hogan's history- secession and civil war

Slavery, Secession, and Civil War

Secession and Civil War

Abraham Lincoln Views on Slavery

Lincoln did not plan to free slaves, but only opposed to the spread of

slavery because he felt that slavery would die if not allowed to

spread.

Election of 1860 [The Story of US] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGg5uDYHEQA

Abraham Lincoln- Election of 1860

Southern states feared their voice in governmental decisions would be lost. South

Carolina vowed to secede if Lincoln won the election.

Lincoln's election in 1860 brought the Southern states to the point of secession and Lincoln to a fateful question: Should he allow

peaceful secession or should he coerce the rebels to stay in the Union?

Secede

Refers to the withdrawal of one (or more) states from the Union that constitutes

the United States; but it may refer to leaving a state or territory to form a separate

territory or new state, or to the severing of an area from a city or county within a

state.

Southern Arrogance [Gone With the Wind] http://safeshare.tv/w/VRHIWWEeuj

What Was Secession?

Southern View Northern View

The Deep South Secedes

South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860

Mississippi Jan. 09, 1861

Florida Jan. 10, 1861

Alabama Jan. 11, 1861

Georgia Jan. 19, 1861

Louisiana Jan. 26, 1861

Texas Feb. 01, 1861

Confederate States of America

1. Montgomery, Alabama selected as the first Confederate Capitol.

2. Jefferson Davis elected President.

3. A new Confederate constitution had the following provisions:

• Slavery would be allowed forever.

• No tariffs.

President Jefferson DavisVice President Alexander Stephens

Jefferson Davis

First and only president of the Confederate States of America.

Union and the Confederacy on the Eve of the Civil War

Population

The North had a population of 22 million

The South had a population of 9.5 million.

Manufacturing

The North contained 80% of the nation's manufacturing plants.

The South contained 20% of the nation's manufacturing plants.

* 3.5 million of the South’s population were slaves.

Railroads

The North had 2.5 times the railroad mileage of the South.

Military Skills

The South had a strong military tradition.

Academies like V.M.I. (Virginia Military Institute)

provided a source of trained officers at the start of the war.

South Leaders

Jefferson Davis

Robert E. Lee

Stonewall Jackson

Jeb Stuart

Pierre T. Beauregard James Longstreet George Pickett

Abe Lincoln

Ulysses Grant George McClellan George Meade

David Farragaut William T. Sherman Joseph HookerGeorge A. Custer

Areas Where the American Civil War was Fought

Eastern Theater: Area from the Atlantic Ocean to the Appalachian Mountains.

Western Theater: Area from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River.

Far Western Theater: All areas west of the Mississippi River.

Why They Fought

Senator John J. Crittendon of Kentucky had two sons who became major

generals during the Civil War: one for the North, one for the South.

Conscription (Draft)

A policy in which the government selects certain individuals for

military service rather than waiting for them to enlist.

Both sides had to engage in conscription as the war grew.

Union Conscription

Drafted every man aged 20-45

One could escape if you found a substitute

and paid $300.

Only 6% of Union troops were draftees

because of social pressures to fight.

Lincoln's draft was particularly unpopular

among the poor and

immigrants.

Over 30% of the men eligible for the draft in

the south avoided the draft.

North and South, potential recruits

were offered awards, or "bounties," for

enlisting, as much as $677 in New York.

Bounty jumping soon became a

profession, as men signed up, then

deserted, to enlist again elsewhere. One

man repeated the process 32 times

before being caught.

Confederate Conscription

First act passed, April 1862

Men between the ages of 18-35 were subject to the draft. Must serve for the

duration of the war.

“Twenty Negro Law,” which stated that if your family owned more than 20 slaves

you would be exempt from military service. Caused resentment between upper

class/lower class as the conflict became “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”

Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)

Federal fort located 3 miles offshore from Charleston, S.C. where the first shots

of the Civil War were fired after Lincoln refused to give the fort to the

Confederates. Confederate Forces fired on Union soldiers. The American Civil

War began on April 12, 1861.

Fort Sumter Fun Facts

P.T.G Beauregard: He began the Civil

War by having his men fire on Ft.

Sumter. He was a former student of

Major Anderson at West Point. Edmund Ruffin, a

fanatical secessionist is

said to have fired the first

shot at Fort Sumter.

Four years later,

depressed by the South’s

defeat, Ruffin wrapped

himself in a Rebel flag

and fired a bullet

through his own brain.

Maj. Anderson: Commander of Ft.

Sumter was from the South, but

fought for the Union Army.

Fort Sumter [Ken Burns]

https://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=O9p7V7GrHjE

Actions Taken After the Surrender of Fort Sumter

President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for a 3-month duty.

�Three month duty was considered enough needed to crush rebellion.

Lincoln's call for troops angered the southern states as four more Southern states

joined the Confederacy.

Confederate Capitol was moved from Montgomery, Ala. to Richmond, Va.

A total of 11 Southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.

Virginia N. Carolina Arkansas Tennessee

Secession Map

Union States

States that seceded before the fall of Ft. Sumter.

Border States that did not secede.

States that seceded after the fall of Ft. Sumter.

Unorganized U.S. territories

Robert E. Lee: Turns Down Lincoln

Robert E. Lee: Originally was offered the opportunity to command the entire

federal army at the beginning of the Civil War. He declined the offer because his

home state of Virginia seceded from the Union. He resigned his commission in the

federal army and in the spring of 1862 began command of the Army of Northern

Virginia. Viewed as a traitor, his home was confiscated and used as a federal

cemetery. Today, we all know this estate as Arlington National Cemetery.

Arlington National CemeteryRobert E. Lee Refuses Command of the Union Army [Gods & Generals]

http://safeshare.tv/w/WkXsZdZQBD

Writ of Habeas Corpus

I Declared Martial Law, Suspended Habeas Corpus, Ignored The Supreme Court And Had Editors Thrown In Jail Who Disagreed With

Me!

The guarantee that a person cannot be imprisoned without being

brought before a judge. President Lincoln suspended this right

during the Civil War to protect the Union by arresting the strongest

supporters of the Confederacy in the Washington, D.C. area.

On September 24, 1862, President Lincoln suspends the right to Habeas Corpus

nationwide, and then later receives congressional approval. When Chief Justice

Taney declares Lincoln’s suspension of Habeas Corpus unconstitutional, Lincoln

and the military ignored the ruling.

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy which involved surrounding the Confederacy and

cutting off all supply lines, much like how an anaconda would

Wrap itself around its prey and squeeze the life out of it.

Union Strategy for VictoryThe Anaconda Plan:

First: The Union planned to blockade southern ports in order to cut the

Confederacy off from foreign trade.

Second: The Union planned to seize control of the Mississippi River to cut the

Confederacy in two and stop the flow of supplies to rebel troops.

Third: The Union planned to quickly capture the Confederate government

headquarters located in Richmond, Va.

Its goal was to blockade

the Southern ports and

strangle the life out of

the Confederacy like a

huge snake.

3

1

2

2

Union Strategy For Winning the War https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec1897_1000k.wmv

Confederate Strategy for Victory

First: Stand on the defensive.

The Confederacy had only to defend itself to win

independence.

�Knew the terrain and fighting to protect their homes.

Second: Confederacy could win by inflicting enough casualties

thus demoralizing the northern people into forcing an

end to the war.

Third: Southerners were confident that European countries

would quickly intervene because a Union blockade would

cut off the South’s supply of cotton to European

markets..

*Southerners looked for inspiration from the American Revolution, when England's material

superiority was even greater than what the U.S. Federal forces had in 1861.

Confederate Strategy For Winning the War https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec1898_1000k.wmv

Death of Major Elmer Ellsworth

Major Ellsworth was the first casualty of the Civil War when he was shot and

killed by a hotel manager after he tried to remove a Confederate "Bonnie Blue"

flag from the rooftop of a hotel which was visible to Washington D.C. residents.

Major Elmer Ellsworth: Was a personal friend of Abraham Lincoln.

His death was devastating to the President and at Ellsworth’s funeral

was one of the few times people saw Lincoln weep in public.

The Civil War

1861: The First Year

First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861)

The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) fought on July 21, 1861 was the first

major land-based confrontation of the American Civil War.

The Union army commander in Washington, Brigadier General Irvin McDowell,

gave in to great pressure to begin campaigning before his men’s 90-day

enlistments expired, although he did not feel the army was adequately trained,

the Union army moved too slowly, allowing Confederate reinforcements to arrive

by rail on time. It was a Confederate victory followed by a humiliating and

disorganized retreat of the Union forces.Northern commander: General McDowell

Southern Commander: P.T.G. Beauregard

Why did the Union forces lose their first battle

1. Poor leadership.

2. Union troops were not properly trained.

http://safeshare.tv/w/FBTEGZVVBm

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson“Stonewall” Jackson earned his nick name at the First Battle of Bull Run when he

and his brigade stood "like a stone wall."

Jackson Served as Robert E. Lee’s right-hand man in the Army of Northern

Virginia until his he was mortally wounded by his own troops during the Battle of

Chancellorsville in May 1863.

“There stands Jackson like a stonewall... rally around the

Virginians.”

Gen. Bee July 21, 1861

http://safeshare.tv/w/yZUtwvBesa

The Confederate “Star and Bars”

The Confederate battle flag was developed after the first Battle of Bull Run in

July 1861 because Southern soldiers accidentally fired on other Southern troops.

Its purpose was to distinguish Southern from federal troops.

*Only eleven southern states seceded from the Union, but the Confederacy

counted Kentucky and Missouri… that is why there are thirteen stars on the flag.

Union Changing of the Guard

General McDowellGeneral McClellan

General McClellan Assumed Command

Lincoln appoints General McClellan to command the Union army. 34-year-old

General George B. McClellan was an excellent drillmaster and organizer of troops,

but also a perfectionist who constantly believed that he was outnumbered, never

took risks, and held the army without moving for months much to Lincoln’s to

displeasure.

General McClellan:

Nicknamed “Little Napoleon”McClellan turned the Union army into a

disciplined fighting force

Trent Affair (November 1861)

In Nov. 1861, A Union captain stopped and boarded a British vessel called the

H.M.S. Trent and seized and interned two Confederate emissaries on their way

to England to seek England’s help for the Confederacy.

Britain demanded that the Confederate diplomats be released and for Lincoln

apologize or risk British intervention. President Lincoln ordered the two

diplomats released, but refused to apologize. The issue increased tension between

the Union and Britain.I’ll release the

scoundrels, but

I repeat… I will not

apologize.

The Civil War

1862: The Second Year

Fort Donelson, Tennessee (February 1862)

During this campaign, the Confederates abandoned Nashville, Tennessee and much

of middle Tennessee fell to the Union.

U.S. Grant earned the nickname, “Unconditional Surrender” at Ft.

Donelson. Winning a series of victories in the West, thus catching the eye

of President Lincoln.

Ulysses S. Grant was not fond of

ceremonies or military music. He said

he could only recognize two tunes.

"One was Yankee Doodle," he

grumbled. "The other one wasn’t."

Hampton Roads (March 1862)

Famous naval battle between ironclad ships.

The U.S.S. Monitor (Federal ironclad)

The C.S.S. Virginia (CSA ironclad) formally the U.S.S. Merrimac.

Both vessels withdrew after five hours and the battle was considered a

draw.

Draw

Confederates intentionally scuttled the Merrimac

to avoid its capture.The Virginia failed to break the Union blockade of Norfolk

in March 1862 in the first battle of ironclads in history.

Shiloh “Pittsburgh Landing” (April 6-7, 1862)

The Battle of Shiloh was fought on April 6-7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee.

Albert Sidney Johnston, commander of the Confederate forces, hoped to defeat

Grant’s Army before it could be reinforced by Maj. Gen. Buell’s Army, which was

marching from Nashville. Initially, Grant was forced to retreat due to vicious

fighting to the river embankment.

During the first day of battle Gen. Albert S. Johnston of the Confederacy was

killed and command was handed down to Confederate P. G. T. Beauregard.

That evening, General Buell reinforced Grant and counterattacked the next day,

forcing the Confederate army to retreat back to Mississippi.

Confederate general, Albert

Sidney Johnston ordered doctors

to treat wounded Union soldiers

instead of treating his own

wounds. He bleed to death. He

most likely would have survived

had he received immediate

medical attention.

Union Casualties:

1,754 killed

8,408 wounded

2,885 captured/missing

Confederate Casualties:

1,723 killed

8,012 wounded

959 captured/missing

Shiloh “Pittsburgh Landing” Cont.’

The "Hornet's Nest" at Shiloh was named by Southern

troops because so many bullets were buzzing in the air.

Northern commanders:

General Grant, Sherman, and

Buell.

Southern commanders:

Albert Sidney Johnson & PTG

Beauregard

In two days at Shiloh on the banks of the Tennessee River, more

Americans fell than in all previous American wars combined.

https://gtm-media-

1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec190

5_1000k.wmv

Capture of New Orleans

Admiral Farragut captured the city in Spring of 1862, which helped to cut off

supplies to the Confederate army fighting in the west.

General Benjamin Butler (Union) occupied and ruled New Orleans with an iron

fist and enforced harsh occupation laws. Hanged a man for removing a U.S. flag

from a flagpole.

Proclaimed orders that any disobedient woman would be treated like a women of

ill-repute if caught displaying disrespect toward Union officials.

The residents of New

Orleans even inked

images of Butler on

the bottom of their

chamber pots.

General Butler was appointed military commander of

New Orleans after it was captured by the Union in

1862. He ruled with an iron fist and was eventually

relieved of command. He earned the nickname,

“Spoons” because it was report that he liked to steal

silverware while dining.

Peninsula Campaign (Spring 1862)

At Lincoln’s urging, McClellan finally decided upon a water-borne approach to

Richmond (the South’s capital), called the Peninsula Campaign.

It took about a month to capture Yorktown before arriving outside of Richmond,

VA. General Johnston was severely wounded outside of Richmond, Va. May

1862 General Robert E. Lee assumed command of Confederate Army.

Masterful Deceptions:

To conceal the fact that the Confederate army was

outnumbered 3-to-1, the Confederate army used

Quaker Guns, or fake cannons made of logs and

painted black, in order to fool the Union. They also

marched their troops in circles around the camp to

make the Union think they had more men than they

really had during the campaign.

Peninsula Campaign [Map]

Seven Day’s Battles (June 26-July 2, 1862 )

Robert E. Lee launched a devastating counterattack, called the Seven Days’

Battles (series of battles fought within a week's time and drove the federal army

back to Washington, D.C.

President Lincoln spoke harshly of General McClellan.

Lincoln said, "McClellan was only good at retreating."

Robert E. Lee saved Richmond and became a Confederate hero.

General Jackson’s soldiers earned the nickname,

“Foot Cavalry” because of their ability to march

several miles and appear to the Federal Army to be

everywhere.https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec1911_1000k.wmv

Seven Day’s Battles [Map]

Robert E. Lee

Assumed command of the Confederacy's Army of Northern Virginia in 1862

after General Joseph Johnston was injured.

Robert E. Lee Fun Facts:

Robert E. Lee, of the Confederate

Army, remains the only person, to

date, to have graduated from the

West Point military academy

without a single demerit.

Robert E. Lee was a superintendent

of West Point but had never

commanded in battle when he

became commander of the

Confederacy's Army of Northern

Virginia during the U.S. Civil War.

Lee’s First Invasion of the North

Special Order 191

Special Order 191 (Lost Dispatch) was a general movement order issued by

Robert E. Lee in the Maryland Campaign.

A lost copy of this order was recovered in Frederick, Maryland by Union Army

troops. The subsequent military intelligence gained by the Union played an

important role in the Battle of Antietam.

Lee’s lost copy of Special Orders 191 was recovered in Frederick, Maryland by two Union privates who discovered it

wrapped around three cigars on the ground of a recently abandoned Confederate camp. General McClellan had all of

Lee's battle plans, but hesitated two days before deciding to attack.

Antietam (Sharpsburg) Sept. 17, 1862.

Antietam: Draw

Both sides called it a

stalemate (draw) and

both armies withdrew.

Lee gave up his northern

invasion.

Northern commander: General McClellan.

Southern commander [s]: Lee, Jackson, and Longstreet

Highlights of the battle.

1. Dunker Church and the cornfield (Draw)

2. Bloody Lane (the sunken road) (Draw)

3. Burnside Bridge (Draw)

Battle of Antietam Highlights

The Corn Field

Confederate Defense

of the Burnside

Bridge http://safeshare.tv/w/wgMwoLhSBA

Union Casualties:

2,108 killed

9,540 wounded



1,546 killed

7,752 wounded


Antietam (September 17, 1862)

The Battle of Antietam also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg was fought on

September 17, 1862.

It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with 22,717 dead,

wounded and missing on both sides combined.

During the Battle of Antietam, 12,401 Union men were killed, missing or

wounded; double the casualties of D-Day, 82 years later. With a total of 23,000

casualties on both sides, it was the bloodiest single day of the Civil War.

Matthew Brady

Matthew Brady

One of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for

his portraits of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of

photojournalism.

https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/5/GettysburgSpeechThatSavedAmerica/GettysburgSpeechThatSavedAmerica_B1Mb.wmv

Odds Against Them

Union

•1 in 10 chance of being wounded.

•1 in 8 chance of dying due to illness (225,000 of disease).

•1 in 18 chance of dying in battle (110,000 in battle).

Confederate

•1 in 5 chance of being wounded.

•1 in 5 chance of dying due to illness (164,000 of disease).

•1 in 8 chance of dying in battle (94,000 in battle).

Wounded soldiers

frequently pull out

their shirts to see

where they were hit.

Anywhere in the

abdominal region

was fatal.

Matthew Brady and Civil War Photography

A Federal shell appears to have disemboweled this Confederate

soldier near where heavy fighting occurred outside the Dunker

Church.

Antietam, Maryland, September 17, 1862. These Confederates died

in the early morning of the battle while defending the Confederate

position along the Hagerstown Turnpike. More Americans died or

received mortal wounds on September 17, 1862 than any other day

in American military history.

Matthew Brady and Civil War Photography

Photographers loved to place

weapons on bodies or rearrange

the dead to add drama to the

image.

Does this look like the same soldier?

Field Hospitals

Outdoor Field Hospital Vacant Building Field Hospital

Mary Walker

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she

created the wounded in the field.

During the Battle of Antietam, Clara Barton tended the wounded so close to the fighting that a bullet went through

her sleeve and killed a man she was treating.

The Minnie Ball & Wounds

It is a soft lead slug tended to expand when it came into contact with bone, causing

horrific injuries and destroying bone and tissue beyond any hope of repair.

http://safeshare.tv/w/TXHoDHpbSj

http://safeshare.tv/w/lOFlgtvEYz

Affects of Grapeshot

Cannons would fire solid shot to attack enemy artillery and troops at longer

range and switch to grape when they or nearby troops were charged. Grapeshot

is a type of shot that is not one solid element, but a mass of small metal balls or

slugs packed tightly into a canvas bag. When assembled, the balls resembled a

cluster of grapes, hence the name. On firing, the balls spread out from the

muzzle, giving an effect similar to a giant shotgun.

Grapeshot was devastatingly effective against massed infantry at short range.

Affects of Grapeshot

Civil War Medicine

Embalming the Dead

Pharmaceutical Kit

Anesthesia

Mask

Excision Tool Skull Tool

Skull Surgery-

TrephineSyringe

Head wounds were

certain death.

Amputations

A surgeon’s Medical Kit consisted mostly of

saws, knives, and picking instruments.

Most operations resulted in amputations

Strange Civil War FactBefore all-porcelain false teeth were perfected in the mid-19th century, dentures

were commonly made with teeth pulled from the mouths of dead soldiers

following a battle. Teeth extracted from U.S. Civil War soldier cadavers were

shipped by the barrel to dentists in England.

The dental key functioned similar to a

regular door key. One would insert the

instrument horizontally into the mouth,

tighten the ‘claw’ over the tooth, then

pull unto the tooth/teeth were removed.

Tooth extraction with a dental key often

resulted breaking the jaw of the corpse.

The Affect of DiseasesSoldiers suffered terribly from disease and poor medical care.

Disease killed two soldiers for each man killed or mortally wounded in battle.

Childhood diseases, such as measles, chickenpox, and mumps, were great problems

(especially among rural men and early in the war).

Poor food and contaminated water complicated health.

Latrines were often poorly situated and soldiers drank from rivers, creeks, and

ponds causing malaria, dysentery, diphtheria, and diarrhea.

Diphtheria Bacterium

Mosquitoes caused malariaSmallpox

Troops often bathed in

water down stream from

lavatories

Thousands Died

Gangrene

Third Great Awakening (1850s-1900s)

Characterized by very active missionary work, and also the Social Gospel

approach to social issues.

It tied the gospel with social work. Out of the 1858 Awakening came the

introduction of the Y.M.C.A. in American cities.

It produced the Christian and Sanitary Commission and numerous Freedmen's

Societies that were formed in the midst of the War.

Lincoln Sacks McClellan

President Lincoln, unhappy with McClellan’s disobedience and failure to defeat Lee at Antietam

fired him and replaced him with General Burnside.

Changing of the Guard Again

General McClellan

General Burnside:

The term sideburns come from his name

and style of muttonchops.

Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec. 13, 1862)

Burnside's hoped to get around Lee's right flank and resorted to

unimaginative frontal assaults against a very strong Confederate position on

Marye's Heights.

The Union lost heavily (12,000 casualties) and gained nothing as the result of

this battle.

The aftermath of Fredericksburg marked a low point for the Army of the

Potomac

Confederate Victory

Battle of Fredericksburg

The Confederate army was entrenched

behind a shoulder-high stone wall

called, “Mayre’s Heights.”

General Burnside ordered wave after

wave of Union troops to assault

Mayre’s Heights, but only to suffer

heavy casualties.

http://safeshare.tv/w/OOwwHoBzVK

http://safeshare.tv/w/RhbLdTZjxQ

Angel of Mayre’s Heights

The “Angel of Mayre’s Heights”

was a Confederate soldier who

gave water to wounded and dying

Union soldiers below Mayre’s

Heights at Fredericksburg. This

heroic soldier was later killed at

the Battle of Chattanooga the

following year.

Union Casualties:

1,284 killed

9,600 wounded



608 killed

4,116 wounded


A Blunderer Replaced by a Ladies’ Man

General Joseph HookerGeneral Burnside

“I have the finest army on the planet. I have the finest army the sun ever shone on. ... If the enemy does not run,

God help them. May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have none.”

General Joseph Hooker

The Civil War

1863: The Third Year

Emancipation Proclamation (January 1863)

This proclamation was issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863 and

freed the slaves in the Confederate States, While maintaining slavery in the

Border States loyal to the Union.

The proclamation was designed to keep the European nations out of the war by making it look like the southern

states were fighting the war for slavery and not for their independence.

https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec1914_1000k.wmv

African-American SoldiersThe black contribution to northern military operations was undeniable. Nearly

180,000 black men, most of them former slaves, served in the Union army. The

vast majority of these individuals entered service in 1863 or later. They faced a

range of problems, including lower pay, relegation to work details rather than

combat duty, and hostility from many white soldiers.

http://safeshare.tv/w/SwppxcLtwo

FROM SERVITUDE TO SOLDIERINGAfrican Americans constituted less than one percent of the northern population, yet by the war’s

end made up ten percent of the Union Army. A total of 180,000 black men, more than 85% of

those eligible, enlisted.

African Americans in the Civil War

54th Massachusetts

The 54th Massachusetts was the first military unit consisting of black soldiers to

be raised in the North during the Civil War.

The formation of the regiment was a matter of controversy and public attention

from its inception. Questions were raised as to the black man's ability to fight in

the "white man's war."

Commissioning blacks as officers was too controversial, so commissioned

officers were white and the enlisted men black.

After Col. Shaw died during the assault on

Ft. Wagner the Confederates buried him in a

shallow grave with his colored troops as a

sign of disrespect.

His family said it was it wasn’t disrespectful

but an honor. http://safeshare.tv/w/hTBRoLLZPnhttp://safeshare.tv/w/mreExQbgqn

Chancellorsville (April 30 to May 6, 1863)

Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because of Lee’s risky

decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force which

resulted in a significant Confederate victory.

The victory, a product of Lee's audacity and Hooker's timid decision making,

was tempered by heavy casualties and the mortal wounding of Lt. Gen. Thomas

"Stonewall" Jackson to friendly fire.

Confederate Victory

President Lincoln fired Burnside and replaced

him with “Fighting Joe” Hooker, who boasted

he would whip Bobby Lee.

Battle of Chancellorsville Map

Battle of Chancellorsville Highlights

Jackson’s Flanking Movement

Caught the Union by Complete

Surprise.

Union Casualties:

1,574 killed

9,554 wounded



1,683 killed

9,277 wounded


Outnumbered 3-to-1, Lee

divided his forces and sent

Jackson to outflank the

Union army under the

command of Thomas

Hooker. The result was a

total rout of the Union

army.

The legendary Confederate general “Stonewall”

Jackson” was accidentally shot by his own troops at

Chancellorsville. He died a week later from pneumonia

while recuperating after his left arm was amputated.

He is buried at Lexington, Va., but his amputated arm

was given a separate burial. It is at the Chancellorsville

National Battlefield.

“He lost his left arm… I have lost my right.”

Robert E. Lee

Death of Stonewall Jackson

Another Bites the Dust

General Hooker

General Meade

Lee’s Second Invasion of the North (Spring and Summer 1863)

Reasons for invasion

First: Opportunity never looked better for the south. The South was winning

the war.

Second: Gain European recognition, especially England.

Third: Needed food and supplies and wanted to take the war out of Virginia.

Battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 1863: DAY ONE)

The Battle of Gettysburg began by mistake was not the chosen spot for the

battle.

Highlights of Day One:

Confederates captured Gettysburg, but Union forces retreated and occupied

Cemetery Ridge outside of Gettysburg.

Day One: The Confederates captured Gettysburg, but Union forces still occupied Cemetery Ridge outside of

Gettysburg.

Battle of Gettysburg (Day One) Map

Confederate prisoners, taken after the

first days of fighting at Gettysburg.

Confederate prisoners, taken after the first days of fighting at

Gettysburg.

Lee rides triumphantly into Gettysburg after the first day of

fighting.

Battle of Gettysburg (July 2, 1863: DAY TWO)

Highlights of the 2nd day of fighting at Gettysburg.

The Peach Orchard, Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and Little Round Top. Confederate

advances were halted. CSA lost 1/3-1/2 men in fighting. The second day’s fighting

ended as a draw or stalemate.

Chamberlain and the defense of Little Round Top

saved the Union line on the second day of fighting

at Gettysburg.

Devils Den is an area of the battlefield where fierce fighting took

place during the second day of fighting. It is an area strewn with

large boulders, shrubs and small trees and it is named the Devil’s

Den long before the battle took place there. http://safeshare.tv/w/vVfuBLYnWL

Battle of Gettysburg (Day Two) Map

The Confederates captured the peach orchard and

the wheat field, but failed to take Little Round Top

and break through the Federal lines on the right.

Lee had lost over 1/3 of his army after 2 days of

fighting.

Union general Dan

Sickles lost his leg on the

2nd day. His leg was put

on display at a museum

and after the war he

would often take guests

to visit it.

Gettysburg: Day Two Highlights

Confederates lost

1/3-1/2 men in

fighting. The second

day’s fighting ended

as a draw or

stalemate.

The First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment sustained the highest number of casualties in a single of any unit

during the Civil War. During the Battle of Gettysburg, the unit loss 82% of it’s men on the second day’s fighting

near the wheat field.

Battle of Gettysburg (July 3, 1863: DAY THREE)

The highlight of the Battle of Gettysburg came on the third and final day of the battle with an event known as

“Pickett’s Charge.” The Battlefield of Gettysburg marked the high tide of the Civil War and the turning point in

the eastern theater.

“Up men, and to your

posts! Don't forget today

that you are from Ol’

Virginia.”

George Pickett

Gettysburg, 3 July 1863.

Pickett's Charge (The most remembered event of the war) was an all-out

Confederate assault launched against the Union center late in the afternoon on

July 3, 1863.

The charge failed and nearly one-half of the attackers (7,000 men) became

casualties. General Pickett almost lost his entire division and he never forgave

General Lee.

Battle of Gettysburg (Day Three) Map

http://safeshare.tv/w/FokuLqDwEU

Lee Retreats from Gettysburg

Union Casualties:

3,155 killed

14,531 wounded



4,708 killed

12,693 wounded


July 4, 1863, Lee retreated from Gettysburg on and crossed the Potomac into

Virginia a few days later. Robert E. Lee accepted full blame for the failure of

Pickett’s Charge. Meade drew criticism from Lincoln for not pursuing Lee's

beaten army.

Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)

Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War and the turning point

in the war.

Jackson, who was killed 2 months earlier, was Lee’s most talented and reliable

commander. Many believe the South would have won the war had Jackson lived

to fight at Gettysburg.

Vicksburg (May 15 - July 4, 1863)

The last Confederate obstacle to total Union control of the Mississippi River.

General Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for almost two months.

https://gtm-media-

1.discoveryeducation.com/vid

eos/1/402/sec1923_1000k.wmv

On July 4, 1863, after 48 days of siege,

Confederate General John C. Pemberton

surrendered the city of Vicksburg to the

Union’s General, Ulysses S. Grant. The

Fourth of July was not be celebrated in

Vicksburg for another 81 years.

By the time the town finally surrendered,

residents had been reduced to eating

horses, mules, dogs, and even rats.

Vicksburg

After Grant’s capture of Vicksburg, Lincoln appointed Grant as General of the Army and decided to

bring him East to confront Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia. When Lincoln selected Grant,

one of the President's advisors was overheard telling the President that Grant was only a boozer and

a compulsive cigar smoker. The President replied that if he knew the brand of whiskey and cigars

Grant enjoyed, he would send all his generals that brand so they would start winning battles as well.

Ulysses S. Grant

Initially an effective general in the Union's western battles, he eventually

assumed command of the entire Union army in 1864.

He defeated the South and accepted Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox

Courthouse.

In 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to Lieutenant General, a rank previously held by General George

Washington, and led the 533,000 men of the Union Army, the largest in the world. Three years later, he was made

President of the United States.

Gettysburg Address

Famous speech delivered by President Lincoln at a ceremony dedicating a

cemetery on the sight of the battlefield. Although a relatively short speech, it

was a powerful affirmation of Lincoln's desire to see the Union survive and

the nation reunited.

In November 1863, President Lincoln was invited to offer a "few appropriate remarks" at the opening of a new

Union cemetery at Gettysburg. The main speaker, a celebrated orator from Massachusetts, spoke for nearly two

hours. Lincoln offered just 269 words in his Gettysburg Address.

New York City had many southern

sympathizers.

Blacks were excluded from draft laws as

they were not citizens

Immigrants competed with free blacks

for jobs, resented the fact that they were

being forced to fight a war for freedom

for slaves

New York Draft Riots

In July 1863, draft riots broke out in New York City, killing more than 100 people

and resulting in the lynching of at least 11 African-Americans by immigrants and

poorer whites who blamed blacks for the war.

http://safeshare.tv/w/SAbWnoluDo

Conscription Draft Riots

Copperheads

Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous

ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads," poisonous snakes waiting to get

him.

Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham

An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator,

called him, “King Abraham.” He was arrested and exiled to the South.

On June 6, 1871, Clement Vallandigham planned to re-enact what happened in a bar fight between his client and the

victim. In other words, he was going to show the jury that the victim had shot himself by accident. Demonstrating to

the court his theory, Vallandigham placed the still-loaded pistol against his own head when it accidently discharged

killing him instantly.

Battle of Chattanooga (Nov 23-25, 1863)

After the Confederates ran out of ammunition they rolled boulders down the mountain toward the advancing Union

forces.

Between November 23-25, 1863, Union forces routed Confederate troops in

Tennessee at the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, known

collectively as the Battles for Chattanooga. The victories forced the

Confederates back into Georgia, ending the siege of the vital railroad junction

of Chattanooga, and paving the way for Union General William Tecumseh

Sherman's Atlanta campaign.

The Civil War

1864: The Fourth Year

After the Union victory at Chattanooga, President Lincoln selected General Grant to

become the General of the entire Union Army, but General Meade remained the

commander of the Army of the Potomac for the remainder of the war.

� Lincoln finally found a general that wasn't afraid to win or lose a battle.

Grant Takes Charge

Grant’s “War of Attrition” Grant knew that the Confederacy began running out of men; whereas the North,

though suffering even greater losses, could still draw upon a large reservoir of

manpower.

Prisoner-of-War Camps

Prisoner-of-War Camps

Neither side compiled a good overall record for handling prisoners.

The Union blamed the Confederacy for the thousands of dead at Andersonville

and elsewhere. The Confederacy blamed the Union for starving prisoners in the

midst of plenty.

AndersonvilleThe death total at Andersonville was the worst of any prisoner of war camps,

North or South. More than 100 men died each day.

An almost complete absence of acceptable sanitary conditions contributed to

the high death toll.

Commandant of Andersonville, Capt.

Wirz was hanged after the Civil War

Andersonville http://safeshare.tv/w/qDYMOzgVvQ

Andersonville Prison in southwest Georgia held 33,000 prisoners in 1864.

It was the fifth largest city in the Confederacy.

Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-7, 1864)

Confederate Victory

What surprised Lee most about Grant was that

Grant didn’t retreat after being beaten like all of

Grant’s predecessors had always done.

General Grant knew the strategy for victory by

bleeding the Confederate army white. Grant

realized that despite losing battles, he could

afford to lose men and have them replaced, while

the Confederate army could not replace the men

it lost.

Soldiers on both sides were burned alive by the blazing fires

when they found themselves lost in the woods or too badly

injured to move.

This battle marked the first match-up between Lee & Grant as the Union

army began another offensive toward the Confederate capital of Richmond,

Va.

General Robert E. Lee used the dense Virginia woods known as the

Wilderness to his advantage. Familiar terrain for the rebels, the heavy woods

and dense undergrowth negated the Union's numerical advantage by making

it nearly impossible for a large army to make an orderly advance.

Spotsylvania / Yellow Tavern (May 8-21, 1863)

The flamboyant Confederate cavalry

commander J.E.B. Stuart was killed at

the Yellow Tavern (near Spotsylvania)

When General Lee heard the news of

his death he began to cry, something

he had never done before in front of

his subordinates.

Draw

This two-week battle was a series of combats along the Spotsylvania front. The

Union attacked the Confederate defenses several times between May 8-19, 1864.

On May 21, Grant disengaged and continued his advance on Richmond.

Colds Harbor (May 31- June 12, 1864)

Confederate Victory

For years after the war, bones of Union dead were

found around the Cold Harbor battlefield.

On June 3, 1864 the Union army assaulted the dug in Confederate forces along

a seven-mile front. The Union lost almost 10,000 men in one hour against

entrenched Confederate troops.

Grant commented in his memoirs that this was the only attack he wished he

had never ordered.

Abandoning the well-defended approaches to Richmond, Grant sought to shift

his army quickly south of the river to threaten Petersburg.

Election of 1864

The Democrats nominated George B McClellan for president.

Whose platform called for an armistice followed by peace negotiations.

Lincoln won because of successes on the battlefield in the Fall of 1864. The

electoral count was 212-21; McClellan carried only New Jersey, Kentucky, and

Delaware.

William T. Sherman

His capture of Atlanta in 1864 signaled to both the North and the South that

the war was all but won for the Union and helped Lincoln win re-election in

1864.

AtlantaAn important southern railway hub and vital city to the South's war effort.

Captured by Union troops on September 2, 1864.

After taking Atlanta, Sherman ordered much of the city burned.

http://safeshare.tv/w/ogZhgbhvxO

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah in which his army burned

buildings, destroyed rail lines, set fire to factories, and demolished bridges in

an attempt to cripple the South's ability to make and ship supplies so that it

could not keep fighting.

http://safeshare.tv/w/UdVXNARFWn

Sherman’s March to the Sea [Map]

In some parts of Georgia and South

Carolina there are still burnt out

chimneys that mark the path of

destruction of Sherman’s March to the

Sea.

“War is Hell”

“I’ll make

Georgia Howl…”

Sherman’s Neckties

Miles of railroad tracks

were placed over hot

fires and then twisted

around trees to make

them useless.

Ebenezer CreekDecember 9, 1864, Union General Jefferson. C. Davis [no relation to

Confederate President Jefferson Davis] crossed Ebenezer Creek with his

14th Army Corps as it advanced toward Savannah during Gen. William T.

Sherman’s March to the Sea. Davis hastily removed the pontoon bridges

over the creek, and hundreds of freed slaves following his army drowned

trying to swim the swollen waters to escape the pursuing Confederates.

Marker is in Rincon, Georgia, in Effingham

County. Marker is on Ebenezer Road

(Georgia Route 275).

Slaves Left Behind at Ebenezer Creek

Ebenezer Creek

http://safeshare.tv/w/aaYjaxRMpc

Sherman Captures Savannah &

Invades South Carolina

Sherman captured Savannah, Georgia (Dec. 10, 1864) and gave Savannah to

Lincoln as a Christmas present in 1864.

Sherman's march through the Carolinas was equally harsh because Sherman

viewed South Carolina as the "cradle of secession."

By February 1865, both Charleston and Columbia, South Carolina surrendered.

Union Victory

The Civil War

1865: The Fifth Year

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

Lincoln expressed his sorrow that so many on both sides had suffered and

communicated a vision for rebuilding the South rather than punishing it.

http://safeshare.tv/w/fEJKHrVSdS

On March 4, 1865, Lincoln was inaugurated for a second term.

Yards away in the crowd was John Wilkes Booth with a pistol in

his pocket. His vantage point on the balcony, he said later, offered

him "an excellent chance to kill the President, if I had wished."

BOOTH

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

March 4, 1865

On the occasion corresponding to this four

years ago all thoughts were anxiously

directed to an impending civil war. All

dreaded it, all sought to avert it. While the

inaugural address was being delivered from

this place, devoted altogether to saving the

Union without war, insurgent agents were in

the city seeking to destroy it without war,

seeking to dissolve the Union and divide

effects by negotiation. Both parties

deprecated war, but one of them would make

war rather than let the nation survive, and

the other would accept war rather than let it

perish, and the war came.

Siege of Petersburg (June 1864 to April 1865)

Petersburg was a key rail juncture, which all the railways and main roads

connected Richmond with the rest of the south.

The campaign lasted 9 months in which Union forces commanded by General

Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines

that extended from Richmond, Virginia, to and around the outskirts of

Petersburg.

The Crater (July 30, 1864)

The Battle of the Crater took place on July 30, 1864.

Federal soldiers placed 8,000 pounds of black powder under the Confederate

works and detonated the powder blowing a huge gap 400 yards wide in the

Confederate lines.

The explosion immediately killed 278 Confederate soldiers and stunned the

Confederates.

Poorly trained Federal soldiers rushed into the crater instead of moving

around it and found themselves quickly trapped. Confederate troops

surrounded the Crater and easily slaughtered the Union troops. Union

casualties were 3,798 in less than an hour.

The Crater (July 30, 1864)

Grant wrote, "It was the

saddest affair I have

witnessed in this war."

http://safeshare.tv/w/maqMVtArHd

Surrender at Appomattox

April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant met to sign surrender documents at Appomattox

Courthouse.

This surrender marked the end of the war for most Americans.

Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union commander General U.S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The

Civil War is officially recognized as over. However, a few small groups of Confederate holdouts will continue fighting

for a few more months. http://safeshare.tv/w/FrQrLKnnkt

Surrender at Appomattox

Grant extended generous terms that allowed soldiers to sign paroles and return home.

When Lincoln learned of the surrender he stated, “Thank God, the nightmare is over!”

John Wilkes Booth

John Wilkes Booth was a famous American stage actor and Confederate

sympathizer who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre,

in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.

Booth and a group of co-conspirators originally plotted to kidnap Lincoln, but

later planned to kill him, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of

State William H. Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy's cause.

John Wilkes Booth, Edwin Booth and

Junius Brutus Booth, Jr. in

Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar in 1864

John Wilkes Booth, who

originated from a famous family

of actors and was himself

regarded a fine actor. A great

believer in the institution of

slavery, his loyalties lay firmly

with the Confederate South.

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

President Abraham Lincoln was

sitting in this rocking chair at

Ford's Theatre when he was

assassinated on April 14, 1865. Lincoln's Skull Fragments

Abraham Lincoln in Casket [Original Photo]

Presidential Box at Ford’s Theatre

Ford’s Theatre

Pistol used by Booth

One of the blood stained

pillows that held Abraham

Lincoln's head the night he

died

Room and bed

where Lincoln

died

http://safeshare.tv/w/BksAqdjpaL

The Hunt for John Wilkes BoothFollowing the assassination, Booth fled on horseback to a farm in rural northern

Virginia. 12 days later he was tracked down. Booth's companion gave himself up,

but Booth refused and was shot by a Union soldier after the barn in which he was

hiding was set ablaze.

Site where the Garrett barn once stood.

http://safeshare.tv/w/FdHbcVqiZv http://safeshare.tv/w/lAshvuWTFq

The Strange Case of Dr. Samuel Mudd

Dr. Samuel Mudd (1833-1883)

John Wilkes Booth received medical care from Dr. Samuel Mudd

for severe pain with a badly fractured leg that he received from his

fall to the stage after shooting the President. Mudd claimed that the

man whose leg he fixed "was a stranger to him."

In 1867, an outbreak of yellow fever overtook the Dry Tortugas,

claiming the lives of fellow prisoners. Mudd assumed the role as the

new prison doctor.

President Andrew Johnson pardoned Mudd in 1869 and he

returned to Maryland where he died of pneumonia in 1883.

Dr. Samuel Mudd

John Wilkes Booth’s

Boot

Dr. Mudd’s home where Booth was treated for a

severe fractured leg.

Type of wound Booth would

have suffered from his jump

from the Presidential booth.

Boston Corbett Hero or Madman?

Sgt. Boston Corbett shot and mortally wounded John Wilkes Booth in the

early morning hours of April 26, 1865.

After shooting Booth, Corbett was initially arrested for disobeying orders

but on the instructions of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was released

and treated as a hero.

Against Colonel Baker’s explicit orders to take

Booth alive, Sgt. Boston Corbett shot and

mortally wounded John Wilkes Booth in the

early morning hours of April 26, 1865.

After his wife died during childbirth Corbett moved to Boston and became a devout Christian, wearing his hair

long in the style of Jesus. To avoid temptation, he castrated himself with a pair of scissors.

In 1878 he had a complete mental breakdown and was found living in a dugout near Concordia, Kansas. He was

declared insane and sent to the Topeka Asylum for the Insane. On May 26, 1888 he escaped from the asylum and

was never heard of again.

Lincoln’s Conspirators #1

John Wilkes Booth (1838-1865)

John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in

Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.

He died in a gun battle with federal authorities on April 26, 1865.

Lewis Powell (1844-1865)

Lewis Powell's assigned role was to enter the home of Secretary of State

William Seward and kill him as he lay on his bed recovering from a recent

carriage accident.

He was hanged in Washington on July 7, 1865.

David Herold (1842-1865)

David Herold accompanied Lewis Powell to the home of Secretary of State

William Seward on the night of April 14. While Powell entered the Seward

home and made his knife attack on the Secretary, Herold waited outside with his

horse.

He was hanged in Washington on July 7, 1865.


Michael O'Laughlen (1840-1867)

Booth recruited O'Laughlen in the late summer of 1864 to participate in the

plan to kidnap Abraham Lincoln.

The Military Commission found O'Laughlen guilty and sentenced him to life in

prison. He died two years later in prison at Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas,

Florida, a victim of yellow fever.

Mary Surratt (1823-1865)

Mary Surratt's owned the boarding house in Washington where the conspiracy

plot was hatched.

She was hanged in Washington on July 7, 1865.

John Surratt (1844-1916)

John Surratt joined the Confederate conspiracy to abduct President Lincoln. He

fled to Canada upon learning of the President's assassination then went Rome,

where he joined the Papal Zouaves.

Surratt was brought back to the United States for trial in a civilian court. The

federal government eventually dropped all charges against Surratt and he was

released in the summer of 1868.

Edman Spangler (1825-1875)

Spangler was questioned by authorities and then arrested on April 17 and charged

with being an accomplice to Booth by holding Booth’s horse outside Ford’s Theatre

Spangler served a year-and-a-half of his sentence at Fort Jefferson in the Dry

Tortugas before being pardoned by President Johnson in March, 1869. He died in

1875.


Samuel Arnold (1834-1906)

Samuel Arnold joined the conspiracy to kidnap Lincoln, but backed out from this

insane scheme of assassination.

The Military Commission found Arnold guilty and sentenced him to life in

prison. President Andrew Johnson pardoned Arnold on March 1, 1869. Arnold

died on September 21, 1906 of tuberculosis.

George Atzerodt (1835-1865)

George Atzerodt was supposed to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson,

but lost his nerve and didn’t carry out his role in the conspiracy.

The Commission found Atzerodt guilty and sentenced him to death. Atzerodt,

along with three other convicted conspirators, was hanged in Washington on

July 7, 1865.

On July 7, 1865 a large crowd gathered in the courtyard of the Washington

Arsenal to witness the execution of four of the Lincoln conspirators.

The Execution of the Lincoln Conspirators

Total Military Deaths During the Civil War

Total Military Deaths In All U.S. Wars

What If the South Had Won?

hogan's history- secession and civil war

Education