Tensions Over Slavery

Slavery

System in which individuals were bought, sold, and owned like property.

Slavery Didn’t Just Occur in U.S. History

African Culture

Africans came from many different cultures and a variety of backgrounds

within Africa. They often spoke different languages, had different religious

beliefs, and held different traditions.

Slave Trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the

Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries.

The vast majority of slaves transported to the New World were Africans from

the central and western parts of the continent, sold by Africans to European

slave traders who then transported them to North and South America.

Most slaves came from West African

coast (Senegal to Angola) The Atlantic

slave trade peaked in the last two

decades of the 18th century

Originally captured by African coastal tribes who traded them to

European and American buyers. About 50 million Africans died or

became slaves during 17th & 18th centuries. Of the 10 to 15 million

Africans sent into slavery in the New World, only about 400,000 came

to North America. (Majority sent to Spanish & Portuguese colonies in

New World)

African Participation in the Slave Trade

Africans played a direct role in the slave

trade. The rise of the large commercial

slave trade driven by European needs

made the desire to go to war on

neighboring villages or enemy ethnic

groups. These prisoners and captives, who

were obtained either from kidnappings or

through raids, were sold to European

buyers. African kings held no particular

loyalty to captive slaves because

they were not considered part of the tribe.

Although Europeans were the market for

slaves they rarely entered the interior of

Africa, due to fear of disease and fierce

African resistance. The enslaved people

would be brought to coastal outposts where

They would be traded for goods.

Enslavement became a major by-product

of internal wars in Africa as kingdoms

expanded through military conflicts, in

many cases through deliberate sponsorship

of benefiting Western European nations.

The slave trade was

profitable and cruel.

People would return

from working in the

fields or from hunting,

and find their families

missing. In some cases,

entire villages were

captured by the slave

traders and loaded onto

ships.

Slave Kidnap

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A75AX6zXkYw

Sold for the Price of Copper and Cowrie shells

Copper was the "red gold" of Africa. Copper was

usually worn by women to display their husband's

wealth. The Portuguese crown contracted with

manufacturers in Antwerp and elsewhere to produce

crescent rings with flared ends of wearable size which

came to be called "manilla," after the Latin manus

(hand) or from monilia, plural of monile (necklace).

Cowrie shells: The first use of cowries, the shells of a

mollusk that was widely available in the shallow waters of

the Pacific and Indian Oceans, was in China. Historically,

many societies have used cowries as money, and even as

recently as the middle of this century, cowries have been

used in some parts of Africa. The cowrie is the most widely

and longest used currency in history.

The Slave Trade

The slave trade involved

European nations (Dutch,

British, Spanish, and French)

bringing black slaves from

Africa and selling them in the

Americas. By 1820, most

countries banned the slave

trade.

For weeks, months, sometimes as long as a year, they waited in the dungeons of the slave factories scattered along

Africa's western coast. They had already made the long, difficult journey from Africa's interior -- but just barely. Out

of the roughly 20 million who were taken from their homes and sold into slavery, half didn't complete the journey to

the African coast, most of those dying along the way.

Triangular Trade First leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa, in which ships

carried supplies for sale or trade. When the ship arrived, its cargo would be

sold or bartered for slaves.

Second leg, ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the

New World. Once the ship reached the New World, slaves were sold in the

Caribbean or the American colonies.

Third leg the ship then returned to Europe with raw materials to complete the

triangle.

Instruments of the Trade

Branding Iron, ca. 1790

Eventually the captives were sold to slave brokers and branded with hot irons like

cattle. Branding was common and the general practice of many slave traffickers was

to brand captives twice, once upon purchase in Africa and a second time, at the sale

in the Americas.

Instruments of the Trade

Three-Person Ship Shackle

The outside shackles held two adults or adolescents seated in one direction, and the

middle shackles held the person seated in the opposite direction.

Instruments of the Trade

Middle Passage Irons, ca. 1700

These shackles were used to immobilize the men and women during the transatlantic

crossing to North America, couth America, and the Caribbean.

Slave Ships

Below Decks Around a Slave Ship

Slaves were delivered aboard ship chained together; they mostly remained so during the voyage. They were released

each day to get some exercise and fresh air (to avoid asphyxiation), to be fed, and to perform the task of removing

bodies of those who had died during the night, after which they were chained up together again.

Slave Ships

Slaves were loaded aboard slave ships (floating prisons)

where men, women, and children were packed into every

inch of space below decks for their voyage to the New World.

Slaves were often chained by their neck and extremities to

deck floor and packed into spaces about the size of a coffin.

In some cases, slaves were shackled by threes to decks only

18” apart in height, in which slaves had to lay on their back

in their own excrement and could not turn over during the

entire voyage. Amistad flogging scene https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjQmbrLVObY

The Middle Passage

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMliaXlKxow

The Middle Passage

“Underwater sculpture in

Grenada, memorializing

Africans who jumped or

were forced overboard

during the middle

passage.”

Fully loaded with its human cargo, slave ships set sail for the Americas and

embarked on the infamous Middle Passage (Over-ocean route traveled by slaves

from Africa to the Americas.)

Despite the captain's desire to keep as many slaves as possible alive, Middle

Passage mortality rates were high.

Although it's difficult to

determine how many

Africans died on the way to

the new world, it is now

believed that between 20% to

30% of those transported lost

their lives. Slaves thrown overboard

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k65oxOc7FIo

Slave Ship Rebellions

Thousands of enslaved Africans tried to overthrow their captors on slave ships

taking them to the Americas. The exact number of shipboard rebellions is

unknown.

On July 2, 1839, Sengbe Pieh (later known in the United States as Joseph

Cinqué) led 53 fellow African captives (49 adults and 4 children), being

transported aboard La Amistad from Havana, in a revolt against their captors.

Mutiny Aboard La Amistad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ena0xfW0_Lo

Domestic Slave Trade

After the international ban of the slave trade in 1720, southern colonies sought

to increase their slave population through natural reproduction. The domestic

slave trade involved the slave and transportation of slaves from the Upper

South to the Deep South and western territories/states.

Southern law did not recognize

slave marriages. Husbands, wives,

and children were often sold

separately.

Domestic Slave Trade

Key & Peele - Auction

Block

https://www.youtube.co

m/watch?v=zB7MichlL

1k

Slave auction [Story of US]

https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=TnHKwtXEVTQ

&index=4&list=PLqfl3__af

vEaMcn-

OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

Sectionalism

Refers to the economic, social, cultural, and political differences that exist

between different parts of the country.

The North was primarily industrial in nature. Business and industry played major

roles. While the North was not known for its agricultural production it was the

largest producer of grain. Life was faster and commerce important.

The South was primarily agricultural. The southern economy was primarily based upon

the existence of large family farms known as plantations. Politics were dominated by

wealthy plantation owners.

South- Agriculture Based on Slavery

West- Agriculture

North- Industrial

Major Cash Crops of the South

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to

indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that

the North needed the South's cotton.

In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't

make war against cotton! ... Cotton is king!"

Eli Whitney

He revolutionized the South's economy with the invention of his cotton gin

and greatly impacted the northern economy with his innovative concept of

interchangeable parts.

Cotton Gin A machine invented around 1790 which allowed people to process harvested

cotton much faster by removing seeds.

Impact: Made slavery and cotton production profitable.

Cotton Gin [Story of US]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlISIvrFbLs&list=PLqfl3__afvEaMcn-

OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

Antebellum (Pre-Civil War South)

Southern

Aristocracy Most southern whites

were not rich and

most did not own

slaves. Only 5% of

southern families

were wealthy enough

to own several slaves.

The larger

plantations usually

had over 100 slaves.

Plantation System in Southern Life

The plantation economy relied on cheap labor in the

form of slaves to produce tobacco and then cotton. The

plantation lifestyle produced a slower more leisurely

lifestyle. Farmers on the plantation did not do the work

themselves. They were referred to as the

"gentleman farmer."

The Agricultural South

About 40% of southern whites were

small farmers (plain folks) who owned

small farms and worked the land

themselves. If they owned slaves it

would only be about one or two.

Most Southerners were very poor and

didn’t own any land. The Southerners

were called sharecroppers because they

paid rent by sharing their crops with

the land owner. They were so poor they

could not afford any slaves.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

It called for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

In addition, the southern boundary of Missouri, 36°30' N, would become a

dividing line for any new states admitted to the Union.

All new states north of that line would be Free states, while those to the south

would be slave states; it was designed to maintain the balance of power in

Washington, DC.

Tariffs

Levied against imported and manufactured goods, once again hurting the

South and the economy to raise money for the federal government and help

Northern industries.

+$1 Import Tax

Made in Great

Britain

Made in Northern

United States

Cost = $4.00 Cost = $5.00

John C. Calhoun

Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the

North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep

the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.

We are serfs of

the system… The

survival of the

South is at stake.

Why Northerners Wanted Tariffs

Why Southerners Hated Tariffs

(Wanted Free-Trade)

State's Rights Belief that the federal government should restrict itself to powers specifically

stated in the Constitution, and that all else should be left to the states.

This issue is a direct outgrowth of the South's fear that the North would pass laws that

would hurt its lifestyle.

''All we ask is to

be left alone.''

Jefferson Davis of Mississippi

Doctrine of Nullification

The belief that states have the right to nullify (ignore or cancel) any federal

law they believe is unconstitutional.

Calhoun believed the southern states had the right to

secede, and he openly voiced his opinion. President

Jackson viewed this act as treason and threatened to arrest

Calhoun and hang him.

Secede

Refers to the withdrawal of one (or more) states from the Union that

constitutes the United States; but it may refer to leaving a state or territory

to form a separate territory or new state, or to the severing of an area from a

city or county within a state.

South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832)

Crisis in 1832 when South Carolina threatened to invoke the doctrine of

nullification and secede from the Union if offensive tariffs were not repealed.

Enslaved African Americans About 85% of African Americans in the pre-Civil War south were enslaved.

Under these conditions there was a total deprivation of freedom.

Slaves worked on southern plantations 12-14 hours per day for no pay.

Slave Populations (1790)

Total U.S. population was 3.5 million.

700,000 slaves in the U.S. at this time.

Still bought slaves through the slave trade.

Trial of tears

Total U.S. population was 18 million.

2 million slaves in the U.S. at this time.

1808, importation of slaves was illegal.

Slave trade within the U.S.

Increase of slave population was from natural reproduction.

Slave Populations (1830)

33 million U.S. population, 4 million slaves in the South

Slave Populations (1860)

Mulattos

People of color who had both black and white ancestry.

Free Blacks

These African Americans were free either because they had purchased their

own freedom, their masters had freed them for one reason or another, or

because they were born to free parents.

Most worked as artisans, farmers, or simple laborers, but a few owned

businesses and some even owned black slaves themselves.

Most southerners hated free African Americans. Some

were hanged for the slightest crime.

Bonded slaves on the other hand were considered

property and would be punished by their master (s) and

not killed because of their value as property.

Southern Defense for Maintaining Slavery The Southern defense for maintaining slavery:

1. Slaves could not take care of themselves.

2. Slaves were saved by Christianity from their wicked & satanic African

worship.

3. Slaves were provided food, clothing, and shelter.

4. Southerners claimed slaves were treated better that immigrant factory

workers in the North.

Indicators of Slave Discontent

Sabotage- Destroy farm machinery and tools.

Shirking Work- Faking pregnancy or illness.

Murder- Sometimes poisoned their master’s food.

Running Away- If caught they would be severely punished.

Sabotage

Farm tools

Faking pregnancy Running Away

Running Away

Maroon Settlements

Some fugitives escaped into dense forests, swamps, bayous, or Indian territories.

They would form colonies of “maroons” that maintained their cohesiveness for

many years, sometimes for more than a generation.

Reward Posters

Reward Posters

Fugitive Slave Law

This law was part of the Compromise of 1850 and required that northern

states forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South. Because

the law was unpopular in the North many northern citizens refused to obey it.

Fugitive Slave Law [Story of US]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnWokuQ6kcA&list=PLqfl3__afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV&index=7

Slave Catchers

Individuals who tracked down and returned runaway slaves for a bounty.

Slave catchers hired by slave owners usually tried to

shoot runaway slaves with birdshot (small pellets) to

knock them down without doing too much injury.

Slaves were considered as valuable property to be

returned unharmed if at all possible. An injured

runaway could be a loss of bounty for the slave

catcher.

Punishment was to be left up to the runaway’s

master.

Slave Catchers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3iLCyxjfEw

A Slave Catcher’s Paycheck

Runaway Punishment

Punishment for runaway slaves varied. Some captured

runaways were placed in stocks and forced to stand for

as many hours (or days) as his master or overseer

decided. Other punishments were severe, even fatal,

depending upon the rage felt by the slave owner.

Recaptured slaves were forced to wear various kinds of

slave collars; others were forced to drag heavy ox

chains attached to their legs or necks; some were

burned with hot irons or even had their toes or fingers

amputated.

Whip with Wooden Grip

Such whips were advertised and sold for the punishment of enslaved

men, women, and children.

Whipping of Kunta Kinte

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGTYBbcEvHg

Hobbling (breaking the foot or

ankle with a sledgehammer or in

extreme cases cut off a runaway’s

toes to prevent him from ever

running ago.

Roots: how slaves were named

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ji1eZYRoQL0

Runaway Punishment

Runaway Punishment

Runaway Punishment

Runaway Punishment

Runaway Punishment

Runaway Punishment

Devices Used on Habitual Runaways

Famous Slave Revolts

Slave Rebellions [Map]

The largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.

On September 9, 1739, twenty slaves met near the Stono River, South Carolina.

After they killed two storekeepers they took guns and powder from the store

and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine. Along the way, they burned

houses and killed white slave owners. A group of slave owners eventually

caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves and shot or hanged them.

Stono County Rebellion (1739)

Twenty white Carolinians and 40 slaves were

killed before the rebellion was suppressed.

Gabriel Prosser Rebellion (1800)

Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith, and his brother Martin, a slave preacher,

planned a major rebellion in Virginia. They recruited at least a 1,000 slaves

and built up a secret cache of weapons and planned to seize the state capital of

Richmond. When the day of the revolt a violent storm washed out the roads

and bridges leading to Richmond and the planned raid was postponed.

Prosser was betrayed by one of his followers and captured. Prosser and twenty

five of his followers were hanged.

St. Charles Parish Slave Rebellion (1811)

A short-lived slave rebellion outside of New Orleans in January 1811 led by a

mulatto slave named Charles Deslondes. Around 500 gathered, attacked and

burned five plantations to the ground, and killed two white slave owners.

Unable to get the additional arms, the rebellion was put down with 100 slave

deaths. After a quick trial, Deslondes and ninety-five slaves were hanged and

their heads were placed on spikes and placed throughout the parish as a

warning to other slaves.

Denmark Vesey Rebellion (1822)

Denmark Vesey, a free mulatto man living in South Carolina, detested slavery

and took great inspiration from stories of Israelite freedom from bondage in

the Bible. He planned for a major rebellion in 1822 in the city of Charleston.

His plan was simple. Armed slaves would position themselves outside the

houses of whites at night. Other slaves would start a major fire in the city and

when the white men exited their homes to fight the fire, the slaves would kill

them.

Unfortunately, one of Vesey's companions turned him in to the authorities.

Vesey and the other 37 leaders were hanged, but the plot terrified southern

slave owners.

A scene from the play, “Denmark” at the historic

Biograph Theater. Denmark is an evocative drama

about freed slave Denmark Vesey, who allegedly

organized a slave rebellion in Charlestown, South

Carolina in 1822.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Slave uprising in 1831. A group of 60 slaves led by Nat Turner, who believed

he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, killed almost 60 Whites in

Virginia. This led to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed.

As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became

more united in their support of fugitive slave laws.

Nat Turner Short Film

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wub3XUoQAgQ

Slave Codes Strict laws enacted in the wake of the Nat Turner incident which restricted the

conduct and activities of slaves in order to keep them under control.

• Slaves could not leave their master’s land without written consent.

• Made it a crime to teach slaves how to read or write so they couldn’t read

maps and make it easier to run away.

• Slaves could not testify in court against a white person.

• Slaves could not possess any type of firearm

Countless people were lynched in the South. Some African-

American woman were hanged for secretly teaching other

slaves how to read and write.

Slaves were required to carry passes from their

masters if they were to leave the plantation.

Actor Richard Josey, portraying a slave, is

stopped and questioned by members of the

slave patrol performed as part of Enslaving

Virginia, a new program in Williamsburg.

Slave Codes

Metal tags that slaves had to wear at all times when leaving their owner’s

property. If caught without the tags would merit severe punishment.

Slave Codes of the State of Georgia, 1848

Sec. I. Capital Offenses.

1. The following shall be considered as capital offences every and each of

these offences shall, on conviction, be punished with death.

• Insurrection, or an attempt to excite it committed by a slave or free person of color. • Committing a rape, or attempting it on a free white female. • Murder of a free white person, or murder of a slave or free person of color. • Poisoning of a human being.

Example of a Slave Code or Law #1

Slave Code of the State of Georgia, 1848 2. Punishment of free persons of color for encouraging slaves to runaway. If any free person of color commits the offence of encouraging or enticing any slave or slaves to runaway shall, for each and every such offence, on conviction, be confined in the penitentiary at hard labor for one year.

3. Punishment for teaching slaves or free persons of color to read.

If any slave, Negro, or free person of color, or any white person, shall teach any

other slave, Negro, or free person of color, to read or write either written or

printed characters, the said free person of color or slave shall be punished by

fine and whipping, or fine or whipping, at the discretion of the court.

Example of a Slave Code or Law # 2

Tensions Over Slavery [Part 01] Review

1. Explain the three legs of the triangular trade.

2. Describe life under slavery in the pre-Civil War south.

3. Compare and contrast the North and the South during the pre-Civil War.

4. What were some of the South’s defenses for maintaining slavery?

5. What were some indicators of slave discontent?

6. Who was Nat Turner and what effect did he have on Southerners?

7. What were slave codes? In what ways did they discriminate against

African-Americans?

Abolitionists and the Anti-Slavery Movement

The effort to do away with slavery which began in the North in the 1700s.

It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840.

Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the

1830's to the Civil War.

Abolitionists

Social reformers who wanted to end slavery.

Clotee's Diary [United Streaming] http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/CDEF0DC2-50E5-4F69-8721-33977944B82A

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817, this organization offered to buy slaves from southern

owners and send all slaves back to Africa (Liberia).

Abandoned after it was concluded it would be too costly.

Liberia

Liberia

William Lloyd Garrison

Neal Huff portrays William Lloyd

Garrison, editor of The Liberator, in

the PBS series ‘The Abolitionists.’

PBS: The Abolitionists

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8GT2yNPJQ8

A New England abolitionist, who became the editor of the Boston publication,

The Liberator in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame

and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking

everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating

northern secession.

William Lloyd Garrison: One of the

leading Abolitionists in Massachusetts.

Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglas: Escaped from servitude in Baltimore

in 1838. He became the national voice of the abolitionist

{anti-slavery} movement.

Frederick Douglass [The Story of US]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bwPFi_QYfQ&index=5&list=PLqfl3__a

fvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

African American abolitionist who escaped slavery in Maryland, educated

himself and became the most prominent African American speaker for the

abolition of slavery.

Grimke Sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimke were members of a prominent slaveholding

family in South Carolina who became abolitionists and won national acclaim

for their passionate anti-slavery speeches.

Famous abolitionists Sarah and Angelina Grimke (as recreated by

Susan Lenoe and Lani Peterson)

PBS: The Abolitionists

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67Swj2usumY

Henry “Box” Brown

Henry Brown, a Virginia slave escaped to freedom by

shipping himself to Philadelphia. With a small supply of

biscuits, water, and a small hand drill, he got into a box and

was sealed inside. It was a long uncomfortable trip, but he

arrived to the Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia and

freedom twenty-six hours later. From that day on he was

known as Henry “Box” Brown, a hero to the anti-slavery

cause.

Henry “Box” Brown

“The Saga of Henry ‘Box’ Brown”

is now a play presented by actors

on stage.

Behind the Scenes of Delivery..The Henry Box Brown Show

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Io7BH1dgWQ

Wilmot Proviso

Bill proposed by David Wilmot that advocated banning slavery from any land

taken from Mexico. Northerners embraced the idea, but southerners denounced

it. Congress eventually voted down the Wilmot Proviso, especially in the South.

David Wilmot, a abolitionist congressman from

Massachusetts proposed that slavery should be

banned in the lands taken from Mexico at the

conclusion of the Mexican-American War.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that denounced slavery as being an

evil institution.

In its first year of publication in 1852 over 300,000 copies were sold .

Copies of the anti-slavery novel, “Uncle Tom’s

Cabin.” This book fueled the anti-slavery

movement.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

When Lincoln met her shortly

after the Civil War began, he

amusingly stated "So you are the

little woman who wrote the book

that started this great war!"

Underground Railroad (Not a Real Railroad)

A secret network began in 1831 of abolitionists, hiding places, safe houses, and

escape routes used to help slaves escape from the South to Canada.

Between 1831 to 1860, over 50,000 slaves escaped to freedom via the

Underground Railroad.

Members used code words such as “passenger” for a fugitive slave; “station” for a safe house or rest stop; “station master” for the

keeper of the safe house; and “conductors” for people who guided slaves on their road to freedom.

Underground Railroad Code Words

Baggage Escaping slaves

Bundles of wood Fugitives to be expected

Canaan Canada

Drinking gourd Big Dipper and the North star

Forwarding Taking fugitive slaves from station to station

Freedom Train The Underground Railroad

Gospel Train The Underground Railroad

Heaven or Promised land Canada

Load of Potatoes Escaping slaves hidden under the farm produce in a wagon

Moses Harriet Tubman

Parcel Fugitives to be expected

Preachers Leaders, speakers underground railroad

River Jordan The Mississippi

Shepherds People escorting slaves

Station Place of safety and temporary refuge, safe-house

Station Master Keeper of safe-house

Stockholder Donor of money, clothing, or food to the Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad Phrases

"The wind blows from the South today" A warning to Underground Railroad workers that

fugitive slaves were in the area.

"When the sun comes back and the first

quail calls”

A particular time of year good for escaping (early

spring)

"The river bank makes a mighty good

road”

A reminder that the tracking dogs can't follow the

scent through the water.

"The dead trees will show you the way" A reminder that moss grows on the NORTH side of

dead trees (just in case the stars aren't visible)

"Left foot, peg foot" A visual clue for escapees left by an Underground

Railroad worker famous because of his wooden leg.

"The river ends between two hills" A clue for the directions to the Ohio River

"A friend with friends" A password used to signal arrival of fugitives with

Underground Railroad conductor

"The friend of a friend sent me" A password used by fugitives travelling alone to

indicate they were sent by the Underground

Railroad network

"Steal away, steal away, steal away to

Jesus"

(Words to a song) - used to alert other slaves that

an escape attempt was coming up

Harriet Tubman (1820-1913)

The Underground Railroad’s most famous conductor.

Nicknamed, “Moses” after the biblical character, Tubman escaped and made

more than 19 missions to rescue more than 300 slaves using the network known

as the Underground Railroad.

When the American Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first

as a cook and nurse, and then as an armed scout and spy.

There was a $40,000 bounty was placed on her head

Harriet Tubman [Horrible Histories] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsz5xIHyEWQ

Harriet Tubman [Story of US] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShAE2eWcvTw&index=6&list=PLqfl3__afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

Sojourner Truth

An African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist.

After going to court to recover her son, she became the first black woman to

win such a case against a white man.

During the Civil War, Truth helped recruit black troops for the Union Army.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the

northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri

Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he

couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney

(pronounced "Tawny")

As chief justice, he wrote the

important decision in the Dred

Scott case, upholding police power

of states and asserting the

principle of social responsibility of

private property. He was

Southern and upheld the fugitive

slave laws.

Dred Scott https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jECsex61lg

Birth of the Republican Party

In 1854, a coalition of northern Democrats, Whigs, and Free-Soilers who

opposed slavery came together to form this political party.

Popular Sovereignty

Meant that the people in certain states and territories would vote on whether or

not to allow slavery.

YES

NO

Compromise of 1850

1. Admitted California to the Union as a free state and declared the

unorganized western territories free as well.

2. Utah and New Mexico territories were allowed to decide the issue by

popular sovereignty.

3. Abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave

laws.

Slave auctions were banned in Washington, D.C. so not

to leave a negative impression with foreign dignitaries.

However, slavery was allowed to continue since many

Southern congressman brought along their house

servants (i.e. slaves.)

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of

congressional non-intervention in the territories.

Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and

Nebraska would be slave or free states.

Its guidelines effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise and reignited the

slavery issue and resulted in a bloody civil war within Kansas.

Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 Video

Bleeding Kansas

Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from

Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and

terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from

Kansas carried out reprisal attacks.

The violence continued for four years before the antislavery forces won.

Bleeding Kansas

John Brown & Pottawatomie Creek John Brown and Bleeding Kansas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUp1cS2ec0M

John Brown a radical abolitionist who some considered a madman [because he

claimed to hear God’s voice speaking to him] wanted to free slaves without

payment to their owners.

Feared by Southerners as well as by fellow abolitionists, John Brown and his

sons murdered five pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek on May 24, 1856

during the Bleeding Kansas conflict.

In May 1856, John Brown joined by six of his sons, dragged five unarmed pro-slavery men and boys

from their homes along Kansas's Pottawatomie Creek, and hacked and dismembered their bodies as if

they were cattle being butchered in a stockyard.

Charles Sumner (1856) Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the

South for crimes against Kansas and singled out the elderly Senator Andrew

Butler of South Carolina for extra abuse. Sen. Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks

beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the

first Republican martyr.

Following the caning of Charles Sumner by U.S.

Representative Preston Brooks, hundreds of

southerners sent him canes to show their support

with inscribed massages such as, “Hit Him Again.”

Charles Sumner

Preston Brooks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-AU5zgyUYQ

Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858

A series of seven debates between Stephen Douglas & Abraham Lincoln for the

vacant Senate seat in Illinois.

The two debated the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty and

the Dred Scott decision. In the end, Douglas won these debates because he

convinced voters that Lincoln was a radical abolitionist.

Abraham Lincoln an Illinois lawyer

ran for the Illinois state Senate, but

lost to Stephen Douglas in 1858. In

1860, Lincoln became the first

Republican elected as U.S. president.

Although Lincoln disliked slavery, he

never planned to abolish slavery until

after the Civil War began.

Lincoln and Douglas were friends

despite their heated debates in the

1858 senate election.

Illinois

Lincoln's “House Divided” Speech

In his speech for his nomination to

the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln

paraphrased from the Bible: "A

house divided against itself cannot

stand."

He continued, "I do not believe this

government can continue half slave

and half free, I do not expect the

Union to be dissolved.

I do not expect the house to fall, but

I do believe it will cease to be

divided."

John Brown's Raid (1859)

Lt. Colonel

Robert E. Lee

was dispatched

to end John

Brown’s raid at

Harper’s ferry.

Ten members of Brown’s party died in the raid

(including two of Brown's sons), four townsmen, and

one marine. Seven of Brown's men escaped, but two

were later captured.

Plot led by John Brown, in which he and a band of radical abolitionists attacked

the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry and seize weapons and give them to slaves

who could then rise up in armed rebellion. The plan failed

John Brown’s Trial At his trial, John Brown was found guilty and sentenced to hang.

On the morning of his execution, December 2, he wrote out with a steady hand

his final prophecy, “I am quite certain that the crimes of this guilt land will

never be purged away but with blood.” Within a year the country will be at

war over slavery.

John Brown’s Trial [The Blue & the Gray] http://www.zikibay.com/brown/vid_bluegray.html

John Brown's Body [Song]

Election of 1860 The Candidates

Election of 1860- Results

Lincoln won the election dispute not being placed on several

Southern states’ voting ballots. Election of Abraham Lincoln & Southern Secession [Story of US]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-l8FJShCsE&index=9&list=PLqfl3__afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

Causes of the Civil War (Part II) Review

Identify the abolitionist movement and Describe some of its predominant leaders.

Review the purpose of the Underground Railroad? Describe how did it work? And

provide examples of its hidden messages.

Define popular sovereignty? Explain how “Bleeding Kansas” earned its name?

Summarize the founding of the Republican Party and Explain its political platform.

Identify John Brown? Explain why did he cause wide-spread fear in the South?

Explain why did the abolitionists make him a martyr (hero for the cause)?

Summarize each candidate’s political agenda (platform) during the 1860 Presidential

Election. Identify who won the election and Assess what impact did his election have on

U.S. history?

Clotee's Diary [United Streaming]

http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/CDEF0DC2-50E5-4F69-8721-

33977944B82A