Immigration & Urban Growth

Push-Pull Factors

Push Factors: Encourage or force people to leave a particular place.

Pull Factors: Are the economic and social attractions (real and imagined)

offered by the location to which people move (i.e. the things which attract

someone to migrate to a place).

PULL Factors PUSH Factors

Population Growth

Agricultural Changes

Crop Failures

Industrial Revolution

Religious and

Political Turmoil

Freedom

Economic Opportunity

Abundant Land

Cultural Pluralism A condition in which smaller groups within a larger society maintain their

unique and distinct ethnic, religious, or cultural values and practices which

are accepted and tolerated within the larger cultural society.

Immigrants [Before 1890]

Between 1600 and 1890 about 20 million immigrants arrived from Western

Europe. Because the United States was young and growing these immigrants

were welcomed to help develop cities, build roads, construct canals, and farm

fields.

Germans Belgians

English French

Swiss Dutch

Flood of Immigration Chart

When

Who

Situation

Why Did They

Emigrate?

1840s-1850s

Irish

Famine resulting

from failure of

potato crop.

To find food

1840s-1880s

Germans

Unemployment;

wars

To find jobs; to get

away from wars.

1870s-1900s

Norwegians,

Danes, Swedes

Shortage of

farmland

To find new

farmland

1880s-1920s

Poles

Poverty; an

outbreak of cholera

To find jobs;

escape illness.

1880s-1920s

Jews from Eastern

Europe

Religious

persecution

To be able to

worship freely.

1880s-1920s

Austrians, Czechs,

Hungarians,

Slovaks, Italians

Poverty;

overpopulation

To find jobs

1910-1920s

Mexicans

Unemployment;

wars

To find jobs; to get

away from wars.

Where Did the Immigrants Come From?

Ellis Island Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor near the Statue of Liberty,

served as a reception and processing center for most immigrants arriving by

ship from Europe in 1892.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRyO

5WCMFqs&index=2&list=PLrDqFKWaT

2eDXZJLusFS1nZ6-r5nwhmFK

Did You Know? It is estimated that

the ancestors of almost one-half of all

the people living in the United States

today passed through Ellis Island as

immigrants. Today Ellis Island is

open to the public. It contains the

Ellis Island Immigration Museum.

By this law, immigrants had to be

examined, and all convicts,

polygamists, prostitutes,

anarchists, persons suffering

from loathsome or contagious

diseases, and persons liable to

become public disturbances and

problems were all excluded from

the U.S.

Scene from the Godfather

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubT-

Bm36L2U

Angel Island

The reception center located near San Francisco, Ca. for immigrants arriving

by ship from Asia.

Immigrants [After 1890]

By 1890 the United States was overflowing with immigrants as about 10

million immigrants arrived every five years from Southern and Eastern

Europe including Greeks, Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Jews, and

Russians.

Illiterate immigrants were willing to work cheap, accused of stealing jobs,

and easy prey for corrupt politicians.

Greeks

Italians

Poles

Hungarians

Russians

Irish

Nativists US citizens who opposed immigration. Often mistrusted foreigners whose

cultural ways they could not understand. Foreign immigrants were victims of

violence and discrimination.

Hey McFly…

Why don’t you

act like a tree

and go! Don’t you mean

act like a tree…

and leave Biff?

The increase in immigration led to

nativism, an extreme dislike for foreigners

by native-born people and the desire to

limit immigration. Earlier, in the 1840s

and 1850s, nativism was directed towards

the Irish. In the early 1900s, it was the

Asian, Jews, and eastern Europeans that

were the focus of nativism.

Problems and Concerns Caused by Immigration:

Many US citizens felt that immigrants took jobs away from people born in the

US. Most US citizens were Protestants, while many of the arriving immigrants

were Catholics.

How to Become a Citizen of the United States? In order to acquire citizenship, an applicant must:

• File a petition for naturalization.

• Demonstrate the ability to read, write, and speak everyday English.

Exceptions: Persons physically unable to do so and people over

50 years old who have lived in the United States for 20 or more years.

• Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of

United States history and government.

• Present two reliable American citizens to serve as witnesses to the

applicant's character, residence, and loyalty.

• Renounce any allegiance to his/her former country and take an oath

of allegiance to the United States.

Literacy tests: Passed by Congress in 1917 in order to restrict immigration, the law enlarged the group of

immigrants that could be excluded from the United States. Literacy tests were imposed on all immigrants, and any

immigrant who could not pass the tests was not allowed entry into the U.S.

Additional Notes About Naturalization:

Naturalized citizens:

• Have the same rights as native-born citizens.

• May hold public office except the Presidency or Vice-

president.

Children born to foreign parents while in the United States are

considered native-born citizens.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act that barred Chinese

immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in America

from becoming citizens. Supported by American workers who worried

about losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants who would work for less pay.

This act was renewed by Congress in 1892, made permanent in 1902, and

not repealed until 1943.

•

Chinese Exclusion Acts of 1882

Ethnic Neighborhoods

Neighborhoods where immigrants

from a certain region or country

tended to live together due to their

common culture, language, and

heritage.

Little Italy, New York City, circa 1901

Chinatown, New York City

Irish Neighborhood

Polish Neighborhood

Germantown,

Chicago, Ill.

Ethnic Neighborhood Examples

Urban Slums

Poor, inner-city neighborhoods.

Overcrowded and impoverished, these slums often had open

sewers that attracted rats and other disease-spreading pests.

Tenements

Built by a landlord, tenements were small housing units that were extremely

overcrowded, poorly built, and that contained filth. There was a lack of fresh

air and light in these housing units, and in addition, they were inhabited

mainly by new immigrants. The worst tenements became known as slums.

Sweatshops These were makeshift factories set up by private contractors in small

apartments or unused buildings.

Sweatshops relied on poor workers (usually immigrants) who worked long

hours for little pay.

Jane Addams and Hull House

The settlement house movement was promoted by reformers who felt it was

their Christian duty to improve the living conditions of the poor. Jane

Addams set up settlement houses in poor neighborhoods. Addams opened Hull

House in 1889 and inspired many others, including Lillian Wald’s Henry

Street settlement house in New York City. Medical care, recreation programs,

and English classes were provided at settlement houses.

Margaret Sanger (1883-1966)

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early

1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the

suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy.

Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control

League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

In 1917, Margaret Sanger was jailed for one month for

establishing the first birth control clinic.

Urbanization & Urban

Growth

Urban Growth

A growing population meant more people were living in the city. As cities grew,

more jobs were opening up for people to get a better pay, have benefits, and

live a more luxurious life than living on the farm.

Today, more than 95% of today's population lives in the cities.

The New Urban Lifestyle and Entertainment:

People looked for ways to amuse themselves after the work day

had ended, so new means of leisure and entertainment began to

grow in the cities.

Among men, saloons became popular places to drink, socialize,

forge bonds, and engage in politics.

Women enjoyed dance halls and cabarets where they could

watch musical shows and try the latest dances.

For families, there were amusement parks and vaudeville shows

(inexpensive variety shows).

City parks were developed. Most notable was New York's

Central Park.

Urban Hazards Water

1860s cities had inadequate or no piped water and indoor plumbing was rare.

Filtration was introduced in the 1870s and chlorination in 1908.

Sanitation

Horse manure littered streets, open gutters, factory smoke, and poor trash

collection.

By 1900, cities began to develop sewer lines and create sanitation

departments.

City Sanitation [Story of US] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cf2zBYjvFMI

Urban Hazards Crime

As urban population grew, so did its crime rate.

Early police forces were too small to be effective.

Fire

Limited water supply within cities to put out fires.

Building were built close which enabled fires to spread quickly.

Many building were made of wood.

Most firefighters were volunteers and not always available.

by 1900, most cities had full-time professional fire departments.

Rise in Crime [Story of US]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tSO2P0QCTk

Patterns of Urban Growth-Series of Rings (1865-1900)

Center Ring- Central Business District

Second Ring- Apartments occupied by the poor

Third Ring- Middle class housing

Outer Ring- "Suburban" occupied by the Wealthy Upper Class

Outer Ring

Third Ring

Second Ring

Center Ring

Suburbs Residential areas outside the inner city increased divisions in economic classes

developed.

Those of the middle and upper classes moved further out and left the inner

city to the poorer classes and immigrants.

John A. Roebling (1806-1869)

Roebling pioneered the development of suspension bridges and designed the

Brooklyn Bridge, but died before its construction was completed.

Louis Sullivan (1856-1914)

Sullivan was an American architect who used steel frames to design sky

scrappers. He was also the founder of what is now the Chicago School of

Architects. His most famous pupil was Frank Lloyd Wright, who later

became a famous architect. Together with his partner Dankmar Adler, he

produced over 100 buildings.

Steel Construction Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEtZ-iQAVq0