Honors US History 14.1Honors US History 14.1

Definitions

• Nationalism – intense feeling of national pride and unity.

• Dictator – a single person who has all of the political power in a nation.

• Fascism – government system under the total control of a nationalist dictator and a single political party.

• Totalitarianism – a system in which the government controls the entire country (politics, economy, culture, etc.)

• Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state(political, military, economy, social, cultural)

• Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)

• Strict controls and laws

• Military state (secret police, army, military)

• Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)

• Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)

• One leader (dictator); charismatic

• Total conformity of people to ideas and leader

• Terror and Fear

Nazism

FascismCommunism

*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

Totalitarianism

I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953.

What is Communism?

• LEFT WING• based on theory by Karl Marx• revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society”• state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership)• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism

Chaos at the Helm

• Lenin dies in 1924–Effect of ’22 stroke

• Trotsky (Red Army) vs. Stalin (Gen. Sec. of the Communist party)–Party members all given their jobs by Stalin…

The The PurgesPurges

• Paranoid, Stalin kills off all opponents, real or imagined–Order #00486

kills socially dangerous & their families

• The NKVD (Cheka) hunts down enemies–Secret courts,

immediate death

Rise of a DictatorshipDepression Starvation and Misery

A need for leadership and change

A need for someone to blame for everything (scapegoat)

A need to feel pride again

People support a charismatic leader

One person takes control

Totalitarian Dictatorship

What is Fascism?

• RIGHT WING• intense nationalism and elitism• totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than individual rights• maintain class system and private ownership

Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

Unrest in ItalyUnrest in Italy

• Italy did not receive the territory it wanted from WWI

• A depression started in the country– The people became bitter and

angry

• Some workers talked of turning to communism.

Italy – the Black Shirts

• Benito Mussolini becomes dictator of Italy– Called “IL Duce”

• Promises Italians a new “Roman Empire”

• Invades Ethiopia

I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. What is Nazism?

• extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party• belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race”• belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe•Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

Decadence of the Weimar Republic

Decadence of the Weimar Republic

What problems did the Weimar Republic face?What problems did the Weimar Republic face?

The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles Treaty

What was the problem with the treaty?What was the problem with the treaty?

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Hitler considered himself superior, Hitler considered himself superior, even though he was a drifter & even though he was a drifter & failed artist during his youth. (Not failed artist during his youth. (Not even German Austrian)even German Austrian)

A corporal during WWI, he was A corporal during WWI, he was devastated by Germany’s loss & devastated by Germany’s loss & blamed it on the Jews.blamed it on the Jews.

He started his political career at He started his political career at age 30, joining the German age 30, joining the German Workers Party (Workers Party (As a spy for Weimar As a spy for Weimar RepublicRepublic) He was an excellent ) He was an excellent speaker and the speaker and the Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic employed him to lecture soldiers employed him to lecture soldiers on the dangers of communism and on the dangers of communism and socialism. The Weimar Republic socialism. The Weimar Republic gave him the confidence to speak gave him the confidence to speak in front of crowds.in front of crowds.

Group had only 40 members Hitler fell in love with the ideas its leader Karl Drexler had about blaming Jews and Communists for Germany’s problems. Hitler told Weimar Republic this group posed no threat

When he is put in his jail cell he is ranting and raving about the “Jews did this the Jews did that”. His cell mate Rudolf Hess started to write all this down. It will become the book Mein Kampf

Divisions of Race To Hitler

• Aryans (Germanic) Culture Creating• Middle (Non Germanic) Culture

Maintaining• Jews -Culture Destroying• Untermenschen- undesirable elements

like Jews: Gypsies , Jehovah Witnesses , Homosexuals , =Handicap, beggars,or those deemed “work shy” =Habitual Criminals. =Political Prisoners

Germany – Nazi Party

• Led by Adolf Hitler– Called “Der Fuhrer”

• Claimed that Germans were the master race

• Hitler was a fantastic public speaker who was very charismatic for the German people.

• Nazis slowly took control over German Reichstag (Congress)

• Hitler named chancellor of Germany in 1933.

Rise of Hitler• Hitler becomes

complete dictator of Germany.

• Starts to rebuild the German military which creates jobs for German people.

• Seizes Jewish assets to gain funding for eventual war.

• Sends army to reclaim areas lost during WWI for Germany.

• SA (Sturmabteilung):SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political protected leaders and opposed rival political partiesparties

•GESTAPOGESTAPO:: the Secret State Police the Secret State Police • SSSS (Schutzstaffel):(Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the SASA

• LebensraumLebensraum (living space): (living space): concept that concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into eastGermany into east

• WehrmachtWehrmacht: : German armyGerman army

• HJHJ (Hitler Jugend): (Hitler Jugend): Hitler YouthHitler Youth

• EinstazgruppenEinstazgruppen: : Nazi Death Squad; mobile Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing unitskilling units

• untermenschenuntermenschen-Inferior People-Inferior People

The “Stab-In-The-Back” TheoryThe “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory

German soldiers are German soldiers are dissatisfied.dissatisfied.

Hitler Demonizes the Jews• Hitler proclaimed that

Jews had stabbed Germany in the back - causing it to lose WWI.

• Said Jews were scheming to take over the world.

• Fed anti-Semitism which already existed in Europe.

Persecution of the Jews

• Nuremberg Laws– Took citizenship away

from Jews– Highly restricted their

rights– Forced to wear the

yellow star– Put into ghettoes and

concentration camps

• Kristallnacht - 1938– “Night of the Broken

Glass”– Nazis destroy Jewish

businesses

Imperial Dreams in Japan• Japan had long been

jealous of the empires of the white, European countries.

• Why shouldn’t the Japanese have their own empire in the Pacific?

• Japan adopted the ways of the West and built up their industry and military during the Meiji period after first American contact.

• Led by General Tojo (military) and Emperor Hirohito (spiritual).

The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japanese Invasion

• Japan invades China and Korea as well as a number of islands in the Pacific.(1931)

• Japan is a series of islands with little natural resources.

• Japan needs resources (oil, metal) for their war efforts

• Rape of Nanking– Japanese terrorize

Nanking, China

Japanese Atrocities against the Chinese

• Japanese soldiers raped Chinese women and often killed them.

• Japanese killed Chinese for no reason.

• Japanese conducted vivisection experiments on Chinese people.

Rape of Nanking

Rape of Nanking

A Weak League of Nations

A Weak League of Nations

International AgreementsInternational Agreements

Locarno PactLocarno Pact – 1925 – 1925y France, Germany, Great France, Germany, Great

Britain, Britain, Italy Italy Guarantee existing frontiersGuarantee existing frontiers Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on

East East bank of Rhine River bank of Rhine River

Refrain from aggression against Refrain from aggression against each each other other

Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact – 1928 – 1928y Makes war illegal as a tool of Makes war illegal as a tool of

diplomacy diplomacy No enforcement provisionsNo enforcement provisions

The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

y No control of major conflicts.No control of major conflicts.y No progress in disarmament.No progress in disarmament.y No effective military force.No effective military force.

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Emperor Emperor Haile Haile

SelassieSelassie

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco

y Carlists [ultra-Catholic monarchists].

y Catholic Church.

y Falange [fascist] Party.

y Monarchists.

y Anarcho-Anarcho-Syndicalists.Syndicalists.

y Basques.Basques.

y Catalans.Catalans.

y Communists.Communists.

y Marxists.Marxists.

y Republicans.Republicans.

y Socialists.Socialists.

y Anarcho-Anarcho-Syndicalists.Syndicalists.

y Basques.Basques.

y Catalans.Catalans.

y Communists.Communists.

y Marxists.Marxists.

y Republicans.Republicans.

y Socialists.Socialists.

TheNational

Front[Nationalists]

TheNational

Front[Nationalists]

ThePopularFront

[Republicans]

ThePopularFront

[Republicans]

The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil WarThe Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

The American “Lincoln Brigade”

The American “Lincoln Brigade”

“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso

“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso

The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?

The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?

Italian troops in Madrid

Italian troops in Madrid

The Austrian Anschluss, 1938The Austrian Anschluss, 1938

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

British Prime Minister Neville British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainChamberlain

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

German Expansion to WWII