12.1The Revolution of 1910 & Nationalism in Mexico

• Porfirio Diaz Dictator 30 Years- strict, no democracy, poor suffered

Cause of revolution of 1910

– Poor- low pay, harsh treatment, lost land, controlled by rich

– Middle Class-want Democracy – Wealthy wanted foreign control out

Porfirio Diaz

Francisco Madero-(Educated Land Owner) wanted democracy &war against Diaz

• 1911- Rebellions force Diaz to leave Mexico

• Madero elected President assassinated 1913 by general

• Gen Victoriano Huerta becomes President

Huerta

EmilianoZapata

3 Leader fight against Huerta 1. Pancho Villa- Formed an army of northern

poor- many were cowboys, ranch hands– goal was to return land to the poor

2. Emiliano Zapata-Southern Mexico- was a poor farmer– Demanded land for the poor farmers- army made up

of peasants(Tierra Y Libertad)– Education for the poor

3. Venustiano Carranza –wealthy land Owner (did not want to give poor Land)

PanchoVilla

• Carranza elected President 1917 (assassinated 1920) - Fights against Zapata & Villa (both assassinated)

Fighting ends with Constitution by the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)

• Began to give land to peasants• Began to bring schools to rural towns• Brought stability and Peace 1920’s Unified

Mexico • Stable Democracy- Voted for Presidents

peacefully

Mexico Post Revolution 1920-1940

Alvaro Obregon President 1920-1924

• Obregon was a northern Farmer• Joined the revolution and fought

under Carranza• He believed in a capitalist Economy• Goal was to try to accommodate all

groups to stabilize Mexico

His ReformsLand ReformBegan to give land back to some pueblos– Slow process met with resistance from Haciendas and Church– Did more than Carranza but much less than Villa or Zapata

wanted

Labor – Wanted Labor Unions workers would help Economy– Labor Unions gained immense political power– (little changed for the average worker)

Education

• Placed Jose Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education

• Opened thousands of Schools in Rural areas– Made primary education compulsory

• Created thousands of Libraries• Created teacher training centers to

fill these positions

Capitalist Views

• Obregon had a strong belief in property rights• Returned railways to private owners• Continued payment of Foreign Debt

A right wing movement erupted but was crushed(Wealthy, hacendados, & Church)– Obregon had peasant, Labor Union, and 1923 US

recognized his gov (brought stability)

Plutarco Calles 1924-1928

• Former Teacher and Revolutionary• He was hand picked to take power by Obregon• Shared many of the same views and goals

His Regime• Strengthen Monetary system– Created a Bank of Mexico. Only bank to print money

• National Roads Commission and National Electrical Code created– Increased trade, construction, consumer goods

• More effective in land redistribution– Problem was many of the peasants fell to same cycle of

debt – Gov gave dry land and little support to work the land

Foreign Investments• Article 27 of the Const. gave Mexican

gov rights to land and Natural resources– It was vague and unclear

• Calles assured he would protect foreign investment(Oil)

• Based on the constitution instead of a title(own land) the companies had a Lease(rent land)

Maximato 1928-1934

• Period where Calles was not President but ran the country(presidents took his orders)

• 1929 Created the PNR(National Revolutionary Party) –soon to be PRI(Institutional Rev Party)

• Time period of Corruption and there were little reforms

• Elections were rigged and violence against opposition was common

• PNR(PRI) party became more progressive needed to stop Calles

Lazaro Cardenas President 1934-1940

• State Governor of Michoacán• Honest in his goals• Spent 50% of the state budget

on education• Took leadership of PNR(PRI) and

was elected president in 1934• Refused to take orders from

Calles and exiled him

Lazaro Cardenas renewal of the goals of the Revolution

1. restoration of the system of Ejidos (common lands) through a strong agrarian program to combat

2. modern secular schools that would teach rationalist doctrines and combat the "fanaticism" of the Church

3. workers' cooperatives to oppose the excesses of industrial capitalism

4. Nationalization of mineral and sub soil wealth

-Meant kicking out Foreign companies

Land Reform• Returned 45 Million acres• Southern areas gave ejidos

which were communal land• Northern Areas- gave

Ranch more suited for livestock

• Provided peasants with seeds, equipment, and government loans(lower rates)

• Peasants become more productive

Labor Reform• Calles stopped supporting

organized labor• New Labor Unions were

allowed to form under Cardenas– Workers went on strike

with out gov intervention– Gained higher wages and

better working conditions

Education

• Continued to spend on education

• More schools and a more focused curriculum were formed

• Increased the investment in higher educations– Took pride in the Native

American roots of Mexico– Created Departamento de

Asuntos Indigenas &Instituto Nacional de Antropologia de Mexico

Economic Reform

• He continued to focus on capitalism and building industry in Mexico

• Provided industry with gov loans and protective tariffs

• 1938 due to labor conflicts Mexico decided to nationalize the oil– Huge support from entire

nations– Raised money to pay the oil

companies– Suffered economic sanctions

from the US and England

Legacy

• Known as one of the most honest presidents in Mexico

• During his time standard of living increased for the average Mexican

• Limited corruption in government• Problem- after he left office the following

leaders become more corrupt and sighted with the elite

Art Movement

• Resurgence in Art and pride in Mexican culture erupted 1920’s

• This was an effort at nationalism an and creating community after the war

• Indigenismo- taking pride in the native past of Mexico

Artist• The movement was led by gov funded murals– (Jose Vasconcelos)

• Painting on many public buildings and Universities.Key artist:Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, Jose Orozco

Orozco

Siqueiros

Rivera Murals