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4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization - Indus River Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

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Page 1: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

4 early River Valley Civilizations

• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)• Egyptian Civilization - Nile River

• Harappan Civilization - Indus River• Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 2: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

I. GEOGRAPHYA. Mesopotamia lies in a flat plain between the two rivers

.

Fertile Crescent

Page 3: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

B. Three Disadvantages / Environmental Challenges

1. Unpredictable flooding2. No natural barriers3. Limited natural resources

Page 4: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

C. Solutions

1. Irrigation ditches2. Built city walls

3. Traded

Sumerian innovations in achieving civilization set an example other Mesopotamian peoples would follow – including art, technology and religious beliefs.

But to arrive at these solutions required organized government.

Page 5: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

II. Organized GovernmentA. Totalitarian rulersB. Organized armiesC. Organized large building projects

1. Flood control

.

Right: Standing nude "priest-king," ca. 3300–3000 B.C.; Uruk.

Left: Bas-relief depicting priests intervening between worshipers and gods.

Page 6: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

III. CitiesA. Shared the same culture, but…

1. Had its own government2. Had it’s own patron god

B. Ziggurat built at the center1. Massive temple2. Example of building with clay

bricks

• Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagesh

.

Page 7: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

The Ziggurat at Ur was first excavated by British archaeologist Woolley in 1923. The Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities restored its lower stages in the 1980s.

Page 8: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

IV. Organized Religion

A Sumerian warrior-god, gold figurine, ca. 2,400-2,500 B.C.E.

A. PolytheisticB. Hierarchy of priestsC. Epic of Gilgamesh

1. It is a story about the adventures of a Sumerian hero

Marduk, the Dragon god

.

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DID YOU KNOW…Like many ancient civilizations, the Sumerians also had “a flood story.” That’s not surprising given their challenging environment sitting between two unpredictable rivers…in their view, such a cataclysmic event did, indeed, destroy their “entire world.”

The Epic of Gilgamesh is, perhaps, the oldest written story on Earth. It comes to us from ancient Sumeria, and was originally written on 12 clay tablets in cuneiform script. It is about the adventures of the cruel King Gilgamesh of Uruk (ca. 2750 and 2500 BCE). In tablet XI we read about Per-napishtim, a man who built a boat and was saved from a great flood brought about by angry gods.

Tablet XI

Page 10: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

V. Class Structure/Social StratificationA. 3 Classes

1. Priests and royalty (kings)2. Wealthy merchants3. Ordinary workers

B. Roles of Men & Women1. unequal in society2. women had more rights than in other societies

Left: Statue of Sumerian woman with hands clasped at chest, ca. 2600-2300 B.C. Right: Gypsum statue of man and woman at Inanna Temple at Nippur, circa 2600-2300 B.C.

Page 11: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

VI. WritingA. Cuneiform

Cylinder seals and their ancient impressions on administrative documents and locking devices are our richest source for a range of meaningful subject matters.A wealth of these have been discovered at Sumerian sites. *

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VII. Art/Architecture (Technology, too!)1. Ziggurats2. Invented the wheel, the sail, the plow3. First to use bronze.

Other Sumerian Achievements

• one of the earliest sketched maps

• astronomy

• a number system in base 60from which stems our modern units of

measuring timeand the 360 degrees of a circle.

Page 13: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

VIII. Decline of Sumerian Civilization – Birth of other civilizationsA. City-States go to warB. The Akkadian Empire the Babylonian Empire the

Hittites the Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) Assyrians1. Sargon of Akkad ca. 2350 BCE

.

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2. Reign of Hammurabi [1792-1750 B.C.E.] with his Famous Code of Law – first major collection of laws known as Hammurabi’s Code.

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Hammurabi’s Code

A total of 282 laws are etched on this 7 ft. 5 in. tall black basalt pillar (stele). The top portion, shown here, depicts Hammurabi with Shamash, the sun god. Shamash is presenting to Hammurabi a staff and ring, which symbolize the power to administer the law. Although Hammurabi's Code is not the first code of laws (the first records date four centuries earlier), it is the best preserved legal document reflecting the social structure of Babylon during Hammurabi's rule. This amazing find was discovered in 1901 and today is in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris, France.

He wisely took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified them into one code. This helped unify the region. He engraved in stone and erected pillars all over the empire.Why do you think Hammurabi thought

it important to place all the cities within his Empire under the same uniform code of laws?

And why do you think he believed it important to place the laws in prominent locations so the people could visibly see them?

.

Page 17: 4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization

Hammurabi, the king of righteousness,On whom Shamash has conferred the Law,

am I.

When Marduk sent me to rule over men, to give the protection of right to the land,

I did right and in righteousness brought about the well-being of the oppressed.

Below are situations Hammurabi faced.  Decide what you think to be a fair way to deal with the problem.

Then together we’ll view what Hammurabi actually declared.  We’ll find out if Marduk, the supreme god, will be pleased with your decisions.

1. What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and kills the owner? 2. What should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband? 3. What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the wine shop for a drink? 4. What should be done if a son is adopted and then the birth-parents want him back? 5. What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts? 6. What should happen to a boy who slaps his father? 7. What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters gathered at her shop?8. How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another?

http://www.phillipmartin.info/hammurabi/hammurabi_situation_index.htmCompiled and Illustrated by

Phillip Martincopyright 1998

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3. Hittites major accomplishments: Iron & Chariots

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4. Assyrians established the Library at Nineveh• Helped to preserve culture through literature

like the Epic of Gilgamesh

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5. Chaldean Reconstruction projects included the Hanging Gardens of Babylon6. Persian defeat of the Chaldeans marks the end Mesopotamian Empires

Destruction of the Temple at JerusalemHanging Gardens of Babylon