Honors U.S. Chapters 28-30

Chapter 28

• The Cold War and American Globalism

Origins of the Cold War

• United States and the Soviet Union emerged from WWII as two superpowers with vastly different political and economic systems

• After WWII, differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led to a Cold War that lasted almost to the 21st century

Former Allies Clash

• United Nations• International peacekeeping body

• Security Council with 5 permanent members

• Truman Becomes President• Roosevelt dies of a stroke

• Potsdam Conference• Previous distrust of not opening up a second front in Europe and the

Nonaggression Pact

• Soviet Union says it cannot allow free elections to occur in eastern Europe

• Days later atomic bombs are dropped on Japan

Differing Goals• U.S. mainland not attacked

• U.S. Only suffered 400,000 deaths

• Soviet Union 1 in 4 were wounded or killed

• Soviet cities demolished

Democracy/Capitalism vs. Communism/Command

Democracy/Capitalism Communism/Command

Free elections State ran government and economy

Individuals decide factors of production Government decides all factors of production

Not equal, every person for themselves Private property does not exist

Private ownership All goods and services shared

Differing GoalsUnited States Soviet Union

Encourage democracy Encourage Communism

Wanted access to raw materials for factories

Had to use European equipment to help rebuild destroyed factories and needed raw materials

Rebuild European governments to promoted stability and create markets

Control Eastern Europe to protect Sovietborders

Reunite Germany to stabilize and secure it Keep Germany divided so it cannot wage war

Containment• Truman’s plan to stop

spread of Communism

• Keep Communism where it is by forming alliances and helping weak countries

Tension Mounts• Soviets tighten their grip on Eastern

Europe

• Satellite nations

• Iron Curtain• Without real western border

Russia/Soviets have always been under attack

• Poles in 17th century, Swedes attacked, Napoleon tried to conquer, and Germany in WWI and WWII

• Nickname of how Europe was split after WWII given by Churchill

• Buffer zone- Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia

• Stalin proclaims that Communism and Capitalism cannot exist in the same world

Truman Doctrine

• Plan to give aid to countries fighting Communism• Turkey, Greece $400

million given

• African countries

Marshall Plan• Plan to provide food,

machinery, and other materials to help Western Europe rebuild

• Passed after Czechoslovakia fell to Communism

• $12.5 billion

Superpower Struggle over Germany

• Berlin Airlift

• NATO

Berlin Airlift• June 1948 to May 1949

Allied planes dropping supplies to West Berlin

• Blockade lifted by Soviet Union

Berlin Airlift• Soviet Union wanted to keep their

enemy of the past 2 World Wars divided

• 1948 France, Great Britain, and U.S. allow West Germany to be one nation

• Soviet Union cutoff highway, water, and rail traffic into Berlin in order for Democratic nations to surrender parts of Berlin

• Allied planes took off and landed every 3 minutes equaling 278,000 flights bringing in 2.3 million tons of aid

• After 11 months Soviet Union lifts blockade

Cold War Divides

Increased diplomatic hostility that developed between the two superpowers (U.S. & Soviet Union) • involved spying,

propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations

• NO DIRECT FIGHTING

NATO – Warsaw Pact

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization• Defensive military alliance

• Warsaw Pact• Soviet Union response to

NATO

• 1961 Berlin Wall built

Threat of Nuclear War

• Soviet Union explodes own nuclear weapon (1949) years before U.S. had expected

• Hydrogen Bomb 1952 by U.S., 1953 Soviets (1000x more powerful)

Brinkmanship

• Secretary of State John Dulles

• United States would instantly retaliate if U.S. interests were attacked

• led to the stockpile of nuclear weapons, or arms race, and would last for four decades

Sputnik

• October 1957, Soviets launch an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) named Sputnik I• Reaches space, first unmanned

satellite above earth’s atmosphere

• Prompts United States to pour huge amounts of money into math and science

Cold War Heats Up

• After World War II, China became a communist nation and Korea was split into a communist north and a democratic south

• Ongoing tensions with China and North Korea, continue to involve the United States

China Becomes a Communist Country

• Chiang Kai-shek

• Mao Zedong

• Renewed Civil War

• Taiwan

Nationalists vs. Communists Civil War Continues

• Nationalists• Jiang Jieshi, Chiang Kai-shek

• Supported by United States ($1.5 Billion during WWII and $2 billion after), failing economy, no longer outnumbering 3 to 1 because of desertion

• Communists• Mao Zedong

• Supported by peasants

• Win in 1950

Two Chinas Affect the Cold War

• Nationalists move to Taiwan, Republic of China

• Soviets give aid to Communist China and they sign agreement to protect each other

Korean War

• 38th parallel

• MacArthur's’ Counterattack

• Chinese Fight Back

• Attack China

• MacArthur versus Truman

• Settling for Stalemate

End of WWII• Japanese occupied

Korea

• 38th parallel • North surrendered to

Soviets• Industrial

• South surrendered to U.S.• Rural

Standoff at 38th parallelKorean War• Soviets supply North with

tanks, airplanes, and money

• June 25, 1950 North sweeps across the 38th parallel and deep into the south

• South pleads to U.N. • Soviets absent to protest

break off of Taiwan

• 15 nations agree to help

• MacArthur in charge

MacArthur strikes

• Using a pincer move ½ of North surrenders rest retreat

• U.N. forces mostly U.S. move across the 38th parallel into North

• China nervous and sends 300k troops

• U.N. outnumbered and pushed back to Seoul

• MacArthur calls for nuclear strike to prevent world war and is removed

Aftermath• 4 million soldiers and civilians die

• Cease fire July 1953

• 160 miles long, 2.5 miles wide-demilitarized zone

• North• Led by Kim II Sung• Communist• Collective farms, heavy industry, built

up military• Kim Jong Il

• South• United States support• Democratic constitution passed in

1987

Korean War Veterans

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPh8pBIUudA

Crash Course U.S. History: Cold War #37

Cold War at Home

• During the late 1940s and 1950s, fear of communism led to reckless charges against innocent citizens

• Americans today remain vigilant about unfounded accusations

Fear of Communist Influence• 100k claimed to be in the Communist Party in America during

WWII• More loyal to the Soviet Union?• Communism won in China and Eastern Europe

• Loyalty Review Board• Investigate government employees and dismiss those found as disloyal• Found 91 un-American , subversive organizations • 2,900 resigned either not wanting to be investigated or violation of

rights• 212 employees were dismissed

• HUAC• House Un-American Activities Committee• Look into Communists propaganda put into movies

• Hollywood Ten• Ten Hollywood men that did not cooperate and were sent to prison

• Blacklist• List of 500 by Hollywood executives Included actors and writers that

weren’t given work since might have Communist ties

Spy Cases Stun the Nation

• Alger Hiss• Accused by a former Soviet spy for having microfilm of government

documents• Nixon pursued the charges against Hiss who was found guilty of perjury since

too much time had passed for him to be tried for espionage

• Rosenbergs• September 3, 1949 Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb• German-born physicist admitted giving the Soviet Union info about America's

atomic bomb and named Ethel and Julius Rosenberg• Found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death

• Electric chair in 1953• First civilians executed for espionage

McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”

• Joseph McCarthy• Republican from Wisconsin• Said that Communists were taking over the government

• McCarthyism• 1950s attacks on suspected Communists

• Downfall• Went as far as to charge the Army• Televised hearings led to his downfall as people saw his bullying of witnesses

• Other Anti-Communist Measures• By 1953 39 states passed laws making it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of

government• Later it was found to be a violation of free speech

Postwar America

• Truman and Eisenhower administrations led the nation to make social, economic, and political adjustments following WWII

• In the years after WWII, the U.S. became the economic and military power that it still is today

GI Bill

• Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

• 1944

• Pay part of tuition for education, guaranteed year’s worth of unemployment, low interested loans for houses and farms

• House shortage led to suburbs• Residential communities surrounding cities

Redefining the Family

• Tensions between traditional roles

• 8 million women, 75 percent of which were married, worked during the war

• By 1950, more than a million war marriages had ended in divorce

Economic Readjustment

• U.S. government cancelled $35 billion in war contracts

• Within 10 days of Japan’s surrender a million defense workers were laid off

• Prices skyrocketed since they were controlled during the war

Remarkable Economy

• Many Americans had saved since there weren’t a lot of consumer goods to buy during the war

• Concern over the Cold War kept defense spending at adequate levels

Meeting Economic Challenges• Truman’s Inheritance

• “The Buck Stops Here”

• 4.5 million went on strike in 1946

• Was going to draft the workers into the army and force them to work

• Republican Congress, a first since 1928, overturned many of the rights gained by unions from the New Deal

• Civil Rights• Truman created a Commission on Civil Rights

• Asked Congress to pass measures including• Federal anti-lynching law

• Ban on poll taxes

• Permanent civil rights commission

• Desegregated the armed forces, ended discrimination in hiring of government employees, and African Americans could not be denied from residential neighborhoods

Social Unrest

• 1948 Election• Many Southern Democrats were upset with Truman’s stance on civil rights,

Dixiecrats, formed the States’ Rights Democratic Party

• Truman still won

• Truman tried a “Fair Deal” which was an extension of the New Deal but was shut down from Congress• Minimum wage was increased from 40 cents to 75 cents

• Social Security included more people

Republicans Take the Middle Road

• Truman did not run for reelection

• Rise of McCarthyism, Korean War stalemate, and an approval rate of 23%

• Eisenhower, Republican, won the election of 1952 with 55% of the popular vote

• Eisenhower said for government to be conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings

The American Dream in the Fifties• Conglomerate

• Large corporation that had a number of smaller companies in unrelated industries

• Franchise• Companies that offer similar products or services in many locations• McDonald’s

• Suburban Lifestyle

• Baby boom• Population increase after WWII

• Dr. Jonas Salk• Developed a vaccine for polio

• Automobile Culture• Freedom, affordability, and need since living out in the suburbs• Disneyland opened in 1955• Infrastructure built up, roads, highways, and gas stations

• Consumerism • Buying goods to show status

• Planned obsolescence • Products that go obsolete or get replaced quickly

Popular Culture

• Mainstream Americans, as well as the nation’s subcultures, embraced new forms of entertainment during the 1950s

• Television and rock n’ roll, integral parts of the nation’s culture today, emerged during the postwar era

New Era of Mass Media

• Means of communication that reach large audiences

• By 1960, 90% (45 million) Americans had a TV

• 1956 Federal Communications Commission founded (FCC)

• Government agency that regulates and licenses television, telephone, telegraph, radio, and other communications

• TV Guide, Mickey Mouse Club, Howdy Doody Show, I Love Lucy

Subculture Emerges

• Beat movement (weary) • Non-conformity of artists, poets, and writers

• San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York City

African Americans and Rock n’ Roll

The Other America• Amidst prosperity of the 1950s, millions of Americans lived in poverty

• America today continues to experience a marked income gap between affluent and nonaffluent people

• Urban Poor• 25% of Americans lived below the poverty level

• Many white middle-class Americans left for the suburbs while many minorities moved to the cities (white flight)

• Urban renewal• National Housing Act of 1949 which later creates Housing and Urban Development (HUD), a

cabinet position• Aids in affordable housing

• Critics claim it’s urban removal

• Gentrification

Poverty Leads to Activism• Bracero

• Mexican hired hands that were hired during WWII• Many did not return to Mexico after the war

• Longoria Incident• Mexican-American war hero that was killed during WWII in the Philippines• Only undertaker in his hometown in Texas refused to provide the family with funeral services• Led to the founding of Mexican-American activist groups

• Native Americans• National Congress of American Indians

• Ensure same civil rights• Keeping customs on reservations

• Termination policy• 1953 federal government gives up federal responsibility for Native Americans tribes (no

reservations, land distributed to individuals rather than the tribe)• Abandoned in 1963 since many Native Americans could not find jobs or medical care

Rock n’ Roll Documentary

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQ2yh7cxNFE&t=679s

Kennedy and the Cold WarThe Kennedy administration faced some of the most dangerous Soviet confrontations in American history.

America’s response to Soviet threats developed U.S. as a military superpower

• John F. Kennedy

• Flexible response

• Fidel Castro

• Limited Test Ban Treaty

• Bay of Pigs

• Cuban Missile Crisis

• Berlin Wall

• Hot line

Election of 1960

• Kennedy will win by fewer than 119,000 votes

• Televised Debate Affects Votes• Nixon was unable to show off his expertise to the public and instead came off

uncomfortable and sweaty

• Set aside fears of Kennedy being a Roman Catholic

• Kennedy was also aided by his brother calling on a judge to allow Martin Luther King Jr. to be allowed bail while awaiting appeal• King Jr’s wife’s (Coretta Scott King) father influenced many to vote for

Kennedy for what his brother did

Camelot Years

• Kennedy Mystique

• Best and Brightest

New Military Policy

• Defining a Military Strategy• Switch from massive retaliation strategy

• Flexible response• Variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on

the use of nuclear weapons

Crisis over Cuba• Fidel Castro

• Once he took power, Eisenhower had cut off diplomatic ties since Castro was a Communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union

• Overthrew Batista• “Revolutionaries are not born, they are made by poverty, inequality, and

dictatorship”

• Cuban Dilemma• Castro seized American and British oil refineries• Broke up commercial farms• 75% of crop land in Cuba was controlled by American sugar companies• Trade barriers began• 10% of Cuba’s population went into exile, mostly in Florida

• Bay of Pigs

• Cuban Missile Crisis• Soviet Union places nuclear missiles in Cuba• Closest we come to nuclear war

• Kennedy and Khrushchev

Easing Tensions

• Hot line• Dedicated line so that U.S. and Soviet Union can have direct communications

• Limited Test Ban Treaty• Bars nuclear testing in the atmosphere

The New Frontier

While Kennedy had trouble getting his ideas for a New Frontier passed, several goals were achieved

Kennedy’s space program continues to generate scientific and engineering advances that benefit Americans

Promise of Progress

• New Frontier

• Mandate

• Stimulating the economy

• Addressing poverty abroad

• Peace corps

• Alliance for Progress

• Race to the moon

• Addressing domestic problems

Tragedy in Dallas

• Kennedy assassinated in Dallas by Lee Harvey Oswald

• Oswald was dishonorably discharged from the Marines

• He had lived in the Soviet Union, supported Castro, and might have met with people of interest in Mexico a few days prior

• Oswald was shot and killed while being transferred between jails

• Was Oswald alone? Anti-Castro Cubans? CIA? Communist sponsored? Mob hit?

• Warren Commission• Investigated and concluded Oswald acted on his own• Might have been a second shooter

The Great Society

The demand for reform helped create a new awareness of social problems, especially on matters of civil rights and the effects of poverty.

Reforms made in the 1960s have had a lasting effect on the American justice system by increasing the rights of minorities

• LBJ

• Economic Opportunity Act

• Great Society

• Medicare and Medicaid

• Immigration Act of 1965

• Warren Court

• Reapportionment

LBJ’s Path to Power

• Lyndon Baines Johnson

• From Texas Hills to Capitol Hill, A Master Politician• FDR took him under his wing after he won a seat in

the House and declared himself a New Dealer working for the small rancher and farmers

• Won a seat in the Senate by 87 votes

• Helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1957

Johnson’s Domestic Agenda• War on Poverty

• Economic Opportunity Act• Approving $1 Billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-

business loans, and job training

• Job Corps, Project Head Start

• 1964 Election• Won reelection since many Americans felt government should help those in

need

• Also used fear of Republican candidate’s possible willingness to use nuclear weapons in Vietnam

Building the Great Society• Great Society

• Plan to end poverty and racial injustice

• Education• $1 billion for textbooks and library materials

• Healthcare• Medicare

• Hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for those older than 65

• Medicaid• Extended health insurance to welfare recipients

• Immigration Act of 1965• Opened door for many non-European immigrants by ending quotas on nationality

• Consumer Protection• Safety standards for cars, tires, and food

Reforms of the Warren Court• Warren Court

• Congressional Reapportionment shifting power from rural to urban• Baker v. Carr

• Principle of one person, one vote• Federal courts can tell states to reapportion (redevide) their districts

• Reynolds v. Sims• Expanded one person, one vote to state legislative districts

• Rights of the Accused

• Gideon v. Wainwright• Free legal counsel to those who cannot afford it

• Miranda v. Arizona• Suspects must be read their rights before questioning• Miranda said he was never advised of his rights, so his confession and conviction to rape

and kidnapping were thrown out (5th Amendment, self-incrimination)• he was retried and found guilty

Civil Rights

• Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 separate but equal

• Jim Crow laws in the South• Forbade marriages between whites and blacks

• Restrictions on social and religious contact between races

Challenging Segregation in Court• National Association for the Advancement

of Colored People (NAACP) strategy • Focus on schools

• Thurgood Marshall • Lawyer in charge that will win 29 out of 32 cases he

argued before the Supreme Court

• Brown v. Board

• Ruby Bridges

Taking on Segregation

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1siiQelPHbQ

• Brown v board

• https://www.biography.com/video/rosa-parks-legacy-15821379604

• Rosa Parks

Montgomery Bus Boycott SHEG

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE6Yvy--5aw

• Montgomery bus boycott

Little Rock Nine SHEG

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ym8rdtq-KBE

• Little rock nine

Challenges and Changes in the Movement

• De facto segregation• Exists by practice and custom

• De jure • By law

• Martin Luther King Jr.• Civil disobedience

• Malcom X• Whites were the cause of the black condition and must

separate from white society

• Called for self-defense and angered some members of the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)

• Black Panthers• Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded in Oakland

• Fight police brutality, self-sufficiency for African-American communities, employment, and decent housing

Civil Rights Act of 1968

• Ended discrimination in housing

• Affirmative Action • Special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination

Crash Course U.S. History: Cold War in Asia #38

Vietnam War Years

• Read the article and define the following as it pertains to the essay:• Containment

• Gulf of Tonkin

• Tet Offensive

• Pentagon Papers

• Vietnamization

• Countries and numbers involved

War Breaks Out in Vietnam

• Ho Chi Minh turns to Communists for help with independence movement

• France forced to surrendered after huge defeat at Dien Bien Phu

• U.S. supported France now wanted to stop Domino Theory• One SE Asian country falls

then another will

Vietnam- A Divided Country

• 17⁰ North latitude Communist ran by Ho Chi Minh

• South of the line ran by U.S. and France under Ngo Dinh Diem

• Corruption led to guerilla fighters called Viet Cong (Charlie, VC)• Support against Diem

from countryside and is assassinated

United States Gets Involved

• Advisers had been in Vietnam for years

• Gulf of Tonkin, August 1964• President Lyndon Johnson

tells Congress that patrol boats sink U.S. destroyers

• Congress allows for more troops to be sent• 1965 185k troops

• 1968 ½ million troops • http://www.history.com/shows/vietnam-in-

hd/videos/tet-offensive#tet-offensive

U.S. Troubles

• Fighting a guerilla war in an unfamiliar jungle terrain

• http://www.history.com/shows/vietnam-in-hd/videos/on-patrol#on-patrol

• Defending an unpopular government

• Unpopular at home• http://www.history.com/shows/vietnam-in-hd/videos/daily-

life#daily-life

U.S. Withdraws

• Nixon begins gradual withdrawal 1969• Vietnamization

• North Vietnamese over run South in 2 years

• 1.5 million V deaths and 58,000 U.S.

• http://www.history.com/shows/vietnam-in-hd/videos/after-the-fall-of-saigon#after-the-fall-of-saigon

Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality

• Americans of Latin American descent• Diverse group• Mexican American largest group

• National Farm Workers Association will join the Filipino Agricultural Union to form United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)• Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta pushed for the

unionization • Followed Martin Luther King Jr.’s nonviolence

approach

• La Raza Unida (Mexican-Americans United) • Political movement/organization pushing for more

representation founded by Texan Jose Angel Gutierrez

Native Americans Struggle for Equality• Very diverse group that is typically lumped together

• Poorest Americans and suffered from highest unemployment rate

• More likeliest group to get tuberculosis and alcoholism

• 1960s population rose but infant death rate 2x the national average

• Life expectancy was several years less than the national average

• American Indian Movement (AIM)• Self-defense group against police brutality• Included protecting rights as well• Sought to fix the “Trail of Broken Treaties”• One turned violent, Wounded Knee, South Dakota

• More control was given to Native Americans, regained some land, financial compensation, and recognition of lands

Women Fight for Equality

• Feminism• Women should have same economic, political, and social equality as men

• Kennedy launched a commission that found women were paid less and often not promoted

• National Organization for Women (NOW)• Betty Freidan and 28 others created• Pursue women’s goals• Child-care facilities that would enable mothers to pursue jobs and education• Ban gender discrimination

• Roe v. Wade • Women have the right to choose

• Equal Rights Amendment was passed in Congress but failed to get the 38 states needed to ratify as many saw it as leading to a “parade of horribles” (pro family movement started)

Culture and Counterculture

• Movement made up mostly of white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America in the 60s

• Tried to establish a new society based on peace and love

• Hippies• Materialism, technology, and war were bad

• Many used LSD and marijuana

• Ragged jeans, love beads, long hair, tie-dye shirts

• Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco was known as the hippie-capital• LSD wasn’t banned in California until 1966

• Beatles, Woodstock

• Fell apart because no guidance on how to do things, “do your own thing” only gets you so far

• Drugs caught up with them

• Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix died of overdoses