Post World War I Nationalism

Chapter 15

Mexican RevolutionPorfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for 35 yearsWelcoming foreign investors, Mexico appeared to be growing in peace and economy, however only an elite few benefitiedMost people lived in poverty working on haciendasFrancisco Madero, demanding free elections, lead a rebellion that forced the resignation of Diaz in 1911

Revolution Leads to ChangePresident Carranza approved a new constitution (still used today) in 1917 that addressed land, religion, and labor.Carranza was overthrown in 1920, and the Institutional Revolutionary Party took control of government in 1929 and accomomdated many groups in society (business, military, peasants, and workers)Under the PRI Mexico’s government statbilized and many positive reforms were made (land distribution, schools)

Nationalism at Work in Latin America

Mexico wanted to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors Economic- emphasis on home control of the economy Political- Stronger authoritarian governments rose in Latin America amid the economic crisisCultural- pride in one’s own culture was reflected in mural paintings (Diego Rivera)Good Neighbor Policy- US pledge to lessen its interference in the affairs of Latin American nations

AfricaAfrica Resists Colonial Rule

During WWI more that 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonials rulers, hoping their service would lead to more rights and opportunities.As European countries wanted to maintain their profits from cash crops, many Africans were impoverished and living in famine as not enough food was being grown.Instead the situation stayed the same or was worse

Opposing Imperialism

Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of colonial rule, however most good jobs went to EuropeansAs in other parts of the world, the ideas of socialism found growing audiences

Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa

From 1910 to 1940 whites strengthened their grip on S.A., imposing a system of racial segregation (economic , political and social white supremacy)1948- Apartheid (policy of rigid segregation) became a law

Nationalism and an Africa for Africans

Pan-Africanism- unity of Africans and people of African decent worldwide“Africa for Africans”- Marcus Garvey

Pan-African Congress Forges Ties

A. American scholar W.E.B. Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress in 1919Delegates from US, African colonies, and the West Indies called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans (demands ignored, but it established cooperation)

The Negritude Movement Shows Pride

French speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule

Egypt Gains Independence

1922- after the war, riots, protests, and strikes forced Britain to grant Egypt their independence (GB still controlled the monarchy)

The Middle EastTurkey and Persia Modernizes

Ataturk Sets Goals

Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Ottoman sultan, defeated the Greeks (who claimed the lands after WWI), and declared Turkey a republic (Greeks leave Turkey, 1.3 million)Kemal took the name Ataturk (“father of the Turks”)Goal was to modernize Turkey along Western lines and separate religion from government

Westernization Transform Turkey

Government built railroads, factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independedntRuled with an iron hand…many questioned his dictatorial powers and his rejection of religion in law

Nationalism and Reform at Work in Persia

Ataturks success inspired the neighboring PersiansReza Khan overthrew the shah, and rushed to modernize Persia (factories, roads, railroads and strenghtened the army)Forced Persians to wear western clothes and set up modern secular schoolsPersuaded the Brits to give Persian a larger share of the oil profits

Arab Nationalism in the Middle East

Oil became a major factor throughout the Middle East as gas powered vehicles in WWI showed that oil was the fuel of the futureForeign companies began to move in the Middle East to exploit its large oil reserves

Par-Arabism Grows

Nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs, living in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to to North America (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco)Sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state

Betrayal at the Peace ConferenceArabs believed their contribution to the Allies in WWI would give them independence after the warInstead the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands, giving France and Britain mandates to many Arab nationsArabs felt betrayed by the West, leading to protests and revolts against Western ImperialismCenter of turmoil was the British mandate of Palestine

Promises in PalestineDuring WWI the Allies made two conflicting promises to the Arabs1-Promised Arabs their own kingdoms in the former Ottoman lands, including Palestine2-Balfour Declaration (attempting to win support of European Jews) advocating the idea of setting up a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine

A Bitter Struggle Begins1919-1940- thousands of Jews migrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and anti-Semitism in EuropeJews worked to modernize and also established farming communitiesSome Arabs welcomed the new money, however tensions between the two groups roseEven today, the two groups fight for control over the land that the Jews call Israel and the Arabs call Palestine

IndiaCalls for Independence

The Power of Non-Violence

Gandhi’s Ideas

Gandhi Sets an Example

Gandhi Takes a Stand: The Salt March

Breaking the Law

Steps Toward Freedom

Looking Ahead

ChinaThe Chinese Republic in Trouble

The Warlord Problem

Foreign Imperialism (21 Demands)

May 4th Movement

The Appeal of Marxism

Struggle for a New China

Jiang Jeshi Leads the Nationalists

Mao Zedong and the Communists

The Long March

Japanese Invasion

Looking Ahead