Human Growth and DevelopmentNCE/CPCE Study Guide

Foundational issues in HGDA. Stages of human development• Prenatal period (conception to birth)• Infancy (birth to 2 yrs)• Toddlerhood (2 -3 yrs)• Early childhood (3 -5 yrs)• Middle childhood (6-12yrs)• Adolescence (13-19 yrs)• Young adulthood (19 -30)• Middle adulthood (30 -60)• Late adulthood (60 – 75)• Old age ( 75+)

Foundational issues in HGD

•B. Types of aging•Biological aging (metabolic changes –

anabolism and catabolism)•Psychological aging•Social aging

Foundational issues in HGD

•C. Categorizing theories of human development

•Learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic, ethological, language, physical, and moral development.

•Also: Nature vs nurture; continuous development vs discontinuous development; active vs reactive theories.

Special designs in HGD research•Case study•Naturalistic study•Survey research•Correlation research design•Cross-sectional design studies•Longitudinal design studies•Time-lag studies

Questions

•1. Aging is•A. Biological•B. Social•C. Psychological•D. all of the above

Questions

•2. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about biological aging?

•A. Biological aging depends on metabolic changes

•B. Biological aging refers to people’s perception of how old or young they feel

•C. Biological aging refers to people’s perceptions of how old or young they feel.

•D. Biological aging involves catabolism.

Questions

•3. Catabolism refers to•A. the body’s decline to death from its

peak.•B. the body’s development from birth to

its peak.•C. the metabolic changes that occur in

the elderly•D. none of the above

Questions

•4. Intelligence is accounted for mostly by a person’s

•A. environment•B. genetics•C. genetics and environment in equal

parts•D. educational level.

Questions

•5. Epigenetic theorists emphasize the importance of

•A. nature•B. nurture•C. the combination of nature and nurture•None of the above.

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

•CNS – brain and spinal cord•Peripheral nervous system – network of

nerves that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body

•Growth of the brain involves addition of new neurons and interconnectedness of these neurons and myelination (i.e. insulation of the neurons to enhance speed of neural transmissions).

The Brain•Hindbrain – medulla oblongata; cerebellum;

pons; reticular activating system.•Midbrain •Forebrain – left hemisphere; right

hemisphere; corpus callosum; cerebral cortex.

•Other structures: thalamus; limbic system (hypothalamus, the amygdala and hippocampus)

•Hemispheric specialization or lateralization

Genetic disorders• Three major classes:• 1. Autosomal diseases – genetic disorders that

involve a chromosome other than the sex chromosome.

• 2. X-linked diseases – passed on by the maternal X-chromosome to males.

• 3. Sex chromosomal diseases – some genetic anomaly occurring on the sex-determining pair of chromosomes, usually affecting male or female characteristic displays or sexual reproduction.

Questions

•1. The brain usually reaches its adult weight by the time a person is

•A. 12 years old•B. 16 years old•C. 44 years old•D. 64 years old

Questions

•2. The most primitive part of the brain is•A. hindbrain•B. midbrain•C. forebrain•D. Cerebral cortex

Questions

•3. The ___________is responsible for regulating arousal and attention.

•A. medulla oblongata•B. cerebellum•C. Reticular activating system•D. Hypothalamus

Questions

•4. Sickle cell anemia is•A. an X-linked disease•B. a sex chromosomal disorder•C. an autosomal disorder•D. none of the above

Questions

•5. Males born with an extra X chromosome have

•A. Turner syndrome•B. Tay-Sachs disease•C. phenylketonuria•Klinefelter’s syndrome

Learning theories

•Learning = a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from an individual’s experiences.

•Learning theorists propose that individuals observe and react to their environment.

•1. Stimulus-response theories•2. Social learning theories

Classical conditioning

•Ivan Pavlov – salivating dogs•John B. Watson - “father of American

behaviorism” – Little Albert•Joseph Wolpe- systematic desensitization;

counterconditioning; aversive counterconditioning; flooding.

Operant conditioning

•Edward Thorndike – Law of Effect•B.F. Skinner – Operant conditioning – vast

majority of learning occurs when an individual operates on the environment or when the environment controls the contingencies of reinforcement for the individual. Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement; punishment; reinforcement schedules.

Social learning

•Albert Bandura•People learn through observation,

imitation, and modeling.•Self-efficacy – (term developed by

Bandura) – individual’s confidence in his or her ability to perform a given behavior or accomplish a given task.

The Dollard and Miller Approach•John Dollard•Neal Miller•Influenced by the psychoanalytic,

behavioral, and social science concepts that preceded them.

•Anxiety and psychological disturbances were learned from experiences.

The Dollard and Miller Approach•They identified three primary types of

conflicts:•Approach- approach conflicts•Approach-avoidance conflicts•Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

Questions

•1. In Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was

•A. the salivation•B. the meat powder•C. the bell, buzzer, or tone.•D. None of the above.

Questions

•2. In classical conditioning, when people present a conditioned stimulus at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus, they are using

•A. Backward conditioning•B. simultaneous conditioning•C. retroactive conditioning•D. delayed conditioning.

Questions

•3. ________is the most successful form of conditioning.

•A. Backward conditioning•B. Simultaneous conditioning•C. Retroactive conditioning•D. Delayed conditioning

Questions

•4. John B. Watson is most well-known for his experiments involving

•A. a rat•B. dogs•C. ducklings•D. cats

Questions

•_____________is best known for the theory of operant conditioning.

•A. Ivan Pavlov•B. B.F. Skinner•C. John B. Watson•D. Albert Bandura

Cognitive Development• Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory•Growth in mental development depended on

one’s ability to order and classify new information: organization

•Changes in cognitive structure occurred through adaptation, which involved assimilation and accommodation

•Schema•Equilibrium•4 stages of cognitive development

Lev Vygotsky’s Cognitive Development Theory•Constructionist, cognitive developmental

theory that integrated language as well as social and cultural influences.

•Cognitive progress facilitated by language development and occurred in a social context.

•Zone of proximal development•Scaffolding•Described children’s speech during the

first 3 years of life

Cognition and memory• Sensory memory – all the environmental stimuli

to which one is exposed at any given moment in time. This information is ordinarily retained form only a few seconds.

• Short-term memory – temporary information storage that allows information to be retained for seconds to minutes.

• Long-term memory – enables a person to store a large amount of information for relatively permanent amounts of time, depending on how efficiently the person learned the information.

Cognition and memory

•Encode•Retrieval theory•Decay of memory theory•Interference theory•Retroactive inhibition•Proactive inhibition

Other important concepts in cognitive development•Cognitive dissonance•Attribution theory•Imaginary audience (David Elkind)•Personal fable•Intelligence•Crystallized intelligencee•Creativity

Questions

•1. According to Piaget, when people use their existing cognitive framework to understand new information, they are involved in the process of adaptation, known as

•A. assimilation•B. accommodation•C. symbolic representation•D. All of the above

Questions

•2. Children learn object permanence in the _________ stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.

•A. sensorimotor•B. Preoperational•C. concrete operational•D. formal operational

Question

•3. Animism refers to•A. only being able to focus on one aspect

of a problem at a time•B. thinking that humans created

everything in the world•C. giving life to lifeless objects•D. the belief that actions cannot be

reversed.

Questions

•4. Individuals can think logically and abstractly when they reach the _______stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.

•A. sensorimotor•B. preoperational•C. concrete operational•D. formal operational

Questions

•5. Some teenagers drive over the speed limit without wearing seatbelts because they do not believe that they can be hurt. These teenagers

•A. have an imaginary audience•B. have created a personal fable•C. are engaged in magical thinking•D. are using divergent thinking.

Questions

•Noam Chomsky’s theory of language development is considered to be a(n):

•A. learning theory approach•B. nativist approach•C. interactionist approach•D. epigenetic approach

Cont.

•Language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called:

•A. surface structures•B. global structures•C. deep structures•D. instrinsic structures

Cont.

•How many morphemes does the word “books” have?

•A. 1•B. 2•C. 3•D. 4

Cont.

•The appropriate use of grammar is the definition of :

•A. Syntax•B. Pragmatics•C. Semantics•D. Phonology

Cont.

•When do babies become adept to holophrasing?

•A. Approx. 8 months of age•B. Approx. 10 months of age•C. Approx. 1 year of age•D. Approx. 1.5 years of age

Personality Development

•Freud believed that fixation results from:•A. overgratification•B. undergratification•C. Both overgratification and

undergratification•D. None of the above

Cont.

•Erikson would consider a normal 4-year-old child to be in the ____________stage of personality development.

•A. Initiative vs Guilt•B. Basic trust vs. mistrust•C. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt•D. Industry vs. Inferiority

Cont.

•A person who obeys group rules and seeks familial acceptance is in the ________stage of Loevinger’s ego development theory.

•A. Integrated•B. Conformist•C. Self-awareness•D. Conscientious

Cont.

•According to Maslow, before people can meet their needs for esteem, they must meet their need for:

•A. Safety•B. Belongingness•C. Survival (Physiological needs)•D. All of the above

Cont.

•Children who are clingy and react strongly to separation from their caregivers are considered by Mary Ainsworth to display:

•A. secure attachment•B. Avoidant attachment•C. Ambivalent attachment•D. Disorganized attachment