FACT IDEA LEARNING ISSUES ACTION

At the start

Jimmy’s heart rate was

85 beats per minute and

he was breathing 18

breathes per minute. He

felt nervous excitement.

His mouth dry and took

one last sip of water

1. In order for his body to

gain enough oxygen and

energy, Jimmy

stretching and warm up,

2. Since the temperature of

Jimmy’s body increase,

the sweat gland become

more active to release

sweat.

3. Jimmy try to adapt to

the new environment

from relax to stress and

that’s why at this

moment the autonomic

nervous system become

active

4. The urinary system is

not active because the

bladder is closed. The

digestive system also

not active because the

peristalsis decrease

5. His blood glucose level

starts to drop.

1. What is responsible for raising

Jimmy’s heart and respiratory

rate and stimulating sweating

just before the race?

2. Why is the sympathetic

division of the autonomic

nervous system active just

before the race?

3. What changes do you think are

occurring in the digestive and

urinary systems at this time?

4. What is happening to Jimmy's

blood glucose levels just before

the race?

5. Why is Jimmy's mouth dry?

6. The salivary glands

have started to reduce

its excretion of saliva.

One minute in

Jimmy heart rate was

201 beats per minute.

He was taking 2

breathes per stroke, fast

and forced. The stroke

rate was 34 strokes per

minute and his Body

temperature was 37.5°C.

he was sweating more

and jimmy feel burning

on muscles

1. The body need more

energy to perform.

Sugar in the form of

lactose is secreted by

muscle, and once lactose

is secreted, blood sugar

in blood will lower

2. When oxygen reduces,

the carbon dioxide will

increase. Jimmy need

more oxygen for aerobic

respiration. He breath

more rapidly than.

3. Jimmy’s muscles are

experiencing sensory

information from his

nervous and the muscle

cell is accumulated with

lactic acid.

1. Rowing full speed is putting

new demands on Jimmy's

body. What are these new

demands and how does the

body respond to them?

2. What changes in Jimmy's

muscles promote unloading of

O2 from hemoglobin for use by

the muscle cells?

3. Why do Jimmy's muscles feel

like they are burning?

4. What conflict is produced

between Jimmy's need to keep

his body cool and his need to

remove nitrogenous wastes

from his blood? What did he

do before the race to help

alleviate this conflict?

At the halfway mark

He still rowing at 34

strokes per minute, now

jimmy heart rate was

180 beats per minute

and his body

temperature was 38°C.

His respiratory rate

down slightly.

1. Jimmy had decreased the

demands his muscles

were making by the end

of the first minute, and

this can be explained by

the fact that the "fight

and flight" message from

the brain had slowed

down with less

production of adrenaline,

hence less energy

demand from the

muscles.

2. Jimmy’s nervous system

changes would include

"fight and flight"

response which is usually

activated in a stressful

situation.

3. His heart and lungs have

to work over harder so it

get with the respiratory

and cardiovascular

system with the physical

strain that he is enduring,.

His brain sends signals to

the lungs to breaath faster

and deeper and the heart

1. Since the end of the first

minute, Jimmy has decreased

the demands his muscles are

making. How has he done this?

And why has he done this?

2. What are the changes in his

conditions as a result?

to beat faster. Increase

amounts of blood gets

pumped to the muscles,

carrying oxygen and

removing carbon dioxide.

4. in order to withstand the

demand of Jimmy

pushing his body to the

very limits of its

capabilities, all body’s

systems work together

Homeostasis is

maintained by negative

feedback which response

to reduce Jimmy's body

back to its original state.

At the finish

His heart rate was 208

beats per minute. He

Breathe nearly 80 times

per minute. He felt like

his arms and legs were

on fire and sweats was

pouring out of every

pore of his body. He felt

light-headed and his

body temperature was

400C.

1. Jimmy reduces his heavy

breathing since his body

needs to cool down again

to pre exercise levels, and

like heart rate, it’s a lag

time involved, so after he

stops, his breathing rate

gradually or quickly falls

but still stays high, (but

depending on his

recovery ability which is

1. Jimmy has stopped rowing and

his muscles are now at rest.

Why are his heart and

breathing rates still so high?

2. What changes have occurred to

his blood chemistry since the

start of the race? Think about

glucose levels, pH, lactate

levels, and temperature.

3. Why is he sweating more now

dependent on his fitness)

 

2. The pumping of blood to

bring oxygen to muscle

and pumping of hot blood

from muscle to the skin

are overcome by

breathing rapidly where

the heat can be dissipated

more quickly. When he

finishes the race the heart

beat slow down and

pumps less blood to the

skin. The heat

accumulated in muscle

causing blood

temperature to rise

higher. So, it can sweat

more right after finish the

race then during the race.

3. Changes occur in glucose

when the glucose level in

blood increase. It is

because the body need

energy to race so the

body used the glucose

during performed. For the

changes in pH, when

increases the muscle

than during the race?

activity, it leads to

increase the CO2 and

Hydrogen level in blood.

These chemical are

produces cell metabolism

and they lower blood pH

or increase the acidity.

Then during perform,

blood level of lactate

rises because when

exercise stop the lactate

falls much more slowly

than during the build up.

For the temperature,

working muscle will

produce heat so the body

temperature rise the race

started.

Back at the dock

His heart rate and

respiratory back to

normal and his body

temperature 37.5°C. he

felt thirsty and take

small sips of water and

his weighed 76kg.

1. The changes occur in the

last ten minutes that

allow his heart and

respiratory rates to come

down caused by the

positive feedback loop.

This loop causes

everything to return to

normal causing his heart

and respiratory rates to

1. What change have occurred in

the last 10 minutes to allow

Jimmy’s haeart and respiratory

rates to come down.

2. Why is Jimmy four pounds

lighter than at the start of the

race?

return to normal.

2. Jimmy’s mass reduced

because of the

dehydration by excessive

loss of in his body fluids

so his mass getting

lighter at the end of the

race.

3. Anti-diuretic hormone

(ADH) from his

endocrine system is

increasing to overcome

water loss. It’s produced

by the hypothalamus and

released by the pituitary.

It will signal the kidneys

tubules to absorb more

water.

4. Jimmy was dehydrated

after the race and he lost

a lot of fluid. So if he

directly drinks the water,

his muscle will contract

and give him muscle

cramping. The small sips

also allowed his body to

3. What effect has this water loss

had on his endocrine system?

4. Why did Jimmy only take sips

of water after the race? What

could happen if he drank as

much as he wanted to?

adjust to his state of

dehydration.

STUDY QUESTIONS :

At the start :

1. What is responsible for raising Jimmy’s heart and respiratory rate and stimulating

sweating just before the race?

Before the race, the sympathetic division is responsible for raising Jimmy’s heart,respiratory

rate and simulating sweating. The system that involves in this action is somatic nervous

system. At the start, the sympathetic system is responsible to provide responses and energy

needed in the fear or extremes activity like rowing. In stress condition, the sympathetic

system respons to raise the blood pressure, heart rate and supplying blood to the kidneys,

skeletal muscle and skin.

2. Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the

race?

Before the race, Jimmy was in the stress condition. This condition will stimulate the

hormones of sympathetic nervous system, which are adrenaline and noradrenaline by adrenal

gland. These hormones are responsible to raise the heart rate and blood pressure of him. The

sympathetic division is activated during this condition. The sympathetic division of

autonomic nervous system mediates the fight-or-flight responses during stress condition.

3. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this

time?

When stress stimulated, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are

activated. This activation is associated with specific physiological actions in the system, both

directly and indirectly through the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and to a lesser extent

norepinephrine from the medulla of the adrenal glands. The releasing of these hormones are

triggered by acetylcholine, that released from preganglionic sympathetic nerves. The other

major factor in the acute stress response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This

situation stimulates inhibition of stomach and upper-intestinal action, which make the

digestion to slows down or stops and relaxation of bladder.

4. What is happening to Jimmy's blood glucose levels just before the race?

There is increasing of blood glucose level happen on jimmy’s body just before the race. This

is because, normally under stress condition, people always secreted more adrenaline hormone

in their body. This hormone cause general physiological changes that prepare the body for

physical activity. Other than blood glucose level, that hormone also cause general reaction of

the sympathetic nervous system and increases in blood pressure.

5. Why is Jimmy's mouth dry?

This happen due to the releasing of adrenaline hormone during stress condition. At that time,

adrenaline will inhibit off the lacrimal gland which is responsible for the producing of saliva.

Automatically saliva in jimmy’s mouth will also less produced.

One minute in

1. Rowing full speed is putting new demands on Jimmy's body. What are these new

demands and how does the body respond to them?

At full speed of rowing, the new demand need for Jimmy’s body was ATP. ATP is the type

of energy produce in mitochondria during respiration process. When Jimmy is rowing, his

mitochondria need to produce ATP at highest rate. This causes intake of oxygen in Jimmy’s

body also increase drastically. But oxygen cannot diffuse into the muscle fiber fast enough to

enable the mitochondria to produce the required ATP. At this level, Jimmy breathing and

heart rate increases in order to take a lot of oxygen to produce more ATP.

2. What changes in Jimmy's muscles promote unloading of O2 from hemoglobin for use by

the muscle cells?

The muscles need oxygen to make energy or ATP, therefore the oxygen will unloaded from

hemoglobin for used by the muscles to undergo aerobic reaction within his cells. Therefore,

his body could maintain its homeostasis.

3. Why do Jimmy's muscles feel like they are burning?

When the muscles cannot get all the oxygen, they need to convert food to energy via

glycolysis process during intense exercise. The lactic acid accumulates in muscles will makes

them more acidic, and the acidity causes a burning feeling. The body temperature also

increases.

4. What conflict is produced between Jimmy's need to keep his body cool and his need to

remove nitrogenous wastes from his blood? What did he do before the race to help

alleviate this conflict?

To keep Jimmy’s body cool, nerve impulses stimulates sweat glands in the skin to produce

sweat. In process to cool the body, the hair effector muscle relaxed and flat which the layer

of air between the hair and skin become thin. Arterioles dilate or enlarge, so that more blood

enters the skin capillaries and causing more heat loss. Sweat is lost from the skin by the

process of evaporation. In this situation, sweat gland is activated to produce more sweat. The

sweat evaporates from the skin, removing heat and cooling the body. this is important to

maintain fluids for blood flow and sweat production by drinking water. As we know, the

other way of the body to produces the nitrogenous wastes is by sweating during the exercise.

All the extra blood that is flowing to the muscles can take the nitrogenous wastes away from

the body via urinary system.

At the halfway mark

1. Since the end of the first minute, Jimmy has decreased the demands his muscles are

making. How has he done this? And why has he done this?

This situation can be explain by the fact the ‘fight and flight’ respon of the sympathetic

nervous system. Jimmy’s receive message from his brain to slow down the production rate of

adrenaline which participate in the fight and flight respon. In our body, adrenaline can effects

in increases in heart rate, constricts blood vessels and dilates air passangers. But from

Jimmy’s situation, this hormone will make his muscle to de less work. The changes in his

condition include his heart rate decreasing from 201 to 180 beats per minute. His respiratory

rate has also decreased slightly.

2. What are the changes in his conditions as a result?

When Jimmy’s respiratory rate decrease suddenly, the amount of oxygen intake will also

decrease in his body. Hence, there is less energy (ATP) will produces due to the lack of

oxygen. The changes in his condition will causes the muscle fatigue.

At the finish

1. Jimmy has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and

breathing rates still so high?

When Jimmy has stopped rowing, his muscles relaxed, but his breathing was still high due to

the fact that this is the recovery period( oxygen debt) for the body system. During the

recovery period, oxygen is readily available and the body's oxygen demand remains elevated

above normal resting levels. The recovery period is powered by the ATP that aerobic

metabolism generates. The more ATP required, the more oxygen will be needed. The oxygen

debt created during exercise is the amount of oxygen needed to restore normal. While the

oxygen debt is being repaid, the breathing rate and depth are increased. As a result, you

continue to breathe heavily long after you stop exercising. When the heart rate increases, the

blood pressure also increases before get to the normal.

2. Why is he sweating more now than during the race?

Jim is sweating more now at the finish line because the body temperature increases. As the

result, the sweat gland will stimulate to produce sweat. When more sweat are produced, the

hairs on the skin are flatten which the layer of air between the hair and skin become thin.

Arterioles dilate, so that more blood enters the skin capillaries and causing more heat loss.

Sweat is lost from the skin by the process of evaporation. That why during the race, more

sweat will be produced due to high body temperature. Therefore, the sweat glands increase

their secretory activity until normal body temperature is restored.

3. What changes have occurred to his blood chemistry since the start of the race? Think

about glucose levels, pH, lactate levels, and temperature.

The contraction of the muscles cause an increase in blood flow to the muscles. As a result

of increase in activity in the muscles, the glucose in the blood vessel will decreased

because the glucose converted to energy. Carbon dioxide level in the blood will increases

as it is produced with the use of glucose.

The PH of the blood will drop due to the formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of

carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, the blood is acidic.

When the more lactic acid are accumulated in the body, the more heat produces causes the

temperature increase. The lactic acid level of the blood will also increase as the end product

of glucose and glycogen metabolism.

Back at the dock

1. What changes have occurred in the last 10 minutes to allow Jimmy's heart and

respiratory rates to come down?

In the last 10 minute, the Jimmy’s condition will start back to normal. Thus, the

sympathetic nervous system does not active. Usually, sympathetic nervous system will

activate only during the stress condition. Therefore, as near to the end point, his heart and

respiratory rates are start back to normal.

After exercising for a while, the increased blood flow brings vasodilatory metabolites to

the blood vessels around the working muscles. The blood vessels dilate, there is more

blood flow and this decreases the blood pressure and initial heart rate. So now the heart is

working less and the respiratory rate decreases.

After just stopping exercise, our respiratory rate should be the same because our body has

compensated for the increased heart rate changes by dilating the blood vessels to increase

flow. If the person's respiration rate stayed very high during exercise, they could be obese,

diabetic, asthmatic, or have lung or heart problems. If the respiration rate stayed low after

exercise, this could be normal or low blood pressure. Normally, after exercise it is normal

for fast breathing or normal depending on how long we have been exercising. Besides, it is

probably cause of the intercostals muscles and the diaphragm become stronger. As our

lungs get stronger, they get more oxygen from each breath, so we need fewer breaths over

a given period of time.

2. Why is Jimmy four pounds lighter than at the start of the race?

Jimmy is four pounds lighter at the end of the race because of anaerobic exercise.

Anaerobic does not need or use oxygen to restore energy levels. It is focus attention on

one specific muscle at a time. The large amount of energy that the body needs to

complete anaerobic exercises cannot be provided by oxygen. Energy, instead, is

replenished by the natural chemistry of the body. Anaerobic exercises do not usually

cause the heart to beat particularly fast and do not leave people gasping for air. The

benefits of anaerobic exercise include increased muscle mass and decreased body fat.

Dehydration also one of the main reason why Jimmy’s body became lighter after the

race. The dehydration occurs during the rowing as well as more sweating process

happens. Jim’s body is starting to have multiple chemical reactions within his nervous,

endocrine, cardiovascular, muscular, respiratory and intergumentary systems during the

race.

3. What effect has this water loss had on his endocrine system?

Exocrine gland is a part of endocrine system. Examples of exocrine glands are salivary

glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract. During the period of the

rowing, Jimmy already loss a lot amount of sweat. As Jimmy‘s breath, heart rate and blood

flow are back to normal, the blood vessels relaxed and less amount of heat loss. Thus, the

producing of sweat decreased.

4. Why did Jimmy only take sips of water after the race? What could happen if he drank

as much as he wanted to?

If Jimmy is drinking too much water after his race, he can eventually cause his brain to

swell, stopping it regulating vital functions such as breathing, and causing death. It is

usually a combination of excessive fluid intake and increased secretion of antidiuretic

hormone. Produced by the hypothalamus and secreted into the bloodstream by the

posterior pituitary gland, antidiuretic hormone instructs the kidneys to conserve water

even if a person is drinking excessive quantities. Its secretion increases in periods of

physical stress.

Other than that, since Jim was dehydrated after the race, that is he had a loss of fluid and

electrolytes. If he drank as much as he wanted to, he has the probability to get muscle

cramp. This is because, his muscle would have contracted.