HKS SUP-652, GSD SES-5304!

Transportation Planning and Development!

Fall 2014!(revised Aug 13, 2014)!!

Class Meetings!Mondays and Wednesday 3:30pm - 5:00pm, Room 517 Gund Hall (@GSD)!!Instructor Onesimo Flores Dewey !onesimo@gsd.harvard.edu; (617)-230-6112!40 Kirkland, Office 1E!!Office hours: Thursdays 3:30-5:30 and by appointment.!!Course overview!This is an introductory course that examines the complex relationship between transportation, land use and urban form, and the varied instruments available to planners seeking to influence this relationship. The course is roughly divided into three parts: First, we take a historical look at how technological innovations, socio-demographic shifts and political decision-making shaped the way people and goods move around cities today. We explore the contemporary “urban transportation problem,” that extends beyond satisfying mobility needs into addressing the impact of transportation choices on equity, congestion, air pollution, safety, urban sprawl, etc. Second, the course looks at how transportation planners craft projects and policies that are both technically sound and politically feasible, introducing (and critiquing) some of the tools and skills used by professionals in this field. Third, this course provides an overview of alternatives available to transportation planners, as they attempt to (a) reduce the public’s need for long and unnecessary motorized travel and (b) shift the movement of people to more socially efficient modes such as walking, biking, and public transit. In this section, we survey transportation innovations increasingly implemented in cities around the world, such as congestion charging, bus rapid transit and bike-sharing. Through lectures, discussions, case studies and written assignments, this course aims to introduce students to the field of transportation planning, and to develop their ability to critically analyze transportation plans and policies. !!Format!This is a lecture-based course, but I welcome (and encourage) engaged discussion, informed by your reading of the course material and from your own prior knowledge of the topics. This is also a comparative course. During the first weeks of the course we

concentrate on painting a rough picture of the stereotypical auto-oriented metropolitan area in the United States, which we then use as an analytical benchmark to survey transportation plans and policies implemented in several regions of the world, assessing their varied impact. Through the course, we weave together theory, policy analysis and practical skills. The required readings are a mix of case studies and analytic materials chosen to help us through this process. I will also incorporate material from our ongoing research at The Project for Transforming Urban Transport (currently focused on Mexico City, Seoul and Stockholm), news-clips of contemporary transportation debates, and pose questions to spark conversation. !!Course calendar!!Date! ! Topic! Session!!W Sep 3 ! A! Introduction and course overview!M Sep 8! ! B! History of the urban transport system and its impact on urban form !W Sep 10!! B! History of the urban transport system and its impact on urban form (II) (Cross-Bronx Expressway)!M Sep 15!! C! The Evolution of the Transportation Planning Process!W Sep 17!! C! The Evolution of the Transportation Planning Process (II)!M Sep 22!! D! Trends in modal choice, plausible determinants and impact!W Sep 24!! D! Trends in modal choice, plausible determinants and impact (II) (Atlanta)!M Sep 29!! E! Metropolitan-ization forces, patterns and concerns!W Oct 1! ! F! The Land Use Effects of Transportation Policies!M Oct 6! ! F! The Land Use Effects of Transportation Policies (II)!W Oct 8! ! G! The Transportation Effects of Land Use Policies (Portland)!M Oct 13! ! --! Columbus Day (no class)!W Oct 15!! G! The Transportation Effects of Land Use Policies (II)!M Oct 20! ! H! Transport planning as a technocratic activity!W Oct 22!! I! Transport planning as a political activity (Transmilenio case)!M Oct 27! ! J! Searching for the new Transit Metropolis!W Oct 29!! K! Managing the automobile (Congestion, congestion pricing)!M Nov 3! ! L! Managing the automobile (Parking)!W Nov 5! ! M! Improving public transit (Principles)!M Nov 10!! M! Improving public transit II (Transit modes)!W Nov 12!! N! Walking and cycling in the city !M Nov 17!! N! Walking and cycling in the city II (bike share)!W Nov 19!! O! Transport Finance!M Nov 24!! P! Transport planning in a developmental context!W Nov 26!! --! Thanksgiving break (no class)!M Dec 1 ! ! Q! Transport Planning in the information age!W Dec 3! ! --! Course wrap-up.!!Expectations and grading!There are no prerequisites to take this class. However, you are expected to come prepared to each class session, and to be an active participant. Your level of engagement with the class will affect your grade, but more importantly will greatly enhance the quality of our collective experience. The use of laptop computers during class is permitted to take notes, but I reserve the right to ban their use if they become too distracting. !!The final grade for the course will be based on the following:!!

• Attendance/Engagement: 10%!• Assignment 1 (due Sep 8): 5% (graded pass/fail)!• Assignment 2 (due on the day of the selected session): 30%!• Assignment 3 (due date varies, but must be completed before the last class): 25%!• Final Assignment: 30%!

• Proposal (due Oct 1) !• First draft and in class presentation (Dec 3) !• Final draft (due Dec 17 @10:00 am)!!

Assignments!!Assignment #1 - Introductions: This first assignment consists in a one-page note in which you will describe the urban transportation environment of the city you inhabited before moving to Cambridge, and introduce yourself. More precise instructions will be available in the course website.!!Assignment #2 – Summary and discussion of class readings: At the beginning of the semester, students will choose a specific class session to complete this assignment. By 10 pm on the night previous to your selected session, you will distribute to the group a brief (2-3 page) with key points drawn from the required and recommended readings. You should come to class prepared to lead a 10-15 minute discussion of the assigned material. !!Assignment #3 - Meeting Report: Each student will attend a meeting where a transportation concern is being discussed. This can be a meeting of a government agency or an NGO. I’ve complied the list below to get you started, but feel free to suggest alternatives:!!MBTA Public Meetings!Regional Transportation Advisory Council!Boston Metropolitan Planning Organization!Cambridge Bicycle Committee!Cambrige Pedestrian Committee!Cambridge Transit Advisory Committee!Boston Complete Streets Initiative!Boston Bikes!Arlington Bicycle Advisory Committee!MBTA Rider Oversight Committee!Friends of the Community Path!Livable Streets Alliance!Massachusetts Bicycle Coalition!!Please keep in mind that many meetings are held only monthly or quarterly and thus it is necessary to research and plan ahead. You may want to call the organizers to make sure that the meeting is open to the public, and to confirm that the topics on the agenda are interesting and worth your time. Meetings may be held during business hours or in the evenings and you may need to make special arrangements to attend. Some

meetings (perhaps the best meetings) are project specific, and do not have a fixed monthly schedule. Here is a list of links to a few of the most relevant projects in the region that you may want to consider (again, remember I would be open to alternative proposals!)!!Green line extension project!Grounding McGrath Study!South Coast Rail Project!Silver Line Gateway Project!Sommerville Community Path!Arlington Mass Avenue Rebuild!Charles River Bridges Project!Proposed Bike Trails all over Boston-Metro!!You will write a memo describing and summarizing the meeting. The memo will be written in a style that is suitable as a briefing document for department heads and other staff members not at the meeting. The memo should provide a brief synopsis of the topic(s) being discussed, noting who was at the meeting and how was the meeting structured. Please summarize what was said (the key points raised, areas of agreement or disagreement, data sources, documents referenced or distributed, etc.) and outline the next steps the group will be pursuing. Finalize with a short conclusion suggesting what, if anything, organizers ought to have done differently to better advance their aims.!This memo should not exceed four single spaced pages. Please include as an annex electronic copies of additional material (not more than 60 additional pages) that would help the reader pursue the topic further, if interested. These documents may be recent reports/studies/etc. about the project under discussion, or any other useful background reading.!!This assignment will be due one week after the attended meeting. Please also note that this assignment must be completed in full prior to the last class session.!!Final Assignment - Research paper + presentation: For the final assignment, students will work in teams (2-3 members). In consultation with the instructor, each group will select a critical transportation issue, and develop a case study or research paper about it. Choose a topic that is manageable. It is better to produce a well researched paper on a narrow topic, than a shallow review of a broadly defined concern.The topic must be directly related to the material discussed in the course, but you are expected to conduct your own independent research. Finally, remember that I am not only looking for normative positions about your chosen topic, but also for a nuanced consideration of potential implementation challenges. !!To get you a sense of what kind of topics may be acceptable, here is a small list:!!

• Financing bike share in the USA: Lessons from NYC’s CitiBike!• From coverage to frequency: Re-designing the bus network in Houston, Tx.!• The diffusion of innovation in transportation: How did Bus Rapid Transit go viral?!

• If not the gas tax, what else? An assessment of the road user charge experiment in Oregon.!

• A revolution of the taxi industry: Regulatory challenges in an era of Uber.!• Informal jitneys in the developing world: How to preserve their “good” features

while ditching the “bad”?!• What can the Seoul highway removal experience teach the cities of North

America? !!This assignment will be completed in three stages. !!Students will first submit a two page proposal, including (a) a brief description of the policy issue as you currently understand it, (b) identification and summary of recent work on the same topic (at least 3-5 sources such as journal articles, reports, etc), and (c) proposed research methodology (data analysis, key informant interviews, etc). The team will schedule a meeting with the instructor to present and seek approval for their proposal. This two-pager should be emailed to the instructor on the day previous to this meeting. Please consider that your proposal meeting should take place no later than October 1.!!Proposal DUE: October 1 at the latest. (If the instructor request a revision to your proposal, this due date will be extended to October 6.)!!After the proposal is accepted, students will prepare a full “journal-like” paper on the topic. The length of the paper should be between 7,000 and 10,000 words. You are welcome to seek input from the instructor at anytime during the semester. Make sure to begin your work early, as work from other classes tends to accumulate toward the end of the semester. A “first draft” of the paper will be due on December 3 (last day of classes). This draft must at the very least contain a detailed outline, including a description of the work conducted, and your preliminary conclusions. !!Cite in the text by author and date (e.g., Smith, 2010). Prepare reference list in accordance with the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. !!Examples:!!

• Journal: Smith J M. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature 393:639–40.!• Book: Keeney RW. 1980. Sitting energy facilities. New York: Academic Press.!• Contribution to a Book: Hartley JT, Walsh DA. 1980. Contemporary issues in adult

development of learning. In: Poon LW (ed.), Ageing in the 1980s. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 27–52.!!

Paper draft DUE: December 3.!!Finally, you will present your preliminary findings during an in-class oral presentation, that will take place during the last class session (or during an alternative date TBD, depending on the number of teams). Each group will prepare a poster, and a one page

handout summarizing your paper for the class. The presentation and poster should be prepared in a concise, clear language, that a lay citizen would easily understand. Both your classmates and guest reviewers will be invited to volunteer comments. This feedback should be taken into account for revisions before submitting your final draft. !!In class presentation: December, 3 (Depending on the number of teams, we may have to make special arrangements for extended class time or an alternative date.) !!FINAL Paper submission: December, 17 by 10 am. !!Out of fairness to all, late assignments will not be accepted except under unusual circumstances. (Having an exam or another assignment due that day is not an unusual circumstance.) Please upload all your assignments to the course website by the start of class on their due date. In addition, submit one hard copy of the final assignment at the instructor’s office.!!Miscellaneous!If you feel that you may need accommodations for any sort of physical or learning disability, please speak to me after class, make an appointment to see me, or see me during my office hours.!!Plagiarism and cheating are not tolerated. Never (1) turn in an assignment that you did not write yourself, or (2) turn in an assignment for this class that you previously turned in for another class. If you do so, it may result in a failing grade for the class, and possibly even suspension from Harvard. Please see me if you have any questions about what constitutes plagiarism.!!Readings!There are two required textbooks: The Geography of Urban Transportation, 3rd edition, edited by Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano (2004, The Guilford Press) and Still Stuck in Traffic, by Anthony Downs (2004, Brookings). They will be available for purchase at the Coop, and in Amazon. If you are interested in public transit, I highly recommend that you purchase Human transit: How clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives, by Jarrett Walker (2012, Island Press).!There is no course pack. Required readings not included in the two required textbooks will be made available as PDFs or web links on the course site. The exception to this rule are a couple of HKS case studies, which will need to be purchased online. !!The lectures will not cover all of the material in the readings, so it is essential that you keep up with the required material. The list below includes readings marked as either required or recommended. Readings are listed for the class for which they should be read, although the “recommended” readings apply for the entire topic. Some readings are also marked with an *. This means that this reading includes a debate or a case that I intend to highlight in class. The list of readings in this syllabus is largely complete, but

we may add a few more topical readings (newsclips, blog posts, etc) or make adjustments as the course progresses.!!Topic outline and reading list !!Topic A. Introduction and course overview (W, 4-Sep).!!Required !!Downs, Anthony. 2004. “Traffic Congestion around the World”. Chapter 16 in Still stuck in traffic : coping with peak-hour traffic congestion. Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press. Pages 272-297.!Susan Hanson. 2004. “The context of urban travel: Concepts and recent trends”. Chapter 1 in The geography of urban transportation, 3rd edition, edited by Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano. New York: The Guilford Press. Pages 3-29.!!Lynch, Kevin. 1981. "Access," Chapter 10 in A theory of good city form. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Pages 187-204.!Recommended!!Pucher, John R., and Christian Lefevre. 1996. “Overview of urban transport systems and land use patterns in Europe and North America”. Chapter 2 in The urban transport crisis in Europe and North America. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Pages 7-42.!!Transportation Research Board. 2009. Critical issues in transportation, 2009 update. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board.!!Seeing the back of the car. The Economist, Sept 22. http://www.economist.com/node/21563280!!Atiya Achakulwisut. 2012. Car policy puts lust for votes over city's needs. Bangkok Post, Dec 25. http://m.bangkokpost.com/opinion/327780!!Topic B. History of the urban transport system and its impact on urban form (M, Sep 8, and W, Sep 10)! !Required !!Monday: !!Muller, Peter O. 2004. “Transportation and Urban Form: Stages in the Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis,” in Hanson and Giuliano, Geography of Urban Transportation. Pages 59-85.!!Foster, Mark. 1981. "The Planners and the Automobile," in From Streetcar to Superhighway: American City Planners and Urban Transportation, 1900-1940. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Pages 91-115.!!Moynihan, Daniel P. 1960. “New Roads and Urban Chaos,” The Reporter, April 14, pp. 13-20.!!Wednesday: !

*- Robert Caro. 1975. “One mile”; “One mile (afterward)”. Chapters 37 and 38 in The power broker: Robert Moses and the fall of New York, p. 850-894.!!Mohl, RA. 2004. Stop the road: Freeway revolts in American cities. Journal of Urban History 30 (5): 674-706.!!Recommended!!* Jones, David. 1985. "Transit's Growth and Decline: A Play in Eight Acts," in Urban Transit Policy: An!Economic and Political History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Pages 28-95.!!Jackson, Kenneth T. “The Transportation Revolution and the Erosion of the Walking City,” in Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. Pages 20-44.!!Peter D. Norton. 2008. Blood, grief, anger. Chapter 1 in Fighting traffic: The dawn of the motor age in the American city. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.!!Schaeffer, K. H. and Elliott Sclar. 1980. “The Walking City, the Tracked City, and the Rubber City,” in Access for All: Transportation and Urban Growth. New York: Columbia University Press. Pages 8-60.!!Foster, Mark S. “The Turn-of-the-Century City” and “Transportation and the Changing City”. Chapters 1 and 3 in From Streetcar to Superhighway: American City Planners and Urban Transportation, 1900-1940. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981. !!Schrag, Zachary M. 2000. "The Bus Is Young and Honest": Transportation Politics, Technical Choice, and the Motorization of Manhattan Surface Transit, 1919-1936. Technology and Culture 41 (1):51-79.!!Topic C. The evolution of the transportation planning process (M, Sep 15 and W, Sep 17)!!Required!!Monday:!!Wachs, Martin. 2004. “Reflections on the Planning Process,” In Hanson and Giuliano, Geography of Urban Transportation. Pages 141-162.!!* Black, Alan. 1990. The Chicago Area Transportation Study: A Case Study of Rational Planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research 10 (1):27-37.!!* Flores Dewey, Onesimo, and Christopher Zegras. 2012. The costs of inclusion: Incorporating existing

bus and paratransit operators into Mexico City’s BRT.!!Read Black before Flores and Zegras… think about the differences between the transportation planning process followed in Chicago vs the one followed in Mexico City.!!Wednesday:!!Litman, Todd. 2013. The new transportation planning paradigm. ITE Journal 83: 20-28. Available here: http://www.vtpi.org/paradigm.pdf!!

Kenworthy, Jeff. 2012. Don't shoot me, I'm only the transportation planner. World Transport Policy and Practice 18 (4): 6-26. Available here: http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/pdf/wtpp18.4.pdf!!Recommended !!Meyer, Michael and Eric Miller. 2001. "Transportation Planning and Decision Making," Urban Transportation Planning, Second Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pages 41-88.!!Weiner, Edward. 1992. "History of Urban Transportation Planning," in Public Transportation, Second Edition, George E. Gray and Lester A. Hoel, Editors. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Pages 46-76.!!Newman, Peter W. G. and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. 1992. "Is There a Role for Physical Planners?" Journal of the American Planning Association, 58:3, Summer. Pages 353-362.!!Heaney, Micheal T., and John Mark Hansen. 2006. Building the Chicago School. American Political Science Review 100 (4):589-594.!!Topic D. Trends in modal choice, plausible determinants and impact (M, Sep 22 and W, Sep 24)!!Required!!Monday:!!USPIRG. 2013. A New Direction: Our Changing Relationship with Driving and the Implications for America’s Future.!!Millard-Ball, Adam, and Lee Schipper. 2010. Are We Reaching Peak Travel? Trends in Passenger Transport in Eight Industrialized Countries. Transport Reviews 31 (3):357-378.!!Litman, Todd. 2014. The future isn’t what it used to be: Changing Trends And Their Implications For Transport Planning. Available at: http://www.vtpi.org/future.pdf!!Wednesday:!!*- Bertaud, Alain. 2002. “Clearing the Air in Atlanta: Transit and Smart Growth or Conventional Economics?” Available online at <http://alain-bertaud.com/images/AB_Clearing_The_Air_in%20Atlanta_1.pdf>.!!Watch: Dunham-Jones, Ellen. 2010. “Retrofitting Suburbia”, Presentation at Ted x Atlanta, January. Available online at: http://www.ted.com/talks/ellen_dunham_jones_retrofitting_suburbia!!Compare mode shares in European cities: http://www.epomm.eu/tems/index.phtml with mode shares in US cities: http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2010/10/13/transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes/. (These sources are mere suggestions. Feel free to look around).!!Recommended!!Christine Bae. 2004. Transportation and the Environment. Chapter 13 in Hanson and Giuliano, Geography of Urban Transportation, pages 356-381.!!

Pucher and Renne. 2003. “Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS.” Transportation Quarterly 57(3): 49–77.!!Schipper, Lee. 2011. Automobile use, fuel economy and CO2 emissions in industrialized countries: Encouraging trends through 2008? Transport Policy, Volume 18, Issue 2 (March). Pages 358–372.!!David Greene. 2004. Transportation and Energy. Chapter 10 in Hanson and Giuliano, Geography of Urban Transportation, pages 274-293.!!Samimi, Amir, Mohammadian, Abolfazl, Madanizadeh, Seyedali. 2009. Effects of transportation and built environment on general health and obesity. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 14, Issue 1, pages 67-71.!!http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/RoundTables/2012-Long-run-Trends/index.html!!Hull, Angela. 2011. Understanding current patterns of transport behaviour in Europe. Chapter 2 in Transport matters: integrated approaches to planning city-regions, RTPI library series. London ;New York: Routledge, p. 18-47!!If interested in this topic, I suggest that you skim: !!Pisarski, A. 2007. Commuting in America III: The Third National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends. Transportation Research Board, 2007. Accessible at: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/CIAIII.pdf Podcast accessible at: http://www.trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=6699!!Cameron, I., T. J. Lyons, and J. R. Kenworthy. 2004. Trends in vehicle kilometers of travel in world cities, 1960-1990: underlying drivers and policy responses. Transport Policy 11 (3):287-298.!!Committee for an International Comparison of National Policies and Expectations Affecting Public Transit. 2001. “Transit Use, Automobility, and Urban Form: Comparative Trends and Patterns,” Making Transit Work: Insight from Western Europe, Canada, and the United States. Transportation Research Board Special Report 257. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Pages 17-64.!!Topic E. Metropolitan-ization forces, patterns and concerns (M, Sep 29)!!Required!Monday:!!Mieszkowski, P. & E. Mills. 1993. The Causes of Metropolitan Suburbanization. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Summer). Pages 135-147.!!Ingram, G. 1998. Patterns of Metropolitan Development: What Have We Learned? Urban Studies, Vol. 35, No. 7 (June): pp. 1019-1035.!!The following 4 articles exemplify a recurring debate in the literature. All are worthwhile, but if pinched with time, choose either the 1997 or the 2005 editions.!!*- Gordon, P. and H. Richardson. 1997. “Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?” Journal of the American Planning Association 63: pp. 94-106!!*- Ewing, R. 1997, “Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable?” JAPA 63, pp. 107-126. !!

* Krieger, A. 2005. The Costs and Benefits of Sprawl. In Sprawl and suburbia : a Harvard design magazine reader edited by W. S. Saunders. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.!!* Dunham-Jones, Ellen. 2005. Smart Growth in Atlanta: A response to Krieger and Kiefer. In Sprawl and suburbia: A Harvard Design Magazine reader edited by W. S. Saunders. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.!!Recommended!!* Alonso, William. 1974. The Historic and Structural Theories of Urban Form: Their implications for urban renewal. In An urban world, edited by C. Tilly. Boston: Little, Brown.!!* Dreier, P, J Mollenkopf, and T Swanstrom. 2001. The facts of economic segregation and sprawl. Chapter 2 in Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-first Century, Studies in Government and Public Policy: Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.!!Glaeser, Edward L., Matthew E. Kahn and Jordan Rappaport. 2000. “Why Do The Poor Live In Cities?” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 7636. Read pages 1-29. Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w7636.pdf!!Glaeser, E. Are Cities Dying? 1998. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, Issue 2 (Spring): 139-160.!!Heilbrun, James and Patrick A. McGuire. 1987. "Site Rent, Land-Use Patterns, and the Form of the City," in Urban Economics and Public Policy, Third Edition. New York: Saint Martin's Press. Pages 107-138.!!Pickrell, Don. 1999. “Transportation and Land Use.” In Essays in Transportation Economics and Policy: A Handbook in Honor of John R. Meyer, Gomez-Ibanez, Tye, and Winston, Editors. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Pages 403-435.!!Giuliano, Genevieve. 1989. "New Directions for Understanding Transportation and Land Use," Environment and Planning A, 21, pp. 145-159.!!Crane, R. 1997, “Sprawl, I Hardly Know Ye,” JAPA 63, pp. 278-279.! !TOPIC F. The Land Use Effects of Transportation Policies (W, Oct 1 and M, Oct 6)!!Required!!Wednesday:!!Giuliano, Genevieve. 2004. “Land Use Impacts of Transportation Investments: Highway and Transit,” in Hanson and Giuliano, Geography of Urban Transportation. Pages 237-273.!!Baum-Snow, Nathaniel. 2007. Did Highways Cause Suburbanization? Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (2), pages 775-805.!!** Watch Jay Walder’s talk at the Kennedy Forum: http://forum.iop.harvard.edu/content/queens-hong-kong-more-just-train-ride!!Monday:!!

Cervero. “Induced Travel Demand: Research Design, Empirical Evidence, and Normative Policies,” Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 17, No. 1 (August 2002), pages. 3-20.!!Cervero, Robert. 2003. “Are Induced Travel Studies Inducing Bad Investments?” Access, 22, Spring, !22-27. !!Cervero, R. Jobs-Housing Balance Revisited: Trends and Impacts in the San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 62, No. 4 (1996): 492-511!!Recommended!!** Boarnet, Marlon Gary, and Andrew F. Haughwout. 2000. Do highways matter?: Evidence and policy implications of highways' influence on metropolitan development. Washington, DC: Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, the Brookings Institution.!!Geurs, Karst T., and Bert van Wee. 2004. Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography. 12 (2):127.!!Boarnet, M. G., and S. Chalermpong. 2001. New Highways, House Prices, and Urban Development: A Case Study of Toll Roads in Orange County, CA. Housing policy debate. 12: 575-606.!!Loukaitou-Sideris. 1996. “There’s No There There: Or Why Neighborhoods Don’t Readily Develop Near Light- Rail Transit Stations,” Access, 9. Pages 2-6.!!Skinner, Robert E., Jr. 1996. “Point of View: The Transportation-Land Use Interaction -- Introduction,” TR News, 187. Page 6.!!Moore, Terry. 1996. “Premises and Promises: Putting the Transportation-Land Use Relationship in Context,” TR News, 187. Pages 7-8.!!Cervero, Robert and John Landis. 1996. “Why the Transportation-Land Use Connection is Still Important,” TR News, 187. Pages 9-11.!!Giuliano, Genevieve. 1996. “Transportation, Land Use, and Public Policy, TR News, 187. Pages 12-13. !!Leinberger, Christopher B. 1996. “Standardizing the American Dream,” TR News, 187. Pages 14-15.!!Epstein, Lee R. 1996. “Integrating the Environment and Land Use into Transportation Decision making,” TR News, 187. Pages 16-17.!!Cervero, Robert and John Landis. 1997. “Twenty Years of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System: Land Use and Development Impacts,” Transportation Research A, 31(4): 309-333.!!Boarnet, Marlon and Randall Crane. 1997. “L.A. Story: A Reality Check for Transit-Based Housing,” Journal of the American Planning Association, 63:2. Pages 189-204.!!Huang, Herman. 1996. “The Land Use Impacts of Urban Rail Transit Systems,” Journal of Planning Literature, 11(1): 17-30.!!TOPIC G. The Transportation Effects of Land Use Policies (W, Oct 8 and W, Oct 15.) (Note no class on Oct 13!) !!Required!

!Wednesday Oct 8:!!Downs, Anthony. 2004. “Remedies That Increase Densities,” Chapter 12 in Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Pages 200-227.!!Downs, Anthony. 2004. “Local Growth Management Policies,” Chapter 15 in Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Pages 258-271.!!Warner, K., and H. Molotch. 1995. Power to Build: How Development Persists Despite Local Controls. Urban Affairs Review 30 (3): 378.!!We will watch and discuss this movie in class:!!Northern Lights Productions: Portland: The Quest for the Livable City (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, DVD, 2008, 58 minutes). Watch trailer here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avNmiHnSXns!!Wednesday Oct 15:!Crane, Randall. 2000. “The Influence of Urban Form on Travel: An Interpretive Review,” Journal of Planning Literature, 15(1): 3-23.!!Crane, R. On form versus function: Will the new urbanism reduce traffic, or increase it? Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 15 (1996): 117-126.!!Recommended!!Boarnet, M. and Randall Crane. 2001. Travel by design: The influence of urban form on travel. New York: Oxford University Press!!Downs, Anthony. 2004. “Concentrating Jobs in Large Clusters,” Chapter 14 in Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak- Hour Traffic Congestion. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Pages 245-257.!!Bae, Chang-Hee Christine. 2001. “Technology Vs. Land Use: Alternative Strategies to Reduce Auto-related Air Pollution,” Planning and Markets, 4(1): 1-20.!!Boarnet, Marlon, and Sharon Sarmiento. 1998. Can land use policy really affect travel behavior? Urban Studies 35, no. 7: 1155-69.!!Schafer, Andreas. 2000. Regularities in travel demand: an international perspective. Journal of Transportation and Statistics. 3 (3).!!Kockelman, Kara. 1997. Travel behavior as a function of accessibility, land use mixing, and land use balance: evidence from the San Francisco Bay area. Transportation Research Record 1607: 116-25.!!Wilson, Richard W. 1995. “Suburban Parking Requirements: A Tacit Policy for Automobile Use and Sprawl,” Journal of the American Planning Association, 61:1. Pages 29-42.!!Dittmar, Hank, and Gloria Ohland. 2003. The new transit town: best practices in transit-oriented development. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.!!Topic H. Transport planning as a technocratic activity (M, Oct 22)!

!Required!!Beimborn, E., R. Kennedy, and W. Schaefer. Inside the Black Box: Making Transportation Models Work for Livable Communities. Citizens for a Better Environment and the Environmental Defense Fund, 1995.!!Meyer, M. and E. Miller. Urban Transportation Planning. Chapter 5, Sections 5.1 (pages 247-255) and 5.4 (pages 270-289).!!Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette Skamris Holm, and Søren L. Buhl. "How (In)accurate Are Demand Forecasts in Public Works Projects? The Case of Transportation." Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 71, no. 2, Spring 2005, pp. 131-146.!!Wachs, M. “Forecasting versus envisioning: A new window on the future.” (Part of the Symposium: Putting the Future in Planning) Journal of American Planning Association, Autumn 2001, 367–372.!!Guttenplan, M, Landis, B. W., Crider, L., & McLeod, D. S. 2001. Multimodal Level-of-Service Analysis at Planning Level. Transportation Research Record 1776. p. 151-158.!!Recommended!!Chapter 7: Operational Analysis Methods. (From: Signalized Intersections: Informational Guide. FHWA-HRT-04-091. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Infrastructure Research and Development (R&D). http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/04091/07.cfm#chp70 August 2004. (15p). !!Hartgen, David T. 2013. Hubris or humility? Accuracy issues for the next 50 years of travel demand modeling. Transportation 40 (6):1133-1157.!!Travel Model Improvement Program. Urban Transportation Planning in the United States: A Historical Overview. Chapter 8: Transition to Short-Term Planning. http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/clearinghouse/docs/utp/ch8.htm.!!Marshall, N. and Grady, B. 2005. “Travel Demand Modeling for Regional Visioning and Scenario Analysis.” TRR 1921. The National Research Council, Washington, D.C.(8p). !!Topic I. Transport planning as a political activity (W, Oct 22)!!Required!!* TransMilenio: The Battle over Avenida Séptima. John F. Kennedy School of Government Case Program, 2011.!!Sorensen, Paul, Martin Wachs, Endy M. Daehner, Aaron Kofner, Liisa Ecola, Mark Hanson, Allison Yoh, Thomas Light, and James Griffin. 2008. Theoretical Insights on Political Consensus Building. In Moving Los Angeles: Short-Term Policy Options for Improving Transportation. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.!!D. Banister, J. Pucher, and M. Lee-Gosselin, “Making Sustainable Transport Politically and Publicly Acceptable,” in Rietveld, P. and Stough, R., eds., Institutions and Sustainable Transport: Regulatory Reform in Advanced Economies. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007, pages. 17-50.!!

Recommended!!Ardila, Arturo, and Fred Salvucci. 2001. Planning Large Transportation Projects: Six-Stage Model. Transportation Research Record. (1777): 116-122. !Altshuler and Luberoff, Mega-Projects, page 84 (line 7)-122.!!Popper, Frank J. 1991. Lulus and their blockage: the nature of the problem, the outline of the solutions. In Confronting Regional Challenges: Approaches to Lulus, Growth, and Other Vexing Governance Problems, edited by J. D. L. Graymer. Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.!!Ardila, Arturo. 2004. Transit Planning in Curitiba and Bogotá: Roles in Interaction, Risk, and Change, PhD Dissertation. Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Ma.!!Arnold Howitt, “Extending the Red Line to Arlington (A),” Managing Federalism (Congressional Quarterly Press, 1984), pp. 267-300.!!Adler, Sy. 1987. "Why BART but no LART? The Political Economy of Rail Rapid Transit Planning in the Los Angeles and San Francisco Metropolitan Areas, 1945-1957," Planning Perspectives, 2: 149-174.!!Joseph S. Szyliowicz and Andrew R. Goetz (1995), ‘Getting Realistic About Megaproject Planning: The Case of the New Denver International Airport’, Policy Sciences, 28 (4), November, 347-67!!Topic J. Searching for the next Transit Metropolis (M, Oct 27)!!Required!!Suzuki, Hiroaki, Robert Cervero, and Kanako Iuchi. 2013. Lessons from Sustainably-Oriented Cities. Chapter 2 in Transforming Cities with Transit. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank: 49-94.!!Cervero, Robert. 1998. The case for the transit metropolis. Chapter 1 in The transit metropolis : a global inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Island Press: 1-25!!* Lindau, Luis, Dario Hidalgo, and Daniela Facchini. 2010. Bus Rapid Transit in Curitiba, Brazil. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2193:17-27.!!*- Macedo, Joseli. 2013. Planning a Sustainable City: The Making of Curitiba, Brazil. Journal of Planning History. Online version available at: http://jph.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/04/17/1538513213482093!!Read: “Helsinki’s ambitious plan to make car ownership pointless in ten years” in The Guardian: http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/jul/10/helsinki-shared-public-transport-plan-car-ownership-pointless!!Recommended!!Hull, Angela. 2011. Integrated territorial planning in practice: Case studies. Chapter 7 in Transport matters: integrated approaches to planning city-regions, RTPI library series. London ;New York: Routledge, p. 176-232!!Cervero, Robert. 1998. Drawing lessons and debunking myths. Chapter 16 in The transit metropolis : a global inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Island Press: 401-414!!

*- Rabinovitch, Jonas, and Josef Leitman. 1996. Urban Planning in Curitiba. Scientific American. 274 (3):46.!!Topic K. Managing the automobile: Congestion, congestion pricing (W, Oct 29)!!Required !!Genevieve Giuliano and Susan Hanson. 2004. Managing the auto. Chapter 14 in The geography of urban transportation. Pages 382-404.!!Anthony Downs. 2004. Introduction; The benefits of peak-hour traffic congestion; How bad is traffic congestion?. Chapters 1, 2 and 3 in Still stuck in traffic: Coping with peak-hour traffic congestion. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Pages 1-36.!!Taylor, Brian D. 2006. “Putting a Price on Mobility: Cars and Contradictions in Planning,” Longer View, Journal of the American Planning Association, 72 (3): 279-284.!!King, D., M. Manville, et al. (2007). "The political calculus of congestion pricing." Transport Policy 14(2): 111-123.!!We will try to discuss the Stockholm Congestion Tax in class.!!* Borjesson, M., J. Eliasson, et al. (2012). "The Stockholm congestion charges‚ -5 years on. Effects, acceptability and lessons learnt." Transport Policy 20(0): 1-12.!!Recommended!!Tom Vanderbilt. 2008. (i) Why ants don't get into traffic jams (and humans do): On cooperation as a cure for congestion. (ii) Why women cause more congestion than men (and other secrets of traffic). Chapters 4 and 5 in Traffic: Why we drive the way we do (and what it says about us). Alfred A. Knopf: New York.!!Stopher, Peter R. 2004. Reducing road congestion: a reality check. Transport policy. 11 (2): 117-131.!!Taylor, Brian D. 2004. The politics of congestion mitigation. Transport policy 11 (3): 299-302.!!Altshuler, Alan. 2010. Equity, pricing, and surface transportation politics. Urban Affairs Review 46 (November). 155-179!!Hensher, David A., and Zheng Li. 2013. Referendum voting in road pricing reform: A review of the evidence. Transport Policy 25 (0):186-197.!!John Markoff. 2012. Incentives for drivers who avoid traffic jams. The New York Times, June 11. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/science/experimental-campaigns-pay-drivers-to-avoid-rush- hour-traffic.html!!Elizabeth Kolbert. 2007. Don't drive, he said. The New Yorker, May 7. http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2007/05/07/070507taco_talk_kolbert!!Contrast the metrics used in !!Texas Transportation Institute, 2012, Urban Mobility Report vs. Levinson, D. 2013. Access across America.!

!Topic L. Managing the automobile: Parking policy (M, Nov 3)!!Required!!Shoup, Donald C. 2005. The 21st century parking problem. Chapter 1 in The high cost of free parking. Chicago: Planners Press, American Planning Association. Pages 1-18.!!Weinberger, R., J. Kaehny, and M Rufo. 2010. US Parking Policies: An Overview of Management Strategies. New York: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (skim).!!Donald Shoup, “The Trouble with Minimum Parking Requirements,” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 33A, Nos. 7/8, September/November1999, pp. 549–574.!!* Michael Cooper and Jo Craven McGinty. 2012. A meter so expensive, it creates parking spots. The New

York Times, March 15. www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/us/program-aims-to-make-the-streets-of- san-francisco-easier-to-park-on.html!!

* Chatman, D. G., & Manville, M. (2014). Theory versus implementation in congestion-priced parking: An evaluation of SFpark, 2011–2012. Research in Transportation Economics, 44(0), 52-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2014.04.005!!Recommended!!Barter, P. 2010. Parking Policy in Asian Cities. Asia Development Bank.!!Michael Manville and Donald Shoup. 2004. People, parking, and cities. Access 25: 2-8.!!Ben Joseph, Eran. 2012. Rethinking a Lot. Cambridge: MIT Press. (Read intro and skim the rest).!!Donald Shoup. 2011. Ending the abuse of disabled parking placards. Access 39: 38-41.!!NYC Department of City Planning. 2011. Manhattan Core Parking Study.!Jeremy Nelson and Jason Schrieber. 2012. Smart parking revisted. Planning, May.!!Donald Shoup. 1999. Instead of free parking. Access 15: 8-13.!!Pierce, Gregory, and Donald Shoup. 2013. Getting the Prices Right. Journal of the American Planning Association 79 (1):67-81.!!Shoup, Donald C. 2005. Twenty-first century parking reforms. Afterword in The high cost of free parking. Chicago: Planners Press, American Planning Association. Pages 683-708.!!Topic M. Improving public transportation (W, Nov 5 and M, Nov 10)!!Required!!Wednesday:!!Walker, Jarrett 2012. Human transit: how clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives Washington, DC: Island Press. Read Chapters 1-4. Pages 1-58.!

!John Pucher. 2004. Public transit. Chapter 8 in Hanson and Giuliano, Geography of Urban Transportation. Pages 199-236.!!Monday:!!Hensher, David A. 1999. A bus-based transitway or light rail? Continuing the saga on choice versus blind commitment. Road & Transport Research 8 (3): 3-20.!!Ralph Buehler and John Pucher. 2011. “Making Public Transport Financially Sustainable,” Transport Policy, Vol. 19 (January). Pages 126-138. !!Tom Vanderbilt. 2011. Streetcars vs. Monorails. Slate, Jan 12. http://www.slate.com/articles/life/transport/2011/01/streetcars_vs_monorails.single.html!!Watch: http://www.ted.com/talks/enrique_penalosa_why_buses_represent_democracy_in_action.html!!Recommended!!Gwilliam, Kenneth M. 2008. Bus transport: Is there a regulatory cycle? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 42 (9):1183–1194.!!Jones, David W. 2008. Transit’s conversion to public ownership. Chapter 6 in Mass motorization + mass transit: an American history and policy analysis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Pages 137-171!!Wright, Lloyd, and Walter Hook. 2007. Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide. New York: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) (skim).!Aaron Golub. 2004. Brazil’s buses: Simply successful. Access 24: 2-9.!Martin Wachs. 2012. Planning for High Speed rail. Access 41: 38-41.!!Sullivan, Robert. “Subway on the Street”, New York Magazine, July 4, 2010. http://nymag.com/news/features/67027/!Topic N. Walking and cycling in the city (W, Nov 12 and M, Nov 17)!!Required!Wednesday:!!Boarnet, Marlon, Michael Greenwald, and Tracy McMillan. 2008. Walking, Urban Design, and Health. Journal of Planning Education and Research 27 (3): 341-358.!!Cervero, Robert., O. Sarmiento, E. Jacoby, L.E. Gomez, and A. Neiman. (2009) Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogotá. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 3(4): 203-226.!!Forsyth, A., & Oakes, J. M. 2013. Cycling, the Built Environment, and Health: Results of a Midwestern Study. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 9 (1), 49-58. doi: 10.1080/15568318.2012.725801!!

Zacharias, John. 1999. “The Amsterdam Experiment in Mixing Pedestrians, Trams, and Bicycles.” ITE Journal: 22-28. !!Marshall, Wesley E., and Norman W. Garrick. 2011. Evidence on Why Bike-Friendly Cities Are Safer for All Road Users. Environmental Practice 13 (01):16-27.!!Watch President Lee Myung-Bak discuss the South Korean National biking strategy: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMXlcOVgDTQ&feature=player_embedded!!Monday:!!John Pucher and Ralph Buehler. 2012. “International Overview: Cycling Trends in Western Europe, North America and Australia. Chapter 1 in City Cycling. Edited by John Pucher and Ralph Buehler. Cambridge: MIT Press. Pages 9-30.!!Furth, Peter G. 2012. “Bicycling infrastructure for mass cycling: A Transatlantic comparison. Chapter 6 in City Cycling. Edited by John Pucher and Ralph Buehler. Cambridge: MIT Press. Pages 105-140.!!DeMaio, Paul. 2009. Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future. Journal of Public Transportation 12 (4):41-56.!!*- DC Bike Sharing: Tom Vanderbilt. 2013. The best Bike-sharing program in the United States. Slate.com, January 7. http://www.slate.com/articles/life/doers/2013/01/capital_bikeshare_how_paul_demaio_gabe_klein_adrian_fenty_and_other_dc_leaders.html!!Emily Badger. 2012. Dedicated bike lanes can cut cycling injuries in half. The Atlantic Cities, Oct 22. http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2012/10/dedicated-bike-lanes-can-cut-cycling-injuries- half/3654/!!Watch: Riding the bike-share boom http://www.streetfilms.org/riding-the-bike-share-boom/!!Recommended!!ITDP. 2013. Bike Share Planning Guide. New York. Available at: http://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ITDP-Bike-Share-Planning-Guide-1.pdf!!Parkes, Stephen D., Greg Marsden, Susan A. Shaheen, and Adam P. Cohen. 2013. Understanding the diffusion of public bikesharing systems: evidence from Europe and North America. Journal of Transport Geography 31 (0):94-103.!!Transport for London. 2008. Feasibility study for a central London cycle hire scheme. Available from: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/cycle-hire-scheme-feasibility-full-report-nov2008.pdf!!NYC Department of City Planning. 2009. “The case for bike-share in New York City”. Chapter 2 in Bike Share-opportunities in New York City. New York. Available from: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/transportation/td_bike_share.shtml!!Frank, L., et al. 2006. Many pathways from land use to health: Associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality. Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 72, No. 1 (Winter): 75-87.!!

John Pucher and Lewis Dijkstra. 2003. Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: Lessons from the Netherlands and Germany. American Journal of Public Health 39 (9) 1509-1516.!!Flegenheimer, Matt. 2013. Bike-Share System for New York Is Built With Ideas From Around the World. The New York Times, May 21. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/nyregion/a-bike-share-system-for-new-york-built-from-ideas-around-the-world.html?smid=tw-nytmetro&_r=1&!!Robinson, D. L. 2006. No Clear Evidence From Countries That Have Enforced The Wearing Of Helmets. BMJ: British Medical Journal 332 (7543):722-725.!!Topic O. Transport Finance (W, Nov 19)!!Required!!Taylor, Brian. 2004. The Geography of Urban Transportation Finance. Chapter 11 in Hanson and Giuliano, Geography of Urban Transportation. Pages 294-331.!!Flyvbjerg, B. 2005. Machiavellian megaprojects. Antipode 37 (1):18-22.!!Walker, Jarrett 2012. “Can fares be fair?” Chapter 11 in Human transit: How clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives. Washington, DC: Island Press. Pages 135-146!!Batt, H. William. 2001. Value Capture as a Policy Tool in Transportation Economics: An Exploration in Public Finance in the Tradition of Henry George. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (1):195-228.!!Depending on time, we might use this case in class: Financing Public Transportation in Philadelphia. John F. Kennedy School of Government Case Program, 1981. http://www.ksgcase.harvard.edu/casetitle.asp?caseNo=476.0!!Recommended!!Read these blog posts from David Levinson and David King:!!• The case for (and against) public subsidy for public transport. Available from: http://www.streets.mn/

2013/04/22/the-case-for-and-against-public-subsidy-for-public-transport/!!• The case for (and against) public subsidy for roads. Available from: http://www.streets.mn/2013/05/06/

the-case-for-and-against-public-subsidy-for-roads/!!AECOM. March 2013. Big Move Implementation Economics: Revenue Tool Profiles. Available from: http://www.bigmove.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/RPT-2013-03-12-Revenue-Tool-Profiles.pdf!!Altshuler, Alan A., and David Luberoff. 2003. “Overview: Four political eras.” Chapter 2 in Mega-projects: the changing politics of urban public investment. Washington, D.C.; Cambridge, Mass.: Brookings Institution Press ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Pages 8-44.!!Agostini, CA, and GA Palmucci. 2008. The Anticipated Capitalization Effect of a New Metro Line on Housing Prices. Fiscal Studies 29 (2): 233-256.!!For a good, local discussion of transport finance, read: http://www.patriotledger.com/news/x919112085/Patrick-Don-t-repeal-automatic-gas-tax-hikes!

!!Topic P. Transport planning in a developmental context (M, Nov 24)!!Required!!Gwilliam, Kenneth M. 1997. Can Developing Countries Learn from Our Mistakes? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 553:168-179.!!Gwilliam, Kenneth M. 2008. Bus transport: Is there a regulatory cycle? . Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 42 (9):1183–1194.!!Cervero, Robert, and Aaron Golub. 2007. Informal transport: A global perspective. Transport Policy 14 (6):445-457.!!Mitric, Slobodan. 2013. Urban transport lending by the World Bank: The last decade. Research in Transportation Economics 40 (1):19-33.!!Figueroa, Oscar. 2013. Four decades of changing transport policy in Santiago, Chile. Research in Transportation Economics 40 (1):87-95.!!Muñoz, Juan Carlos, and Louis de Grange. 2010. On the development of public transit in large cities. Research in Transportation Economics 29 (1): 379-386.!!* Gómez Lobo, Andrés. 2012. The ups and downs of a public transport reform: the case of Transantiago. Serie Documentos de Trabajo.!!Estache, Antonio, and Andres Gomez-Lobo. 2005. Limits to competition in urban bus services in developing countries. Transport Reviews 25 (2):139-158.!!Recommended!!Wilkinson, Peter. 2010. The regulatory cycle stalled? An assessment of current institutional obstacles to regulatory reform in the provision of road-based public transport in Cape Town, South Africa. Research in Transportation Economics 29 (1):387-394.!!Gwilliam, Kenneth M. 2013. Cities on the move, ten years after. Research in Transportation Economics 40 (1):3-18.!!W, Nov 26 — No class. Thanksgiving break. !!Topic Q. Transport planning in the Information Age (M, Dec 1)!!Guest speaker: David Block-Schachter, Chief Scientist at Bridj !!“Pop up bus service hires away key T employee”, Boston Globe, May 2, 2014.!!Other readings TBD.!!Topic R. Course wrap up (W Dec 3)!