thury system were obsolete due the rotating

machinery required high maintenance and had high

energy loss.

PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE THURY MACHINE


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Early History: Mercury-Arc

• 1932 – General Electric used mercury-vapor valves

and a 12 kV DC transmission line in Mechanicville,

New York. HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady was the first

experimental HVDC transmission line in the United

States. Built in 1932, the circuit traversed 37

kilometres (23 mi) from Mechanicville, New York

to Schenectady, New York.

The system used mercury arc rectifiers at a voltage

of 20,000 volts and a rated power of 5 MW. The

facility was dismantled after World War II.

Mechanicville Hydroelectric

Station. HVDC from hydroelectric

power plant in Mechanicville to

Schenectady (NY).

37 km / 12 kV / 5 MW.

Interesting fact: 40 Hz at plant and

60 Hz in NY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpvQyB0wClc


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpvQyB0wClc

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Early History: Elbe-Berlin Project• 1941- Berlin used a similar line underground, however, project

terminated due to the fall of government in 1945.

• 1939 - 1951: 7 experimental HVDC transmission systems using mercury-arc

valves were built in Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and Russia.

The Elbe-Berlin Project

The Elbe-Berlin transmission line would

bring power from the power plant

Vockerode on the river Elbe to the Reich

capital. Although the distance was 115 km

over land, and raw materials extremely

scarce in those days of World War II, the

Reich authorities ordered that the line be

built as a pair of underground cables.

Perhaps it is not so far-fetched an

assumption that the government wanted to

hide the transmission line from allied

bomber planes. The history and properties

of the transmission scheme are described

in detail by Tröger (Entstehung der 440 kV

Gleichstrom-Hochspannungs-Übertragung

Elbe-Berlin, ETZ 69, 1948).

Six single-anode mercury-arc valves at Charlottenburg Station, Berlin, for the HVdc test installation, Berlin-Moabit, 1942 (photo courtesy of Siemens AG, Siemens Press Picture, ref. number sosep200501-01).


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Modern History• 1950- First modern HVDC system was in service between

Sweden and the island Gotland (ASEA Swedish industrycompany), rated 20MW, 100kVdc

• 1960 - Three additional order were received by ASEA in NewZealand, Sweden/Denmark, and Japan.

Mercury arc valve at Ygne, GotlandThyristor valves at Ygne converter station, GotlandConnected the Swedish

mainland, at Vstervik, to Ygne in the island of

Gotland. 98 km / 20 MW / 100 kV


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Modern History• 1961 1st Cross Channel link from England to France rated

160MW, 100kVdcThe first HVDC Cross-Channel went into service in 1961 between static inverter plants at Lydd in England and Echinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, in France.

This scheme was equipped with mercury vapour rectifiers. In order to keep the disturbances of the magnetic compasses of passing ships as small as possible, a

bipolar cable was used. The cable had a length of 64 kilometres (40 mi) and was operated symmetrically at a voltage of ±100 kV and a maximum current of 800

amperes. The maximum transmission power of this cable was 160 megawatts (MW). The cable was built by ABB Group.

Anglo-French InterconnectorEchinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, France

Lydd in England

52km

225 kV, 60Hz

275 kV, 50Hz

Électricité de France

CEGB (the Central

Electricity Generating Board

UK)


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Modern History

• 1964 Volgograd-Donbass overhead line link rated

750MW 400kVdc and 450km long.The HVDC Volgograd-Donbass is a high voltage direct

current line between the static inverter plants at

Volzhskaya (situated near the hydro-electric power plant

Volgograd) and Mikhailovskaya in the Donbass area,

which went into service in 1964.

It consists of a 475 kilometre long overhead line.

The static inverters of the HVDC Volgograd-Donbass are equipped

with mercury arc rectifiers for a voltage of 100 kV and a maximum

current of 940 ampere, which were partly replaced at the beginning

of the 90's by thyristors.

The HVDC Volgograd-Donbass is a bipolar HVDC with an

operating voltage of 400 kV.

It can transfer a maximum power of 750 megawatts.

475 Km


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Modern History• 1969- First HVDC system to use solid state valves.

• 1970s – First HVDC system implemented within an ACnetwork (Los Angeles, California).

• 1972 Eel River Canada back-to-back rated at 320MW1st thyristor based link

• First microcomputer based control equipment for HVDC in1979.

It is Commissioned in 1972, between Hydro-Quebec (QHQ) and the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission (NBEPC).

it supplies 320 MW at 80 kV d.c.

The link is of zero length and connects two a.c. systems of the same nominal frequency (60Hz).

The largest thyristors used in converter valves have blocking voltages of the order of kilovolts and currents of the order 100s of amperes.

Source: HVDC Power Transmission Systems: Technology and System Interactions

by K. R. Padiyar

Eel River

Controller

http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/reference

s/eel-river


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Evolution of Mercury Arc• Evolution of mercury-

arc valves HVDC

systems.

• 1970s: voltages > 400

kV and capacities >

1000 MW.

• Pacific Intertie

(1970): 1440 MW, 500

kV

• Nelson River Bipole

(1973-1977): 1620

MW, 450 kV

0

Commissioning Year

Dir

ect

Volt

age (

kV

)

100

200

300

400

500

600

1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975

Kingsnorth

Pacific DC Intertie

Volgograd-

DonbassNelson River

Bipole 1

Inter-Island 1

Vancouver Island 1

SACOI 1

Sakuma B2B

Konti-Skan 1

Moscow-Kashira

Elbe-Project

Cross-Channel

Gotland 1

Lehrte-Misburg

Trollhattan-Merud

Charlottenburg-Moabit

Zurich-

Wettingen

Mechanicville-Schenectady

Biggest

1620 MW

Average

357 MW

Legend

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Recent History• 1986 - 2nd Cross Channel link from England to France rated

2x1000MW 270kV.“Interconnexion France Angleterre” (IFA)

Connection to France; Owned by National Grid and RTEBecause the first installation did not meet increasing requirements, it

was replaced in 1985–1986 by a new HVDC line with a maximum

transmission rate of 2,000 MW between France and Great Britain,

for which two new static inverter plants were built in Sellindge

(UK) and in Bonningues-lès-Calais (Les Mandarins station), near

Calais, (France).

The cable and substations were built by Areva.

This HVDC-link is 73 kilometres (45 mi) long in route, with 70

kilometres (43 mi) between the two ends.

The undersea section consists of eight 46 kilometres (29 mi) long 270 kV submarine cables (four pairs), laid

between Folkestone (UK) and Sangatte (France), arranged as two independent bipoles.

The landside parts of the link consist of 8 cables with lengths of 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) in England, and 6.35

kilometres (3.95 mi) in France.

Interconnexion France-Angleterre : Station de conversion courant alternatif-courant continu des Mandarins (Pas de Calais)

http://www.rte-france.com/fr/mediatheque/medias/infrastructures-62-fr/interconnexions-interconnexions-fr

In 2006, 97.5% of the energy transfers have been made from France to UK, supplying

the equivalent of 3 million English homes. The link availability is around 98%, which

is among the best rates in the world. The continued size and duration of this flow is

open to some doubt, given the growth in demand in Europe for clean electricity, and

increasing electricity demand within France.18


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Recent History

• 1984-87 Itaipu Brazil 2x3150 600kVdc 800km

overhead line linkThe HVDC Itaipu is a High Voltage Direct Current transmission line in Brazil from the Itaipu hydroelectric power plant to the region of São Paulo.

The project has two bipolar lines, which run from the generator site at Foz do Iguaçu in Paraná to the "load" (user) site Ibiúna near São Roque, São Paulo.

The lines were put in service in several steps between 1984 and 1987, and are among the major installations of HVDC in the world.

Bipole 1.

1. stage: ± 300 kV, 1575 MW in July 1984

2. stage: + 300kV,2362.5 MW in April 1985

- 600 kV

3. stage: ± 600 kV, 3150 MW in May 1986

4.stage: ± 300 kV, 1575 MW { commissioned

Bipole 2.

5.stage: + 300 kV, 2362,5 MW { at the

- 600 kV { same time by

6.stage: ± 600 kV, 3150 MW { August, 1987

Simplified diagram of the Itaipu Transmission System

SOURCE: ITAIPU HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 10 YEARS OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE,

http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/81f41178f000ca94c1256fda004aead6/$file/sepope2.pdf

Itaipu HVDC System main

circuit and evolution


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Recent History• Foz do Iguaçu converter station


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Recent History• First active DC filters for

outstanding filtering

performance in 1994.

• First Capacitor

Commutated Converter

(CCC) in Argentina-Brazil

interconnection, 1998

“Garabi” the Argentina – Brazil 1000 MW Interconnection Commissioning

and Early Operating Experience

Source: http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/336dd56474cadec5c1256fda004aeadd/$file/erlac01.pdf

60Hz 60Hz50Hz

50Hz


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First Voltage Source Converter (VSC)• First Voltage Source Converter (VSC) for

transmission in Gotland, Sweden, 50MW 80 kV, 1999.

Backs

Nas

Wind Farms

P = 50 MW

D = 70 km

Vdc = 80kV

Bipolar


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Evolution of Thyristor• Thyristor (or SCR):

possible to achieve higher

voltages.

• A modern 6-inch thyristor:

up to 4 kA / block up to 8.5

kV.

• Thyristor valves

improvements: larger

powers through longer

distances.

• 1st commercial system:

1972 Eel River link in

Canada (GE). B2B / 320

MW / 160 kV

Blo

ck

ing

Vo

lta

ge (

kV

)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

15000

18000

21000

24000

27000

6"

Si-

area

(m

m2)

1.5"

1000 MW Converter

400 thyristors

8.5 kV

0

1

2

3

1.65 kV

4

5

6

7

8

9

1000 MW Converter

14000 thyristors

Year

@fg

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Evolution of CSC• Evolution of CSC-HVDC voltage versus Transmission

distance (km).

• Very mature technology (> 140 HVDC systems

worldwide) –Figures 2014.

Dir

ect

Volt

age (

kV

)

00

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

30002500200015001000500

Transmission Distance (Km)

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Examples LCC• Yunnan-Guangdong (2009).

• 5,000MW,800kV Bipolar

• 1418km

• Three Gorges (2004)

• 3000MW, 500kV Bipolar

• 940km

• Melo-Uruguay-Brazil (2011)

• 500MW,Back-to-Back

Three Gorges ABB

UHV DC Yunnan - Guangdong Project: Chuxiong

Substation, China - DC Yard

500kV 50Hz Uruguay

525kV 60Hz Brazil

Alstom

Grid


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First Voltage Source Converter (VSC) built for

importing power from an offshore wind park to

shore


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First Key Milestone: BorWin1 2009• VDC BorWin1 is the first HVDC facility in Germany to use

Voltage Sourced Converters (VSC), and the first in the world to

be built for importing power from an offshore wind park to

shore.Commissioning year: 2015

Power rating: 400 MW

No of circuits: 1

AC Voltage:

170 kV (Platform BorWin

alpha),

380 kV (Diele)

DC Voltage: ±150 kV

Length of DC

underground cable:2 x 75 km

Length of DC

submarine cable:2 x 125 km

Main reason for

choosing HVDC

Light:

Length of land and sea

cables

Application: Offshore wind connections

http://www.tennettso.de/site/binaries/content/assets/press/information/en/100341_ten_husum_borwin_1_en.pdf


http://www.tennettso.de/site/binaries/content/assets/press/information/en/100341_ten_husum_borwin_1_en.pdf

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First Key Milestone: BorWin1 2009

• 2009 Borwin1 400MW 150kVdc, VSC 1st large

offshore wind farm connection.

http://www.tennettso.de

125 km sea cable

400 MW

Offshore

converter

Source: ABB

400 MW HVDC Light® system off-shore

station on platform with sub-sea structure

80 Wind Turbines

40 m Deep

100 km

https://library.e.abb.com/public/9379edf992f625b6c125777c00328e51/Project%20BorWin1%20-%20150%20kV%20HVDC%20Light%20subm%20rev%202.pdf


https://library.e.abb.com/public/9379edf992f625b6c125777c00328e51/Project BorWin1 - 150 kV HVDC Light subm rev 2.pdf

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Offshore Wind rojects

• Offshore wind power plants are growing in terms of

rated power and are being located farther from the

coasts and the grid entry points.

ProjectCompany

/Location

Rated

Power

(MW)

System

Voltage

(kV)

DC Cable

length (km)

Year of

Completion

BornWin1TanneT

(Germany)400

DC: 150

AC: 155/400

SM: 2x125

UG: 2x752009

DolWin1TanneT

(Germany)800

DC: 320

AC: 155/400

SM: 2x75

UG: 2x902014

DolWin2Tanner

(Germany)900

DC: 320

AC: 155/380

SM: 2x45

UG: 2x902015


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First Ultrahigh Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC)


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First Ultrahigh Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC)

• The first Ultrahigh Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC)

project in the world to go into commercial operation, in

July 2010.

http://www08.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/57af6cb9ca0204ffc1257dcf004d7495

/$file/POW0056%20Rev%202.pdf

Commissionin

g year:2010

Power rating:6,400 MW (7,200

MW)

No. of poles: 2

AC voltage:525 kV (both

ends)

DC voltage: ±800 kV

Length of

overhead DC

line:

1,980 km

Main reason

for choosing

HVDC:

Long distance

Application:Connecting

remote generation

6400 MW

800 kV

1980 Km

XianJiba- Shanghai


http://www08.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/57af6cb9ca0204ffc1257dcf004d7495/$file/POW0056 Rev 2.pdf

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Recent History• 2010 XianJiba- Shanghai 6400 MW 800 kV

±800kV DC

Fulong

Substation

FengXiang

Substation

State Grid Corporation of China

Source: ABBSource: ABB


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First Modular Multi-level converter (MMC)


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Second Milestone: Trans Bay Cable• The Trans Bay Cable is a high-voltage direct current

underwater cable interconnection between San Francisco,

California and Pittsburg, California

Potrero

Hill

Pittsburg

400 MW

88 km

http://www.transbaycable.com/

First MMC

Multilevel

system


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Longest HVDC Line: Rio Madeira• The Rio Madeira transmission link in Brazil is the world's

longest power transmission line: 600kV, bipolar, 2375 km.

Commercial operation in November 2013

Commissioning year: 2013

Power rating: 3 150 MW

2 x 400 MW (back-to-back)

AC voltage: Transmission link: 500 kV

Back-to-back: 500 kV and 230 kV

DC voltage: ± 600 kV

Length of DC

overhead line:

2,375 km

Type of link * Long distance overhead line

* Back-to-back station

Main reason for

choosing HVDC:

Long distance

Back-to-back: Asynchronous

networks

Application: Connecting remote generation

Interconnecting grids

http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/137155e51dd72f1ec125774b004608ca.aspx%7Ctytu%C5%82=


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Rio Madeira


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Nanao 3-Terminal VSC-HVDC• The world’s first three-terminal VSC HVDC system in China.

• The pilot project with designed ratings of ±160kV/200MW-

100MW-50MW brings dispersed, intermittent clean wind power

generated on Nanao island into the mainland Guangdong power

grid through 32km of combination of HVDC land cables,

sea cables and overheard lines.

Diagram of Nan’ao three-terminal HVDC Flexible project

R&D and application of voltage sourced converter based high voltage direct current engineering

technology in China

Guangfu TANG (&), Zhiyuan HE, Hui PANG

https://www.dnvgl.com/news/dnv-gl-advises-on-world-s-first-multi-terminal-vsc-hvdc-

transmission-project-integrating-clean-energy-into-china-s-regional-power-

composition-mix-6205


https://www.dnvgl.com/news/dnv-gl-advises-on-world-s-first-multi-terminal-vsc-hvdc-transmission-project-integrating-clean-energy-into-china-s-regional-power-composition-mix-6205

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Nanao 3-Terminal VSC-HVDC -2013

Wind farms in Nanao Island: By 2011, total capacity is 143MW n In 2013, more 25MW; In

2015, offshore 50MW (Tayu).

VSC-MTDC project in Nanao Island: Three sending converter stations, One receiving

inverter station Voltage ±160kV, Capacity 200 MW, Capacity 200 MW, Distance: 20km.


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World's First 5-Terminal VSC HVDC• 4th July 2014, ±200kV Zhoushan VSC-HVDC project--the world

first 5-terminal one was put into service (141 km).

• This project establishes a critical interconnection between mainland

and 5 isolated islands.

State Grid Company of Zhejiang province

Diagram of Zhoushan five-terminal HVDC Flexible project

16 km

34 km

52 km

39km

400 MW

300 MW

100 MW

100 MW100 MW


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North-East Agra: 1st UHVDC Multi-Terminal

• Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. The world’s first multi-

terminal UHVDC transmission link.

• The ±800 kV North-East Agra UHVDC link will have a record 8,000 MW

converter capacity, including a 2,000 MW redundancy, and transmit clean

hydroelectric power from India's northeast region to the city of Agra, a distance

of 1,728 km.

Commissioning year: 2016

Power rating:6,000 MW

(multiterminal)

No. of poles:Converter: 4

Line: 2

AC voltage:400 kV (all

stations)

DC voltage: ±800 kV

Length of overhead

DC line:1,728 km

Main reason for

choosing HVDC:

Long distance,

bulk power

Application:

Connecting

remote

generation


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Evolution of VSC Projects in North America,

Europe and Asia


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HVDC Installation Around the World


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HVDC Projects in North America

NameConverter

station 1

Converter

station 2

Total

Length

(Cable/P

ole)

(km)

Volt

(kV)

Power

(MW)Year Type

Rock Island Clean

Line

USA - O'Brien

County, IA

USA - Grundy

County, IL

805

(0/805)600 3500 ~2017 Thyr

Plains & Eastern

Clean Line

USA - Texas

County, OK

USA - Shelby

County, TN

1207

(0/1207)600 3500 ~2018 Thyr

TransWest ExpressUSA – Sinclair,

WY

USA – Boulder

City, NV

1165

(0/1165)600 3000

New England Clean

Power Line

USA - Alburgh,

VT

USA - Ludlow,

VT

248

(248/0)320 1000 ~2019

Labrador-Island

Link

Canada -

Muskrat Falls,

NL

Canada -

Soldiers Pond,

NL

1135

(35/1100)350 900 ~2017 Thyr

Maritime Link

Canada -

Bottom Brook,

NL

Canada -

Woodbine, NS360

(170/190)200 500 ~2017 IGBT


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HVDC Projects in EuropeName

Converter

station 1

Converter

station 2

Total Length

(Cable/Pole)

(km)

Volt (kV)Power

(MW)Year Type

BorWin3 Germany - Diele Germany - BorWin Gamma platform 200 (200/0) ±320 900 2019 IGBT

DolWin3 Germany - DolWin Gamma platform 160 (160/0) ±320 900 2017 IGBT

HVDC Italy-

CroatiaItaly - Candia Croatia - Konjsko ? 2017 Thyr

Shetland HVDC

Connection

UK - Upper Kergord

ValleyUK - Blackhillock 345 (345/0) ? 550 2016 Thyr

BorWin2 Germany - Diele Germany - BorWin Beta platform 200 (200/0) ±300 800 2015 IGBT

DolWin1 Germany - Heede Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 165 (165/0) ±320 800 2015 IGBT

HelWin1 Germany - Büttel Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 130 (130/0) ±250 576 2015 IGBT

SylWin1 Germany - Büttel Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 205 (205/0) ±320 864 2015 IGBT

LitPol Link Lithuania - Alytus Poland - Elk 160 (0/160) 70 500 2015 Thyr

Åland - Finland Åland - Ytterby Finland - Nådendal 158 (158/0) 80 100 2015 IGBT

Troll A 3&4 Norway - Kollsnes Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform 70 (70/0) 66 100 2015 IGBT

Western HVDC

LinkUK - Hunterston UK - Connah's Quay 414 (414/0) 600 2000 2015 Thyr

HVDC NordBalt Sweden - Nybro Lithuania - Klapeida 450 (450/0) 300 700 2015 IGBT

DolWin2 Germany - Heede Germany - DolWin Beta platform 135 (135/0) ±320 900 2015 IGBT

HelWin2 Germany - Büttel Germany - HelWin Beta platform 130 (130/0) ±320 690 2015 IGBT

HVDC Finland -

ÅlandFinland - Ytterby Finland - Nådendal 158 (158/0) 80 100 2015 IGBT


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HVDC Projects in Asia

Name

Converter

station 1

Converter

station 2

Total Length

(Cable/Pole)

(km)

Volt (kV)Power

(MW)Year Type

Humeng - Liaoning China China 800 6400 2018 Thyr

Jinsha River II -

FujianChina China 800 6400 2018 Thyr

Humeng - Liaoning China China 800 6400 2018 Thyr

Jinsha River II - East

ChinaChina China 800 6400 2016 Thyr

Goupitan -

GuangdongChina China 3000 2016 Thyr

Humeng - Shandong China China 800 6400 2015 Thyr

Xiluodo - Hanzhou China China 800 6400 2015 Thyr

Irkutsk - BeijingRussia -

Irkutsk

China -

Beijing800 6400 2015 Thyr

Xiluodo - West

Zhejiang

China-

Xiluodu

China-

Jinghua1680 800 8000 2014 Thyr

Hami - Central China China-HamiChina-

Zhengzhou2192 800 6400 2014 Thyr

Naoao Multi-terminal

VSC HVDCChina China

32

(10/32)±160 200/100/50 2013 IEGT/IGBT


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UHVDC Prospects 600kV-800kV


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UHVDC Prospects 500kV-1100kV in China

New Constructions by 2015

800 kV HVDC: 13 lines

1100 kV HVDC: 1 line

Total HVDC (approx.):

30000 km

50 HVDC lines


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±1100kV UHVDC Project in China• Ratings: 1100kV, 11,000MW /

5000A, 12 pulse, 26000 km

• Timeline: Lab: 2007 Aug at CEPRI• Decision: End of 2010

• Spec issued: May, 2011

• Converter Transformer & BushingsPrototype: June,2012

• Valve prototype: Feb. 2012

• Construction Kick-off meeting: July 10,2013

• June 2016 , Low end energized

• Dec. 2016 , High end energized

• Project Org. Chengdu, Sichun

• EPC Project Management:• HVDC Construction Division of

SGCC.

• 15 main subcontractors

• Engineering: Led by SPERI ofSGCC

Zhundong, Xingjiang

Chengdu,

Sichun

24 m Wall Bushing in ABB Ludvika, Apr 2012


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A Super – Infrastucture: SuperGridBaltic and North Sea Countries: bring offshore wind farm power to onshore.

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD

June 2012Coventry, UK

Supergrid is defined as "a pan-European transmission

network facilitating the integration of large-scale renewable

energy and the balancing and transportation of electricity,

with the aim of improving the European market"

North Africa under Mediterranean Sea to

Continental Europe: bring renewable energy

of Photovoltaic, solar and wind.

AC Network

DC Network

@fg

lon

gatt

@fglongatt


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@fglongatt


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North Sea National Targets 2030 (1/4)

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND



@fglongatt

Data source: EWEA

@fglongatt


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Massive Penetration Renewables: UK

• Birmingham, UK Speaking at the Renewable UK

conference in Birmingham (5 Nov 2013), UK Energy

Secretary Ed Davey confirmed plans for the

development of up to 39 GW of offshore wind capacity

in UK waters by 2030.

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/11/uk-confirms-plans-for-39-gw-of-offshore-wind-by-2030?cmpid=WindNL-Thursday-November14-2013


http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/11/uk-confirms-plans-for-39-gw-of-offshore-wind-by-2030?cmpid=WindNL-Thursday-November14-2013

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UK Wind Farms: East Anglia (3/4)

Docking Shoal

540 MW

East Anglia Five

1200 MW

East Anglia Four

1200 MW

East Anglia Three

1200 MW

East Anglia Six

1200 MW

East Anglia Two

1200 MW

East Anglia Five

1200 MW

East Anglia Six

1200 MW

East Anglia

Three

1200 MW

East

Anglia

Four

1200 MW

East Anglia

Two

1200 MW

East Anglia One

1200 MW

Galloper Wind Farm

Greater Gabbard

London Array

Phase 1

London Array

Phase 2Kentish Flats

90 MW

Thanet

Thanet 2

147 MW

Dudgeon

560 MW

Race Bank

Scroby

sands

Gunfleet Sands I +II

173 MW

Gunfleet Sads 3 –

Demonstration Project

Sheringhan

Shoal

Kentish Flats

Extension 51 MW

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD


@fglongatt

@fglongatt


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Firth of Forth

Phase 1

1075 MW

Firth of

Forth

Phase 3

790 MW

Firth of Forth

Phase 2

1820 MW

Forth Array

Neart na

Gaoith

Inch Cape

Bell Rock

UK Wind Farms: Dogger Bank, HornSea, Firth of Forth (4/4)

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD


Dogger

Bank

6000 MW

Hornsea

2800 MWNjord

(Hornsea)

600 MW

Hornsea

2800 MW

Heron Wind

(Hornsea)

600 MW

Triton Knoll

1200 MW

Westermost

Rough

Race

Bank

Dudgeon

560 MW

Dogger Bank Project One

Dogger Bank Tranche A

1600 MW

"They could see gross value added to the UK economy of £7 billion and a

cumulative cost-reduction impact of £45 billion for the whole offshore wind

sector in UK waters by 2050,"

Wind farm 'may save £45bn' in costs

Offshore wind could boost GDP by “huge” 0.6%

The figures build on 2010 research from the Offshore Valuation Group

which found that by harnessing less than a third of the UK’s offshore wind

resource, the UK could generate the equivalent of

one billion barrels of oil a year by 2050

@fglongatt


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Bigger is Better (?) (3/5)

• UpWind: Design limits and solutions for very large

wind turbines .

• A 20 MW turbine is feasible

(2011).


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8MW Offshore Wind Turbine (4/5)

• 8MW is something normal!!!

1. Vestas V164 8MWThe V164 8MW turbine is the latest addition to the to top 10 list.

The Vestas V164 came online in January 2014, nearly three

years after the project was first unveiled in London. Curiously for

an offshore turbine, the V164 is geared. Other notable features

include a 80 metre-long blades and a lightweight nacelle that

won the design innovation category in Windpower Monthly's

annual wind turbine awards. The first machine has been installed

for testing at the Danish national wind turbine test centre at

Osterild.

2. Enercon E126 7.5MW

3. Samsung S7.0 171 7MW

4. MHI SeaAngel 7MW

5. Repower 6M Series

6. Siemens SWT-6.0 150

7. Alstom Haliade

8. Sinovel SL6000

9. Areva M5000

10. Gamesa G5MWhttp://www.windpowermonthly.com/10-biggest-turbines


http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1211056/close---vestas-v164-80-nacelle-hub

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/vestas

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/news/1138562/Close---E126-worlds-biggest-turbine/

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1191655/picture-gallery---worlds-largest-blade-begins-journey-scotland

http://www.windpoweroffshore.com/article/1332901/mitsubishi-drops-seaangel-brand-name

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/news/1052530/Close---Turbine-upgrade-fuels-offshore-ambition

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/news/1074109/Close---Siemens-SWT-60-120-offshore-turbine/

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/news/1140792/Close---Alstom-Haliade-6MW-prototype/

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/news/1072462/Sinovel-produces-6MW-onshore--offshore-prototype/

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/news/1108060/Areva-Multibrid-M5000-135-explaine

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1184003/gamesa-progress-5mw-offshore-turbine

http://www.windpowermonthly.com/10-biggest-turbines

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Vestas V164-8.0 MWVestas V164-8.0 MW - a game changer in offshore

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJBFAAJXH4c


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Technologies for Energy Storage

• 471 Global Energy Projects

2013

http://www.energystorageexchange.org/

1339 Projects

186,224 GW

2015


http://www.energystorageexchange.org/

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Global Energy Storage

http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/data_visualization


http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/data_visualization

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Global Storage


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Technologies for Energy Storage (4/4)

1339 Projects

186,224 GW

2015


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Storage in UK (2/4)Dinorwig

Power

Station

30 Projects

3255 MW


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Storage in UK (3/4)

• Smarter Network Storage

The Smarter Network Storage (SNS) project aims to carry out a range of

technical and commercial innovation to tackle the challenges associated with the

low-carbon transition and facilitate the economic adoption of storage. It is

differentiated from other LCNF electrical storage projects by its demonstration of

storage across multiple parts of the electricity system, outside the boundaries of the

distribution network. By demonstrating this multi-purpose application of

6MW/10MWh of energy storage at Leighton Buzzard primary substation, the

project will explore the capabilities and value in alternative revenue streams for

storage, whilst deferring traditional network


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Storage in UK

• Preliminary analysis in UK suggest an additional storage

could be installed in the range of 1GW - 29GW under

certain future scenarios by 2050, of which distribution

storage is estimated to dominate bulk storage, due to the

savings from avoided distribution network costs.

The Electricity Storage Network has warned

that delays in installing at least an additional

2GW of electricity storage by 2020 will

result in costs of £100m a year for

taxpayers and investors.

The alert came as DECC named the first

two winners of its £20m energy storage

competition with the ESN adding that failure

to act would also cause a loss of value

rising to £10bn a year by 2050.

http://renews.biz/53357/uk-urged-to-focus-on-storage/


http://renews.biz/53309/wind-storage-system-wins-3-6m/

http://renews.biz/53357/uk-urged-to-focus-on-storage/

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EV at Loughborough University

@fglongatt


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EV at Loughborough University

• Electric Vehicles at Loughborough University

@fglongatt


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Electric vehicle charging

• Electric vehicle charging profiles have been constructed

from data on time-of-arrival for drivers at their home

destination, from the National Travel Survey.Number of electric vehicles arriving

home, in 10-minute intervals, calculated

from the National Travel Survey (2010)

for 7.6 million vehicles

http://www.element-energy.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/HEUS_Lot_II_Correlation_of_Consumption_with_Low_Carbon_Technologies_Final.pdf

@fglongatt


http://www.element-energy.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/HEUS_Lot_II_Correlation_of_Consumption_with_Low_Carbon_Technologies_Final.pdf

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Electric vehicle charging

• For simplicity, it is assumed all drivers travel the same

distance every day, 365 days per year

• The charging profile of a typical electric vehicle is

aggregated here from an ensemble of vehicles (including

PHEVs, RE-EVs and BEVs) and arrival times.

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

2012 2030

Dis

tan

ce

(km

)

Year

Distance Travelled (km)

@fglongatt


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Annual Distance DrivenAnnual electric vehicle mileage (km) as a function of year

The annual distance driven is informed by

Element Energy’s work in modelling of the

GB vehicle stock.

@fglongatt


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EV Type Evolution

EV type distribution, DECC Low Uptake Scenario

The modelling of electric vehicles assumes battery capacities of 8kWh for PHEVs,

16kWh for RE-EVs, and 22kWh for BEVs

Range-extended electric vehicles (REEV) Battery electric vehicle (BEV) Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)

@fglongatt


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Demand Profile: EVAverage aggregated electricity

demand profile for a single electric

vehicle, at a single household

without DSR measures

@fglongatt


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EV –Prospective 2030UK domestic electric vehicles uptake for 2012-2030

@fglongatt


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This section presents several different types of

HVDC configurations


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Types of HVDC Systems

Different common system configurations and operating

modes used for HVDC transmission

Monopole, Ground Return

Monopole, Metallic Return

Monopole, Midpoint Grounded

Back-to-Back

(a) Monopole (b) BipoleBipole

Bipole, Metallic Return

(c) Multi-TerminalMultiterminal

Bipole, Series-Connected

Converters

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This section presents several different types of

HVDC configurations


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Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems

• Future Electricity Network use the concept of Multi-

Terminal HVDC Systems

MTDC

AC

System

,dc iU

,dc iP

i

Multiterminal

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Practical Multi-Terminal HVDC

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March 2015Loughborough, UK

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Pac


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This section introduces challenges of MTDC in

terms of System Operation


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Introduction• HVDC is present in the system for

several decades.

• It is part of the operational procedures of the system operator:• Part of the scheduling process.

• Used in special protection schemes.

• Used to manage power system stability.

• However, the used schemes tend to be “specific” and “special” to the situation.

• HVDC is often regarded as “external” to the system operator.

• As HVDC penetration is increasing, there is a need to consider it as an inherent part of the power system.SURVEY PAPER 2: Modeling and Control of HVDC Grids: A Key Challenge for the Future Power

System. Authors: Jef Beerten, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Xavier Guillaud, Johan Rimez, Arjen van der Meer,

Dirk Van Hertem


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HVDC Grid Influences Operations

Emergency

operations

Energy Balance

Market Operation

Preventive

and

Corrective

actions

Reliability in

the system

(and how it is

dealt with):Both

dynamically (all

forms of

stability) and

steady state.


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HVDC Grid Influences OperationsTechnology used influences the system’soperation :

• Appropriate ratings for cables, linesand converters (e.g. maximum steady-state and transient voltages and powerratings).

• Protection system (largest effect of asingle failure, fault ride throughrequirements).

• Harmonic filter requirements.

• Converter requirements (e.g. ramprates).

• Need for DC choppers or offshore windfarm control.

• Technology requirements andoperational requirements are linked.

SURVEY PAPER 2: Modeling and Control of HVDC Grids: A Key Challenge for

the Future Power

System. Authors: Jef Beerten, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Xavier Guillaud, Johan

Rimez, Arjen van der Meer,

Dirk Van Hertem


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Where is The Border?

• Area which is operated by the same entity:

1. One single zone of operation

2. DC separate from the AC system.

3. Each zone separately.

4. Based on country borders.


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• Area which is operated

by the same entity:

1. One single zone of

operation

2. DC separate from the

AC system.


4. Based on country

borders.


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• Area which is operated

by the same entity:

1. One single zone of

operation

2. DC separate from the

AC system.


4. Based on country

borders.


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Different possible definitions.

Different implementations.

Different consequences towards cost-benefit.







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Where to draw the border between AC and DC?

• Where to draw the

border between AC and

DC:

• At the DC busbar/PCC.

• At the AC busbar/PCC.

• Halfway the converter the

border.


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Where to Draw the Border Between AC and DC?

• Where to draw the

border between AC and

DC:



• Halfway the converter the

border.


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Where to Draw the Border Between AC and DC?

• Where to draw the border

between AC and DC:



• Halfway the converter

the border.

The border determines the

interactions and who controls?


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Frequency/Voltage Management:• Solving unbalances through

power injection adjustment

(simplified).

• Outage of a converter station

connecting the HVDC grid

with AC grid 1, zone 1.

• Examples of Solutions:

1. Equal droop reaction causes

all converters connected to

the HVDC grid to contribute.

2. Control zone 1 of AC grid 1

takes the full unbalance over

from the other systems.

P


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power injection adjustment(simplified).

• Outage of a converter stationconnecting the HVDC grid withAC grid 1, zone 1.


1. Equal droop reaction causesall converters connected to theHVDC grid to contribute.

2. The schedule with AC grid 2 iscorrected, resulting in only acontribution from AC grid 1

3. Control zone 1 of AC grid 1takes the full unbalance overfrom the other systems.

P

/ 6P

/ 6P

/ 6P

/ 6P

/ 6P/ 6P


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power injection adjustment

(simplified).

• Outage of a converter station

connecting the HVDC grid with AC

grid 1, zone 1.


1. Equal droop reaction causes all converters

connected to the HVDC grid to

contribute.

2. The schedule with AC grid 2 is

corrected, resulting in only a

contribution from AC grid 1

3. Control zone 1 of AC grid 1 takes the full

unbalance over from the other systems.

P

/ 4P

0 0

/ 4P

/ 4P

/ 4P


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1. Equal droop reaction causes allconverters connected to theHVDC grid to contribute.



P

0 0

0

0

0

P


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1. Equal droop reaction causes allconverters connected to theHVDC grid to contribute.



P

0 0

0

0

0

P

Still an action

needed to fix

frequencies and

voltages


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Conclusions

• As HVDC is increasingly present in power systems.

• New technology allows to provide new “services”.

• It is needed to adapt our operational procedures to make

HVDC operations an inherent part of system operations.

• Influence reaches far into neighbouring zones: both

positive and negative

• Coordination is needed.

• The framework in which the AC and DC systems are

operated will play a key role.

@fglongatt


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It is time for questions and answers

Copyright Notice

The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or

copied in any form or by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M.

Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any

trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the

documents by you.
