•Human Origins in Africa•Humans Try to Control Nature

•Civilization

EARLY PEOPLES AND CIVILIZATIONS

VOCABULARY• Artifact

• Culture• Paleolithic Age• Neolithic Age• Nomad • Hunter-Gatherer• Slash and Burn

Farming• Neolithic Revolution

• Domestication• Civilization• Specialization• Artisan• Institution• Scribe• Cuneiform• Bronze Age• Barter• Ziggurat

Scientists Discover Human OriginsArchaeologists search through the dirt and soil to find clues to the past.

Artifacts are found at dig sites and information about how the people who left them is gathered.

Anthropologists study cultures, how people lived and what was unique about each group.

Paleontologists study fossils and then they determine the time period in which the artifact was created.

The above scientists work together to find, date, and preserve evidence from ancient history.

STONE AGE

OLD STONE AGE

PALEOLITHIC AGE

NEW STONE AGE

NEOLITHIC AGE

•Old Stone Age•From about 2.5 million yrs ago to 8,000 b.c.•Ice Age period•Oldest know chopping tools

PALEOLITHIC AGE

Paleolithic• Old Stone Age• Prehistoric• Hunter-gatherer• Nomadic• Primitive tools• Cave art• Family groups – clans

•New Stone Age•8,000 b.c. to early 3,000 b.c.•Polished stone tools•Pottery•Crops•Raised Animals

NEOLITHIC AGE

Neolithic• New Stone Age • Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution• Began 10,000 years ago• From hunter-gatherer to farming• Permanent dwellings• Villages –cities-civilizations• Irrigation-surplus-trade• Artisans became part of society• Need for cooperation among groups• Social class systems developed• Religion became organized

Neolithic Settlement-JerichoJericho (also called Tell

es-Sultan) is the name of a tell (a mound or mount) situated on an ancient lake bed plain in what is known as the West Bank, Palestine. The city that the tell represents is one of oldest continuously occupied (more or less) locations on the planet.

Evolution of Homo sapiens

Homo Habilis• Tools• East Africa, 2.5

million yrs ago

Homo Erectus• Technology• East Africa, 1.6

million yrs ago

Homo Sapiens• Modern Humans• East Africa,

200,000 yrs ago

The hominidsAustralopithicus a. appeared in east Africa about 4 million to 1 million years ago

b. walked upright on two legs; well developed hands c. stone tools, fire later

The hominids, continuedPeopling of the World

Human Origins ~ Scientific Discovery

*Mary Leakey, archaeologist, in Tanzania, found

footprints of earliest humans-1978

“LUCY”Discovered in

1974Donald

Johnson and his team

EthiopiaThe unusually

complete skeleton of and adult, female hominid

She had lived around 3.5 million years ago

The oldest hominid found to date

Australopithecus

LUCY

LUCY

Homo Erectusa. 2.5 million to 2 hundred thousand years ago, east Africab. Large brain, sophisticated tools;

definitely knew how to control firec. Developed language skills in well- coordinated hunts of large animalsd. Migrated to Asia and Europe

Homo Sapiens -evolved as early as two hundred thousand years agoBrain with large frontal region for conscious

and reflective thought.

Homo Sapiens

Neanderthals Cro-Magnons

NEANDERTHALS

Were not distributed throughout world, mainly Europe and parts of Asia

CRO-MAGNONS•The first human beings of fully modern type; appeared forty thousand years ago•Homo sapiens, sapiens-modern man

TECHNOLOGY AND ART

•Used stone, bone, and wood to fashion more than 100 different types of tools.•Paleolithic Art

•Sympathetic Magic/Cave Paintings-effort to control the subject by capturing their spirits.

•Neolithic Revolution•Early Farming•Domestication of Animals

Cave paintings found in France

Venus figures-small sculptures of women which represent love and/or fertility

Neolithic era and transition to agriculture

Neolithic era; new stone age; refined tools and agriculture

a. About 12,000 – 6,000 years ago

b. Neolithic women began systematic cultivation of plants/crops

c. Neolithic men began domestication

of animalsd. Metallurgy-metal workinge. Egalitarian society-belief in

human equalityf. Pastoralism-ranchers

Early agriculture around 9,000 B.C.E.a. agriculture emerged independently in

several parts of the world

b. merchants, migrants, and travelers spread food knowledge

c. slash and burn cultivation involved frequent movement of farmers

d. agriculture is more work than hunting/gathering but can provide a steady, large supply of food

e. land ownership creates social distinctions

Case Study-Catal Huyuk (located in present day Turkey)

One of the best known Neolithic settlements

Venus Figurine-usually found in burial sites.

CIVILIZATIONVillages Grow Into Cities

•Economic Changes•Social Changes

WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?Advanced Cities

Specialized WorkersComplex Institutions

Record keepingAdvanced Technology

•An Agricultural Economy•City Life•Trade

•Temples•Religious Record

CASE STUDY-UR