history of the periodic table of the elements (chem 1360) part 2
TRANSCRIPT
History of the Periodic Table of the Elements
(CHEM 1360)Part 2
REDISCOVERY OF
THE ELEMENTS —
following ancient footsteps
European element discovery sites
The Highlands in Scotland
The Road to Strontian
Up from Strontian to the Mine
Entrance to the Mine
Climbing down into the Mine
Searching for a vein
Discovery! Alkaline earth carbonates and silicates
Mediterranean element discovery sites
Monte Palermo, “three French leagues from Bologna”
Discovery! Nuggets of fosforo di Bologna!
Fosforo di Bologna — Barite, BaSO4
Argillaceous matrix — i.e., clay and mud
Early Mankind discovers a new substance with ductile, rather than brittle, failure
Nubians deliver goldto their King
(Temple in Thebes)
Gold, most highlydesired of the metals
because of its eternal nature
Roa Montan, Romania — ancient Roman gold mine
Rosa Montana — wax tablet to entrance
Rosa Montana — enough room for one slave laborer
Silver Joachimthalers — etymological source of “dollar”
Thaler, 1561, minted in Sankt Joachim, Bohemia
Sankt Joachim, Bohemia —now Jáchymov, Czech Republic
Copper vasefrom Cyprus
(Cyprus = cuprum)
The Canaanites (Hittites) with “iron
chariots”in the Book of Judges
Plato and Aristotle espouse a logical universe
The origin of the concept of “element” or “principle”
Macquer’s “Dictionnaire de Chymie,” 1777
The current concept of “Chemical Element,” as of 1777
The Discoveryof Phosphorus
The Birth of Science
Greek logic
Alchemicaldiscoveries
Religiousphilosophy
Aqua fortisSpiritus salus
Blue vitrolLiver of sulphurManna mercuriFlowers of zinc
etc., etc. . . .
By reason you can arrive at the truth, even when it is not intuitively obvious. . . .
There was a Beginning. . . .
There are Natural
Causes. . . .God works
through Natural Law
The Birth of Science
By experimentation andcareful reasoning we canarrive at these laws and
ultimate understanding. . . .
Alchemicaldiscoveries
Greek logic
Religiousphilosophy
Falun Mine, Sweden — major copper mine that served the early miners
Averting the Gnomesin the dark caves. . . .
The German wordfor gnome is “Kobold”
Cobaltite, CoAsS
The German word“Kupfernickel” means
copper devil
Annabergite, Ni3(AsO4)2•8H2O
Nicollite, NiAs
German element discovery sites
Klatschmondblumen,Harz Mountains, Germany
Tilkerode, East Harz Mountains
Tilkerode, East Harz Mountains — selenium-rich ore, source of thallium
Lead ores
Minimum, Pb3O4
Cerrusite, PbCO3, “white wax”
Mercury ore“sweating”quicksilver
East European element discovery sites
Touring across Romania. . . .
Gypsies panning and collecting gold in fleece(Daniel Edward Clarke, Nagyag, Romania, 1802)
Gypsies today. . . .
Hiking up the Transylvanians. . . .
Faa Bii, Romania — “forgotten” gold mine in the Transylvania Mountains
The mines have huge talus banks, rich in pyrites.
Fata Baii Mine, where tellurium was discovered —known originally by Hungarian name, “Fascebanya”
Romanian miners (and one Australian) at Faa Bii Mine
Britain element discovery sites
Hidden by a stream in Menaccan, Cornwall. . . .
Manaccan church, Cornwall, where Gregor preached
The Lord’s Prayer, in Cornish
Plaque in Manaccan Church
Panning for ilmenite, FeTiO3, the black sand that “follows the compass”
Scandinavian element discovery sites
Hisinger’s house, owner of Bastnäs Mineand mentor of Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Bengt Hogrelius with old Swedish chemistry text
The modest author does not include his name on the title page(Cronstedt, who discovered nickel)
It is clear that a substance is beinggiven off. . . . I call it “phlogiston”
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
Phlogiston is a universal principle given off by:
combustion
calxing
respiration
The atmosphere doesn’t become saturated with phlogiston because plants remove it
The world is thus a beautiful balanceincorporating the recycling of phlogiston
RespirationCombustionCalxing
Plants remove phlogiston
Prediction: Since a metal becomes heavierwhen it loses phlogiston to become a calx. . . .
Phlogiston
IronIron calx (rust)
Phlogiston musthave anti-gravity!
Clapham mansion, where Cavendishperformed his classic experiments
Lavoisier’s Elements, 1789
Lavoisier’s Elements
“Elements in the body”
“Earths”
“Nonmetallic elements”
“Metallic elements”