hout_ physio ii

8/9/2019 Hout_ Physio II

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PHYSIO BASES 5

PERI PHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Made up ofnerves located throughout thebody except the brain and spinal cord

Nerves stringlike bundles of axons anddendrites that come from the spinal cordand are held together by connective tissue

Carries information to and from the spinalcord

Have the ability to regrow, regenerate orreattach if severed or damaged.

PNS: SOMATIC NS & AUTONOMIC NS

Somatic NS

Interacts with the environment Associated with voluntary body

movements

Consists of the spinal and cranial nervesthat connect the CNS to the skin andskeletal muscles

Spinal Nerves 31 pairs arising from the spinal

cord Cervical (8), Thoracic (12), Lumbar

(5), Sacral (5), Coccygeal (1)

The conus medullaris is theterminal end of the spinal cord. Itoccurs near lumbar vertebral levels1 (L1) and 2 (L2). After the spinalcord tapers out, the spinal nervescontinue as dangling nerve roots

called cauda equina.

Cranial Nerves 12 pairs arising from the brain 1 Olfactory

2 Optic3 Oculomotor4 Trochlear5 Trigeminal6 Abducens7 Facial

8 Vestibulocochlear9 Glossopharyngeal10 Vagus11 Spinal Accessory12 Hypoglossal

PHY SIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIORPeripheral Nervous System

Endocrine System


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PHYSIO BASES 6

Bells Palsy is caused by paralysis of CN7 or thefacial nerve (Hollywood actor George Clooneysuffered Bells Palsy when he was younger)

Autonomic NS

Participates with the regulation of thebodys internal environment/unconsciousactivities, regulates heart rate, bloodpressure, body temperature and othervisceral activities

Portions of the autonomic nervous systemrespond to emotional stress and preparethe body to meet the demands ofstrenuous physical activity

Includes fibers that connect the CNS toviscera

ParasympatheticMost active during normal conditionsPromotes decrease in heart rate and lowering ofblood pressureStimulates digestion

Rest and Digest response (promotes calming ofthe nerves)

SympatheticPrepares the body for energy-expendingsituationsTriggered by threatening situationsPromotes increase in heart rate, blood pressureInhibits digestion

Fight or Flight response (state of increasedphysiological arousal helping the body cope andsurvive threatening situations)

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Made up of numerous glands that arelocated throughout the body

These glands secrete various chemicals,called hormones, which affect organs,muscles and other glands

Control center: HYPOTHALAMUS


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PHYSIO BASES 7

Pitu itary Gland - Produces hormonesthat control the adrenal cortex, pancreas,thyroid and gonads.

Anterior Pituitary releases growthhormone. Too many growthhormones causes gigantism, toolittle causes dwarfism.

Posterior Pituitary is associatedwith the regulation of water andsalt balance. Dysfunction leads tolack of hormones that causes a lesscommon form of diabetes.

Pancreas regulates the level of sugar inthe bloodstream by secreting insulin. Lackof insulin results in the more commonform of diabetes, too much causeshypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

Thyroid regulates metabolism.Hormone deficiency during developmentleads to stunted growth and mentalretardation. Undersecretion duringadulthood leads to reduction inmotivation. Oversecretion results in high

metabolism, weight loss and nervousness.

Adrenal Glands regulates salt andsugar balance and help the body resiststress.

Adrenal medulla (central portion ofthe adrenal glands) secretesepinephrine and norepinephrine.

Adrenal cortex (outer part)secretes cortisol that affectsglucose, fat and proteinmetabolism. Dysfunction leads to

inability of the body to cope withstress.

Gonads Ovaries regulate sexualdevelopment, ovulation and growth of sexorgans. Testes regulate sexualdevelopment, production of sperm andgrowth of sex organs. Lack of sex

hormones during puberty results in lack ofsecondary sexual characteristics such asfacial and bodily hari, muscles in malesand breasts in females.

Pineal gland regulates sleep cycle,secretes melatonin in response to lightconditions outside the body. Dysfunctionleads to increase in sleep.

Thymus responsible for the secretion ofcertain white blood cells, important in thepromotion of the immune system

Endocrine Disorders

Obesity is defined as excess adipose tissue.Excess adiposity or obesity causes insulinsecretion, which can cause insulin resistance thatleads to type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes: Type 1: insulin deficiencyFrequent urinationUnusual thirst

Extreme hungerUnusual weight lossExtreme fatigue and IrritabilityType 2 Diabetes*: insulin resitanceAny of the type 1 symptomsFrequent infectionsBlurred visionCuts/bruises that are slow to healTingling/numbness in thehands/feetRecurring skin, gum, or bladderinfections*Often people with type 2 diabetes

have no symptoms

Hyperthyroidism can significantly accelerateyour body's metabolism, causing sudden weightloss, a rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating, andnervousness or irritability.

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which yourthyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certainimportant hormones. Untreated hypothyroidismcan cause a number of health problems, such asobesity, joint pain, infertility and heart disease.


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PHYSIO BASES 8

The most common cause ofgoiter worldwide is alack of iodine in the diet. In the United States,where most people use iodized salt, goiter ismore often due to the over- or underproductionof thyroid hormones or to nodules that develop inthe gland itself.

References:

Pinel, J. (2000). Biopsychology. (4th ed.). USA: Allyn & Bacon.

Plotnik, R. (2005). Introduction to Psychology. (7th ed.). Ca:

Wadsworth Publishing Company

Shier, D., Butler, J. & Lewis, R. (2003). Holes essentials ofhuman anatomy and physiology. (8th ed.). New York:

McGraw-Hill.

Smith, E., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B. & Loftus, G.(2003). Atkinson & Hilgards Introduction to

Psychology. Singapore: Thomson Learning.

Images:

www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/SeniorsCenter/2/8679.htm

http://www.maturespine.com/images/spinal_nerves.jpg

http://www.yinyanghouse.com/theory/tamhealing/cranial_nerve_system

http://www.healthyandstrong.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/bells-palsy.gif

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PN

S.html

http://brainconnection.positscience.com/topics/?main=gal/hypothalamus

http://www.web-

books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Endocrine/Endocrine.htm

CRANIAL NERVES

I Olfactory SensorySense of smell

II Optic SensorySense of vision

I I I Oculomotor Primarily MotorRaising eyelids, eye movements

IV Trochlear Primarily MotorEye movements

V Trigeminal Mixed

Impulses from surface of the eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead and upper

eyelids, teeth, gum, lips, skin of the faceMuscles of mastication and muscles in the floor of the mouth

VI Abducens Primarily MotorEye movements

VI I Facial MixedSense of taste (anterior tongue)

Facial expressions, muscles of tear glands, salivary glands

VIII Vestibulocochlear SensorySense of equilibrium, sense of hearing

IX Glossopharyngeal Mixed

Impulses from pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, carotid arteries

Swallowing

X Vagus Mixed Impulses from pharynx, larynx, esophagusMuscles involved in speech and swallowing

XI Spinal Accessory Primarily MotorMuscles of the soft palate, pharynx and larynx, neck and back

XI I Hypoglossal Primarily MotorMovement of the tongue


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PHYSIO BASES 8

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