history final exam review

7/30/2019 History Final Exam Review

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Final Exam

Study Guide

Colonial America

1. Jamestown: First permanent colony for England in America.

2. Triangular Trade: Triangular trade was a small, profitable trading route started by peoplein New England who would barter a product to get slaves in Africa, and then sell them to theWest Indies in order to get the same cargo of goods that would help in repeating this process.This form of trading was used by New Englanders in conjunction with other countries in the1750's3. Middle Passage: The middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa toAmerica throughout the 1600's; it consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean;many slaves perished on this segment of the journey4. Albany Plan of Union: The Albany Plan was proposed by Benjamin Franklin at theAlbany Congress in 1754 in Albany, New York. It was an early attempt at forming a union ofthe colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general

important purposes" during the French and Indian War. Franklin's plan of union was one ofseveral put forth by various delegates of the Albany Congress5. French & Indian War: French with the help of Native Americans would raid the Englishfrontier and massacre men, women, and children. Washington had his first skirmish at FortDuquesne and lost. England faced guerrilla warfare from the Native Americans but neverchanged their style. William Pitt took control for England revised the British army (e.g.removing inept commanders). England finally takes Quebec which leads to the Treaty of Paris,ending the war.6. Treaty of Paris (1763): Was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of GreatBritain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the Seven Years' War. Thetreaty marked the beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside of Europe

American Revolution1. Mercantilism: Theory that money, especially gold and silver, is what makes a nationpowerful. Colonies were formed to enrich the mother country2. Navigation Acts: English laws enforced on the colonies that restricted the destinations ofAmericas ships and dictated what the colonists could grow. This caused an increase insmuggling because the merchants wanted to make the largest profit possible3. Salutary Neglect: England was too focused on the battles in Europe that it did not enforcethe laws in America. This caused America to prosper and allowed colonists to form their owninstitutions which made it difficult for England to regain control4. Sugar Act of 1764: England needed money to pay off its debts left from centuries offighting wars. So Parliament passed the Sugar Act which lowered the duty of molasses but it

was going to be enforced. Because of salutary neglect, colonists bribed the officers but nowhave to pay more money.5. Stamp Act of 1765: British began taxing everyday items that colonists were using.Specially stamped paper had to be bought to show that the tax was paid, and the stamp had tobe placed on every piece of printed material. Americans now believed that Parliament could taxanything and rebelled.6. Sons of Liberty: The richest and most respectable men formed this secret society toterrorize the agents of the British who were trying to sell the tax stamps


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7. Sam Adams: Was one of the most able organizers of colonial rebellion who was a masterof propaganda and mob tactics. Painted the Boston Massacre in an effort to rile up anti-Britishfeelings8. Stamp Act Congress: Nine of thirteen colonies sent official representation from theircolonial assemblies to a special Stamp Act Congress in NYC to protest taxation by Parliament

and the widening authority of the Admirality Courts9. Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts): An attempt to punish Boston by closing its port. Theyalso undermined the independence of the colonial government by taking power away from theAssembly the power to appoint the Governors Council and giving it to the king. Also, theyinterfered with local government by forbidding town meetings. Another clause said that allgovernment officials and soldiers would be tried in England as well as giving British troops theright to take over taverns, and private homes10. John Adams: Defended the British at the Boston Massacre. During the First ContinentalCongress, he wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to England and signed theDeclaration of Independence. At the end of the war Adams signed the Treaty of Paris to endthe war

11. Patrick Henry: An energetic freedom-loving colonist who desired outright Independenceand gave the memorial words Give me liberty, or give me death in an effort to persuadecolonists for his cause12. Thomas Paine: Wrote one of the most influential pamphlet called Common Sense to helpthe cause of freedom. He urged that it was common sense to stop recognizing King GeorgeIII and that we were destined to be free of kings and tyrants.13. Bunker Hill: Militia men from New England gathered in Boston and were fortified inBreeds Hill (Not Bunker Hill) and twice repelled British charges but eventually lost because ofthe lack of supplies. Even though it was a military defeat, it was a moral victory for America.14. King George III: Was the king of England who ruled over colonial America. His actscaused the revolutionary spirits from the colonists

15. Olive Branch Petition: After Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress sent the Olive BranchPetition to the king asking that Parliament to stop trying to enslave the colonies and that theyonly wanted peace with England. The king refused to hear the petition and caused theCongress to issue a declaration of war16. Paul Revere: Made the celebrated Midnight ride to tell the people that the British wereabout to arrive in Concord and Lexington17. Lexington & Concord: The British heard that there were military supplies in Lexingtonand Concord and tried to quickly destroy them. Paul Revere and William Dawes warned thecolonists and prepared 70 Minutemen, who were defeated. But the British were pestered bythe American countryside and suffered large losses. Began the Revolutionary War18. Declaration of Independence: America formally announced their Independence in this

document written by Thomas Jefferson and signed by the Continental Congress. Listed all the

grievances of the British that caused them to declare Independence and was signed on July 4th

,177619. Loyalists (Tories): Were colonists who were still loyal to England who the British hopedwould aid them during the war but did not.20. Militia: All able-bodied citizens capable of bearing arms in order to serve as a defensiveforce


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21. George Washington: Commander-in-Chief for the Continental Army that eventually ledthe colonists to victory22. Saratoga: Was an American victory and the turning point of the war. French now sign atreaty of alliance to bring French aid into the warn23. Marquis de Lafayette: Led the newly arrived French troops who trapped Cornwallis in

Yorktown24. Yorktown: Where Cornwallis was trapped and surrendered his army and all of its arsenalto Washington and Cornwallis thus ending the Revolutionary War25. Treaty of Paris (1783): The Treaty of Paris officially recognized America as a separateindependent State. It determined which lands were controlled by the Americans. The Northernand Western Boundary was at the Mississippi River and the Southern Boundary at Florida26. Boston Tea Party: England allowed the East India Company to sell its tea straight toAmerica for less money than the smuggled tea. Colonists were losing profits so Sam Adamsorganized a riot where they threw tea into the harbor27. Boston Massacre: Two British troop regiments in Boston were taunted and in confusionkilled five colonists that became portrayed as British troops slaying innocent colonists

Articles of Confederation1. Weaknesses and Failures: The Articles limited the powers of the national government andtried to give most of the power to state governments which caused no unity among the states.2. Land Ordinance of 1785: Effort to organize western land by creating townships whichwere 36 square miles in 36 sections with one section for public schools, one for a church, fourfor the government, and the rest to be sold3. Northwest Ordinance of 1785: A.K.A as the Add-a-State Plan that gave specificguidelines for territories to become a state. It was decided that there would be 3-5 states withreligious freedom and no slavery4. Shays Rebellion: A depression hit and the colonists paper dollar was refused asacceptable currency. It increased the amount of bushels of crop needed to pay their debts and

taxes. Daniel Shay, a former captain of the Continental Army, demanded more paper money,tax relief, relief for debtors, and an end to imprisonment for debtors. Tried to change thegovernment but the depression was ending so their rebellion was ineffective5. Constitutional Convention: Was a secret meeting held in Philadelphia for the solepurpose of revising the A of C. Main issue was that states thought that they were sovereignand in a league of friendship with other states. Virginia Plan was proposed in an effort to havea strong national government with our modern system except only one legislative branch withrepresentation based on population.6. New Jersey Plan: The New Jersey Plan that believed that Congress would gain somepower and a multi-person executive branch would be formed. Representation in Congresswould be based on equality.

7. Great Compromise: Roger Sherman proposes that the structure of the Virginia plan istaken with H of R representation based on population and Senate representation based onequality. This broke the deadlock and made it possible for large states and small states tocoexist8. 3/5 Compromise: Southern states wanted slaves to count in the population in an effort togain more power and control of the House. Then it linked slavery with taxation meaning if allslaves were counted, all slaves would be counted for taxation. Therefore, three fifths of theslaves would count towards population and taxation


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9. Commerce Compromise: The other issue during this was about slavery. The north wantedto prohibit the slave trade and give the central government the right to regulate commerce whilethe south feared it because of possible export duties. The compromise was that slave tradecould not be prohibited for twenty years and Congress could regulate commerce but not levyduties on exports

10. Ratification: The Constitution was sent to the state constitutional conventions to be ratifiedby the people themselves. When Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York ratify it, the victorywas sealed11. The Federalist Papers: A series of brilliant propaganda essays written by AlexanderHamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that persuaded the approval of the Constitution andthe necessity of a strong central government12. Anti-federalists: People who were against the ratification of the Constitution because theywanted to maintain states rights13. Federalists: People who wanted the ratification of the Constitution because of its strongercentral governmentConstitution

1. Democracy vs. Republic:2. House of Representatives:

Elections: held every 2 years (Only office to be directly elected by the people; Wanted thisoffice to be close to the people; Because of short term, representatives feel like they're alwaysrunning)Qualificationsa. Must be a U.S. Citizen for at least 7 yearsb. Be at least 25 years oldc. Live in the state you represent (Not necessarily the district)Number of Representatives: varies by statea. set by census

b. The 3/5 compromise eliminated by 13th

amendmentc. The number was set at 435 in 1929Vacancies: To fill vacancies, the governor may call special election (The governor may not callelection because of political reasons or to save the state money; The term is also quite shortwhen filled)Officers and Impeachmenta. Members elect officersEx. One of the offices is speaker of the house; Maj/Min leader; Maj/Min whipb. The house of Reps decides impeachment for U.S. Officials; The Senate decides punishment3. Senate: Elections

a. 2 senators per state; 100 senators in the houseb. Senator's term equals 6 years per termc. 1/3 of Senate are up for re-election every 2 yearsState Legislaturea. Originally choose the senate

b. This provision was eliminated by the 17

th

amendment


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Qualificationsa. At least 30 years of ageb. U.S. Citizen for 9 yearsc. Live in the state representedThe Vice President is the president of the Senate

a. Tiebreaker for votesb. Opens a sessionc. Closes a sessionVacancies: The state's governor may appoint a replacement for temporary use until a special

election (17

h

amendment)Debate: Unlimited (Debate in the house is limited and controlled by the speaker of house)Officersa. Members elect officersb. President Pro-Tempore: is the temporary president of the senate when the Vice president isnot there

Impeachment: Senate holds trial for impeachment4. How a Bill Becomes a Law:

1. A bill is introduced, given a number, and assigned to a committeeMay start in House of SenateHouse of representatives must originate all tax bills2. Bill goes to committee, where it isApproved or RejectedOrSet aside for later (called table)3. The full house or Senate thenDebate

Votes4. If bill passes, its goes to the other house, where it goes through steps 2, 3 again5. A joint committee with members from both houses irons out any differences about the bill6. The new bill is then sent back to both houses to be debated and voted on again7. The bill must pass both houses in identical form8. If it is passed, it is printed up, verified, signed by the vice president and sent to president9. The president has 10 days toApprove and it then becomes a lawVeto- sent back to congressionalNot sign it.

If congress is not in session, it becomes a pocket veto and is sent back to

congressionalIf congress is in session, it becomes a law

Pocket VetoLine item veto- vetoes only part of billSigning statement- the president states how the bill will be enforced10. Congress has the power toOverride the veto with 2/3 voterevise it and start all over


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5. Census: Official counting of the population every ten years6. Powers of Congress: Delegated or enumerated powersTaxation: Congress can establish taxesa. Tariff- a tax on importsb. Imposts- a general tax (i.e. sales tax)

c. Excises- tax on the consumption of domestic goods and services (i.e. Gas tax)d. Why?- Inability to tax created many problems (Government had no moneyCredita. No limit to amount government can borrowb. Money is regulated in the Federal Reserve systemCommerce: Only congress can regulate commerceNaturalization and Bankruptcy: Congress sets rules for citizenship and bankruptcyNaturalization: The process of becoming an American citizenMoney: Congress is given ability toa. right to print & regulate currencyb. Department of treasury

Counterfeiting: Congress sets punishment for counterfeitingPost Office: Establish U.S. Postal ServicePatents and Copyrightsa. Patent- Offers inventors the exclusive right to make and sell their inventionsb. Copyright- Allows creator of a literary or artistic work to retain exclusive right to copies oftheir workc. Purpose- encourage creativity & innovation in American Societyd. Set for limited timeFederal Courts: Congress creates lower courts and every court is under the Supreme courta. Subject to requirements established in Article IIIb. Ex. Federal District Court, U.S. Court of Appeals

International Lawa. Piracy- Robbery of ships on the high seasb. Modern day piracy- Downloading music, movies, etc.War: congress has power to declare warArmed Forcesa. Raise & Support Armyb. Restriction- How long can apportion money for these purposes is 2 years- Why?- No long term engagements (Could become tyrannical)- Fear of standing armyNavy: Provide & Maintain a navyRegulation of Armed Forces

a. Set rules for governing army's forcesb. uniform code of Military justiceMilitia: President has power o call forth militiaNational Guarda. Modern Day Militiab. Under power of governorc. Can be federalized by President (Can control every National guard in nation)7. Elastic Clause: Implied powers


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a. to make laws that are deemed necessary and properb. allows Congress to deal with matters that are not specifically mentioned in the Constitutionc. strict vs. loose interpretation8. Strict vs. Broad Interpretation:

Strict- Congress only had powers listed in the Constitution

Loose (Broad)- Even if not listed, doesn't mean Congress cannot do it.9. Electoral College:

Formulai. State's Votes: Number of senators + number of representatives in houseii. Total: Number of Senators(100) + Representatives(435) + D.C.(3)= 538

10. Presidential Succession: After the President dies, the Vice President assumes the position.If the Vice President dies, then the Speaker of the House takes the position and if the Speakerdies, the President Pro Tempore takes the position11. Powers of the President:Armed forces: President is commander-in-chiefa. Reprieve: A suspension of the punishment proscribed by the law

b. Pardon: Legal forgiveness for a crimec. Commutation: To lessen a sentence or fined. Amnesty: Legal forgiveness for a group of lawbreakersTake Care Clause: Take care that the laws be faithfully executed; Similar to elastic clauseTreaties and Appointmentsa. Power to make treaties and appoint government officialsb. Must gain Senate approval (51% simple majority)Temporary Appointments: President may temporarily fill positions when Senate is in recess12. Impeachment: To charge someone with wrongdoingPunishment for Impeachmenta. Removal from office

b. Can be prosecuted later for a criminal offenseImpeachment ProcessPresident, Vice President, and all civil officers may be impeachedMay by impeached fora. Treasonb. Briberyc. High Crimes (Misdemeanors)d. Non criminal misconduct13. Supreme Court: Hears cases that involve the constitution; It interprets the Constitution.Established by the Judiciary Act of 178914. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has the power to review any case in lower court

15. Checks and Balances: Distribution of the powers of government to prevent tyranny (e.g.all presidential appointments have to be accepted by Congress)16. Amendment Process:

Amendments can be proposed by:a. National constitutional convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of state legislatureb. Congress can do something, 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress (Letter B has been doneevery single time)17. Delegated vs. Implied Powers: Powers that Congress can specifically do and powers that


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are taken for granted(Implied powers are said in the Elastic clause)Federalist Era

1. George Washington: The first President of the United States who set up precedents forupcoming presidents (e.g. two term presidency).2. Thomas Jefferson: Was the first Secretary of State who believed in a strict interpretation of

the Constitution and therefore was against the Bank of the United States. He formed theDemocratic-Republicans (He favored farmers and farming over industries). Retired from thatpost after his foreign policy ideas were rejected (supporting the French Jacobins).3. Alexander Hamilton: Washingtons Secretary of Treasury who proposed a Financial Plan.He was also the head of the Federalist party (He preferred industries over farming)4. Hamiltons Financial Plan

Repayment of Foreign Debt-Hamilton wanted to repay the federal debt to maintain good credit and so that it would beeasier to borrow money in the future.- There was no opposition-led to the debt to be repaid

Redemption of Government Bonds-Hamilton wanted to restore national credit and get the wealthy involved in the nationalgovernment.-James Madison opposed it because it creates unbalanced social classes-Congress passes this planAssumption of State Debt-Hamilton wanted the national government to pay the state debt-Thomas Jefferson and James Madison believed that it penalized states that had already paid thedebt off and that the national government will have too much power-Only passes alongside a proposal that moves the Capitol to Washington D.C from NYCCreation of the National Bank

-Hamilton wants to establish a national financial institute to get citizens invested into thegovernment-Thomas Jefferson opposes because he believes that it is unconstitutional

-Causes the 1st

debate over constitutional interpretation but Washington sides with HamiltonExcise Tax on Whiskey-The national government needed money without too much cost to the citizens-Farmers from the South and Western Pennsylvania oppose this because whiskey is central totheir lifestyle and economy-Causes the Whiskey RebellionProtective Tariff-This was implemented to keep out European goods and promote our own manufacturingsector-Farmers led by Jefferson opposed this because it makes manufactured goods too expensiveand it favors the North over the South-Congress passes a tariff but not a protective tariff5. John Adams: Was the second President after the federalists win the election. He mademany mistakes in his presidency including retaining the chief Cabinet officers of WashingtonsCabinet who were loyal to Hamilton.


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6. Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans:

Leaders-Federalist leader was Alexander Hamilton-D-R leaders were Jefferson and MadisonGovernment Style

-Federalists believed in a strong national government with focus on commerce in the city-D-R believed in less centralized power and focus on agriculturePeople-Federalists expressed disdain towards people and believed in a wealthy mercantile elite class-D-R expressed approval of beheading aristocrats by support of French RevolutionState Debts-Federalist wanted nation to assume state debts-D-R opposed HamiltonNational Bank-Federalists wanted a government-dominated national bank-D-R opposed it because it might infringe on citizens rights

Constitutional Interpretation-Feds were loose-D-R were strictManufacturing, Tariff, Agriculture-Feds supported manufacturing over agriculture and wanted high protective tariffs-D-R favored agriculture over manufacturing and wanted low tariffsFrench Revolution-Feds believed that French were anarchic and would threaten civilization-D-R believed that it was a noble experiment7. Citizen Genet: A French minister who was received in America who tried to appeal torepublicans to help France in their war against Britain, ignoring the Proclamation of Neutrality

Act8. Whiskey Rebellion: Farmers in W. Penn protested against Whiskey tax, an excise tax,because they saw it as an attack directed against them b/c whiskey would be their currency.Washington called the militia to defeat the rebellion and proved the strength of the government9. Farewell Address: Written mostly by Alexander Hamilton that urged citizens to stay loyalto the Union. Warned against sectionalism, secession, political partisanship, and entanglingalliances10. XYZ Affair: American envoys who were sent to see French foreign minister, Talleyrand,met secret agents to demand a loan of $10 million dollars and a bribe of $250,000 toTalleyrand. They were denied and increased patriotism and fervor against France11. Alien & Sedition Acts:

Alien acts: President can deport any alienSedition acts: Can't say anything bad about the government (This provokes the Kentucky andVirginia Resolutions)12. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions: Virginia declared that each state had the right to judgethe constitutionality of measures passed by Congress. Kentucky said states could nullify actsof Congress12. Nullification: a rendering void and of no effect, or of no legal effect13. American Aristocracy: nothing important on the finals


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Jeffersonian America

1. Presidential Election of 1800:

Candidates:Federalists:John Adams (Presidential), C.C. Pinckney (Vice Presidential)

D-R's:Thomas Jefferson (Presidential), Aaron Burr (Vice Presidential)Issues:a. French Revolution: Federalists hate it; D-R's think its a 'noble experiment'.b. Alien and Sedition ActsResults:Thomas Jefferson: 73 EVBurr: 73 EVAdams: 65 EVPinckney: 64 EVJay: 1 EV

Because Jefferson and Burr tied, it needs to be decided in the House of Representatives.Outcomes:

a. 12th

amendment is passed (Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates run together andeach vote counts both of them)b. Peaceful transfer of power2. Thomas Jefferson: Is the Democratic/Republican Presidential candidate for the Election of18003. Alexander Hamilton:

a. One of the key leaders of the Federalist partyb. Helps the Thomas Jefferson become President after the tie vote in the House of

Representativesc. Burr vs. Hamilton-Mutual hatred builds up after Burr loses Presidency; Eventually duel in New Jersey andHamilton dies; Burr's political life is ruined and is forced to flee4. Aaron Burr: Is the Democratic/Republican Vice Presidential candidate for the Election of18005. Marbury v. Madison:

a. When Federalists lose power in government, Federalist power stays in the courtsThe Judiciary Act of 1801: Increased the size of Federal courts and Adams appoints allFederalist judges (The judges are known as Midnight judges)b. William Marbury (Justice of Peace in D.C.)

-Last of midnight judges; His commission papers are not sent in time and Jefferson ordersMadison to block themWilliam Marbury appeals case and Chief Justice John Marshall gets case in 1803Result:He declares the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional because he couldn't deliver a writ6. Judicial Review:

a. Marbury vs. Madison case solidifies the role of the Supreme Courtb. Now Supreme Court can look at Executive Orders and Congressional Laws and declare


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them unconstitutional7. John Marshall: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court that molded the way the SC runs bygiving the SC the right to declare acts unconstitutional in the judicial review8. Louisiana Purchase:

a. The Spanish cede their Louisiana lands to the French in a treaty

b. Pinckney's treaty doesn't apply with France; Farmers need river for trade and New Orleansis a huge trading postc. Jefferson sends Monroe and Livingston to France to negotiate a treaty to buy New Orleansand Western FloridaIn France, Napoleon needing money, offers all of the Louisiana territory for 15 Million DollarsLivingston and Monroe take deal without regard of the consequences

Jefferson's Dilemma:Consa. Strict constitutional interpretation-It's not constitutional in his vantage

b. He sought to balance the post war debts-This purchase would extend itProsa. Had vision of Agrarian AmericaDecision: He supports the PurchaseEffects:Federalists are angry because:a. As settlers settle west, more EV votes and Senate votes for Democratic/Republican PartyDoubled the size of the U.S.First time U.S. is considered an American Empire9. Napoleon: Wages the Napoleonic wars in Europe in an attempt to dominate Europe with

French Power; Also fights England with passionSells Louisiana territory to U.S. for 15 Million dollarsIssues Berlin Decree which restricts any country to trade with the British Isles'10. Toussaint L'Ouverture: Rebellion leader of the slaves in Haiti, a key French Naval basein the Caribbean; French lose control in 180311. Lewis & Clark:

Purpose:a. Find water route to the Pacificb. Study Native Americansc. Study the environmentSacajawea helps translate and helps them survive

(She is a link to a western tribe which give their expedition horses)12. Impressment: Forcing American sailors into the British Navya. British sailors deserted British navy because Americans:Pay betterAre not at warIssue better food and living conditions13. Embargo Act (1807): In response to the conflicts with England (Chesapeake affair andImpressment)


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a. Embargo- Restricts trade with another countryb. Acted upon the markets of EuropePurpose: To hurt British and French economy in order to make them come into peaceful termsResults:a. Federalists (Merchant class) are unhappy

b. Hurts our economyc. Led to an increase in smuggling13. Burr Conspiracy: Since his duel with Hamilton, he flees to the west and tries to make anarmy to capture MexicoMadison and Monroe

1. Nationalism: the love of ones country2. Sectionalism: loyalty or love to a region3. James Madison: Succeeded Jefferson as President who was more of a man of ideas ratherthan actions4. National Bank: The BUS did not have its charter reinstated during Madisons presidencyand hurt the US during the war. States printed their own currency and lost on capitals that

BUS provided5. Embargo Act: Same as previous6. Non-intercourse Act: No trade with England or France; replaced the Embargo Act7. Macons Bill Number 2: US will trade with any nation that recognizes our neutrality;replaced Non-intercourse Act8. War of 1812: Caused because England continued impressing our sailors, their blockade,and inciting the NA. British burn down Washington but treaty for peace was status quoantebellum9. Tecumseh: NA who demands land back from US because he was incited by England. Histribe loses and William Henry Harrison finds British arms and supplies10. Tenskwatawa: Tecumsehs brother who lays the Curse of The Prophet after the battle of

Tippiecanoe11. Battle of Tippiecanoe: NA attack William Henry Harrison at Tippiecanoe and lose.British supplies and letters were found causing a push for war against Britain12. William Henry Harrison: Governor of Indiana territory that marched to Tippiecanoe tofight the NA13 Canada: US invaded Canada during War of 1812 but lost at Ft. Dearborn and Detroit butwon at Put-in-Bay and burned York14. Old Ironsides: American naval ship that defeated British ships to help turn the tide ofthe war15. Francis Scott Key: American lawyer that wrote the Star-Spangled Banner16. Battle of New Orleans: Greatest victory in the War of 1812 by Andrew Jackson but took

place after the treaty was signed17. Andrew Jackson: American general who won fame at Horseshoe Bend and the Battle ofNew Orleans18. Hartford Convention: New England states send delegates to propose amendments to theConstitution to limit the power of the West and South, secure commercial interests, and end theVirginia Dynasty19. American System: Henry Clays idea to unite regions and become more self-sufficient byhaving a protective tariff, another BUS, and internal improvements but fails because of


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sectionalism20. Henry Clay: Senator from Kentucky who was a War Hawk and known as the GreatCompromiser21. Tariff of 1816: Designed to protect American businesses from abundance of foreigngoods and to pay foreign debt, armies, and develop new industries

22. James Monroe: President after Madison who avoided making domestic policy and driftedwith the time. During his presidency, economies grew more divided and the Panic of 1819decreased nationalism. Other problems included competition with British goods, surplussupplies, and land speculation23. Era of Good Feelings: time with no rivaling political parties24. Eli Whitney: Made the cotton gin, making cotton more profitable and entrenched slaveryin the South25. Missouri Compromise: Clay proposed that Missouri would enter the Union as a slavestate and Maine as a free state and any state under the 36o30 line would be a slave state andanything above is free. This only postpones the sectionalism problems26. Monroe Doctrine: Response to Latin America Independence from European nations and

prevents any further influenceJacksonian America

1. Andrew Jackson: Tennessee senator who ran for President in 1824 but lost because ofJQA and Clays Corrupt Bargain2. John Quincy Adams: From Massachusetts who wanted a strong national government butsectionalism and his personality prevented it3. Henry Clay: Kentucky Representative who was the speaker of the state who had the fourthmost votes in the 1824 election4. John C. Calhoun: Withdrew from the Presidential race to run almost unopposed as theVice President5. Daniel Webster: Senator from Massachusetts who argued against Robert Hayne about the

theory of nullification (started by debate on public land)6. Corrupt Bargain: JQA supposedly got help from Henry Clay to win the presidentialelection in the House so he was named Secretary of State7.Amistad Case: British ship illegally carrying slaves that land in America and becomes anissue on ownership. Slaves are freed because it was proven that they were bought illegally8. Rachel Donelson Robards: Jacksons wife whom he illegally marries and dies before hetakes the oath. Jackson blames her death on other representatives b/c of the stress they put onher9. Spoils System: When the victor of the election chooses loyal members of the party to holdkey offices over those more qualified10. Peggy Eaton Affair: Wife of his Secretary of War who was harassed by other wives.

Jackson then ignores their husbands and makes his Kitchen Cabinet. Martin van Buren takesadvantage by getting the husbands recognition and gets the likings of Jackson11. Theory of Nullification: Calhoun proposed that any state could nullify an act of Congressthat it considered unconstitutional12. Tariff Compromise: Proposed by Henry Clay that South Carolina and the South get alower tariff and they would destroy nullification13. Second National BUS: Jackson blamed the Panic of 1819 on the BUS and he didnt trustpaper money(b/c it represented the rich and it had special privileges). But Henry Clay tried to


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re-charter the BUS before Jackson kills it to try to kill Jacksons chance at reelection14. Nicholas Biddle: BUSs president who tried to re-charter the bank before the election tomake Jackson lose votes in NE15. Specie: Money in the form of coins16. Pet Banks: State banks where government funds were deposited by Roger B. Tawney

17. Roger B. Tawney: Jacksons secretary of treasury who deposited the government bondsinto pet banks18. Specie Circular: Forbade the Treasury to receive anything but gold and silver in paymentbecause of Jacksons distrust of paper money.19. Trail of Tears: Indians were forced to vacate their lands in the south to go to Oklahoma;this was caused by the Indian Removal Act of 183020. Worcester v. Georgia: John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokeelands. Jackson ignored Marshall and removed them anyway21. Martin Van Buren: Democratic candidate in the Election of 1836. Successfully won thepresidency because of his involvement in the Peggy Eaton Affair22. William Henry Harrison: Whigs candidate for the election of 1840. He is a hero of

Tippecanoe and is given a symbol and slogan: log cabin & hard cider; Tippecanoe andTyler, too

Industrial Revolution

1. Immigration: New workers from foreign nations that leave for America for work. It wasmostly Irish and German to build the railroads2. Lowell System: Used young women in their workforces. This system had communitiesamong the mills to make a mini-city to avoid factory families and slums3. Mass Production: Eli Whitney made the assembly line where workers would learn how tomake one part of the manufactured goods, not the whole thing, to make many of the products4. Samuel Slater: Memorizes the blueprint for an English mill and builds the Pawtucket mill in

RI5. Transportation Revolution: A boom in the production of roads, turnpikes, canals,steamboats, and railroads which unified the nation6. Erie Canal: Created to divert trade from NO to NY and linked the nation together. It alsocaused many big cities to grow around the Great Lakes7. Dewitt Clinton: Governor of NY that proposed the Erie Canal and caused a canal-buildingboom8. Slavery: Became entrenched in the South because of the necessity of cotton. The horrorsbecame aware to the northerners who began to speak out against itWestward Expansion

1. Transcendentalism: Any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual

above the empirical and material. Gave lectures and sermons and wrote literature aboutindividuality2. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Famous Transcendentalist3. Henry David Thoreau: Famous Transcendentalist4. Horace Mann: Formed tax-supported public schools to get more students educated5. Dorothea Dix: Created public hospitals for the mentally ill and changed prisons so there ismore rehabilitation than punishment6. Margaret Fuller: One of the main leaders in the Womens right movement


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7. Seneca Falls Convention: A landmark Womens right movement that provided a manifesto8. Abolition: Legal end of slavery9. William Lloyd Garrison: A radical newspaper editor that wanted immediate abolition withno compensation for slave holders. Wrote The Liberator andNE Anti-Slavery Society10. Fredrick Douglass: An escaped slave that wrote theNorth Star to preach non-violence

11. Nat Turner: Led a slave rebellion which caused southern farmers to be paranoid12. Slave Codes: Stripped slaves of any rights that they had before13. Vigilance Committees:

14. Reasons to Go West: Because immigrants were settling East because they didn't havemoney to go West so people who did have money went- Land because an abundance of land meant it was cheap-Manifest destiny-New Markets for goods-Employment (West had many construction labor jobs)-Avoid creditors (Escape to the West)-Spread Democracy & Christianity (Indigenous tribes)

15. Manifest Destiny: John L. O'Sullivan said that White Anglo-Saxons would eventuallysettle the contemporary U.S. because it was destiny16. Oregon Trail: Started in Independence, Missouri by Nathaniel Wyeth, who was a sailor,to Oregon17. Texas Annexation: European nation that try to take Texas forces the issue for John Polk,who eventually fights Mexico for it and wins18. The Alamo: Wasan abandoned mission led by mainly William Travis, James Bowie, andDavy Crockett in a 12 day long siege where Texians lost- A provocative slogan was Remember the Alamo19. Davy Crockett: Leader at the Alamo who used to be a Congressman from Tennessee20. Jim Bowie: Leader at the Alamo who fell sick during the siege

21. William Travis: Leader at the Alamo who commanded the troops during the siege22. Gag rule: H of R cannot mention the issue of slavery23. Fifty-Four forty or Fight: A reference to the northern latitude of the Oregon territorysborder that became Polks slogan for expansion24. James K. Polk: Dark Horse Candidate for the election of 1844 who took advice fromAndrew Jackson; As President, he advocates the Expansionist platform and he carries hispromise25. James Birney: Abolitionist who might have cost Clay the election because he took votes inNew York from Clay26. Mexican War: Causes for the war was Texas annexation, U.S. & Mexican disputes overthe Texas boundary (Rio Grande R. or Nueces R.), disputes over the area of California & New

Mexico (American pioneers had already arrived there via Oregon Trail & Santa Fe Trail), andPolk's Expansionist platformPolk's Actionsa. He sends John Slidell to negotiate & purchase Mexican lands peacefully; However, he issent backb. Polk sends Zachary Taylor with 2K troops to the Nueces R.; His scout unit is caught in askirmish and 16 troops are killedc. Polk sends retaliatory war message; Shed American blood onAmerican soil


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North opposed war because of their fear of Slave Power while South was for warSenate vote approved war

A patriotic feeling was high in the U.S. at this timeFighting (4 important men)a. Zachary Taylor; Old Rough & Ready

b. Winfield Scott; Old Fuss & Feathersc. John Frmont (Rallies American Californians to fight for independence)Frmont & Kearny join forces and defeat Mexican CaliforniansImportant Battles:Buena Vista (Where Zachary Taylor gains fame)Mexico City (Captured by Winfield Scott which lead to the defeat of the MexicanGovernment)27. Gadsden Purchase: U.S. buys the southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona for 10million USD to build railroads

1850s

1. Compromise of 1850: A group of five bills that were intended to stave off sectional strifethat would eventually lead to the Civil War (Proposed by Henry Clay; Generally opposed byNorth)a. The chief issue that the compromise was supposed to settle was whether California and theother lands gained from Mexico were free or slave states were free or slave statesb. California was to be admitted as a free state (For the North)c. A strong fugitive slave act would protect the right of the owners to recapture slaves who hadescaped North (For the South)d. The slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia (For the North), but it would

be still protected there (For the South)e. Popular Sovereignty would decide Free Soil or Slave in the new territories2. Gold Rush: Gold was found in California which caused a mass migration to California (InSutters Mine) which brought the question of its statehood to Congress3. Wilmot Proviso: David Wilmot stated that no slavery shall exist in the Mexican Cessionwhich was opposed by John C. Calhoun and Jefferson Davis b/c they thought Congressshould protect property (slaves)4. Zachary Taylor: Whig candidate for the Presidential Election of 1848, who had noplatform, no political experience, was a slave owner, rich, had connections, who won theelection5. William Seward: A key person in the issue of extension of slavery in the West who

appealed to a higher law6. Stephen Douglas: Senator from Illinois whose main platform on the issue of the extensionof slavery in the West was: Popular Sovereignty7. John C. Calhoun: Senator from South Carolina who argues for the permittance of Slaveryin CA and NM (He targets the area of Wilmot's Proviso)8. Daniel Webster: Senator from MA who made a famous speech in support of theCompromise of 1850 and agrees with the Fugitive Slave Act and criticizes abolitionists9. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: Provided that state and city authorities and even plain citizens


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assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves10. Popular Sovereignty: Idea of Stephen Douglas that the issue of slavery would bedetermined by the people who move into the new territories11. Underground Railroad: A system of safe havens arranged with the cooperation of certainanti-slavery people by which fugitive slaves were secretly helped to reach Canada

12. Harriet Tubman: A famous conductor on the Underground Railroad13. Franklin Pierce: Dark Horse Democratic candidate in the Presidential Election of 1852and won; Supported the Fugitive Slave Act14. Uncle Toms Cabin: A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which tried to portray theentire range of experiences a slave would have, from good owners to bad, from being boughtto sold to attempts to escape to freedom15. Free Soil Party: Opposed the extension of slavery in the West16. Republicans: The new republican party was a new party to resist the extension of slavery(formed from the combination of the Liberty, Free Soil, & Conscience Whig party)17. Know-Nothing Party: A secret association formed in 1849 to combat the politicalinfluence of foreigners, especially Roman Catholics

18. Kansas-Nebraska Act: An act to organize the lands west of Iowa & Missouri; The billprovided for a Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory by Stephen Douglas so he could getthe Railroad to pass through Chicago19. Bleeding Kansas: Popular sovereignty never said when the vote would be taken so acts ofviolence were inevitable. Attacks included a pro-slavery mob burning Lawrence and JohnBrown attacking at Pottowatomie Creek20. John Brown: Lead four of his sons to Pottawatomie & slay 5 men in a retaliatory responseto the Sack of Lawrence and led a raid on a military arsenal at Harper's Ferry21. Charles Sumner: Gives a speech in the Senate blaming the South and gets caned by thenephew of a senator he insulted22. James Buchanan: Nominated for the Presidential Election of 1856 for the Democratic

Party and wins; was useless in the prevention of the Civil War23.Dred Scott v. Sanford: A slave from Missouri who travels with his owner to Illinois &Minnesota and then sues owner over the fact that he is free. Courts rule against him and RogerTaney declares the MO Compromise, KA-NE Act, and the NW Ordinance unconstitutional.Congress cannot do anything about slavery in the west now24. Roger B. Taney: A Chief Justice that declares the MO Compromise, KA-NE Act, and theNW Ordinance unconstitutional. Congress cannot do anything about slavery in the west now25. Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Debates between Lincoln and Douglas where Lincolneventually traps Douglas where he makes his Freeport Doctrine26. Abraham Lincoln:The presidential candidate for the Election of 1860 who ran with theFree-Soil Platform

27. Harpers Ferry Raid: John Brown leads a raid on a military arsenal that inspiresnortherners28. Presidential Election of 1860: The Democrats split into two divisions, North and South,and Republicans run Abe and winCivil War

1. Border States: MD, MO, KY, WV. Lincoln makes this war about Union because heneeded to keep the border states2. Union and Confederate Advantages: Union- Population More soldiers & producing


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manpower, Railroads Troops & supplies were available more quickly, Factories Moresupplies production, Banks They could pool money, Treatment of Blacks - 54thMassachusetts Regiment (allows free blacks to fight), Civilian Leadership Union government& great leader

Confederacy-Cotton Profit Drives Southern Economy, Soldier Motivation Fighting for acause (States rights), Military Leadership Generals like Robert E. LeeBanks They could pool money, Military Strategy They were defending, & the Union wason the offensive3. Union vs. Slavery: At first Lincoln made the war about union to keep the border states aspart of the union but then makes it about slavery during the Emancipation Proclamation4. Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy5. Anaconda Plan: 1.)Blockade ports 2.)Control Mississippi & split the South 3.)CaptureRichmond6. Rifles: Were accurate & long ranging7. Matthew Brady: The most famous photographer of the Civil War era

8. Clara Barton and the Role of Women: In the peoples' war women played a new &important part; Clara Barton was a volunteer who brought food, bandages, & supplies to thewounded out on the battlefield

9. 54th

Massachusetts Regiment: 1st

troop regiment to be an all black10.Monitor and Merrimac: Monitor defeated the Merrimac to prove that the blockade wasstrong b/c Merrimac was destroying Union naval wooden ships. (Ended wooden ships)11. George B. McClellan: West Point Graduate & Mexican war veteran; Friends with Unionofficers; Lead of Eastern Union Army (Army of the Potomac); Was very cautious & indecisive12. Robert E. Lee: The leading general for the Confederacy; Was a West Point Graduate & agenius at strategies

13. Bull Run (1

st

and 2

nd

): Both were Confederate victories but it gave the Confed. a senseof cockiness which would hurt them14. Ulysses S. Grant:Union general during the Civil War who commanded generally in theWest; West Point graduate & Mexican War Veteran15. Shiloh: was Ulysses S. Grant vs. Albert Johnston where Johnston launches surpriseconfederate attack and Grant retreats to TN river (Johnston dies leading charge)butGrantlaunched counterattack with Buell and was a Union victory, but heavy loses16. New Orleans: Captured by David Farragut on April 1862 b/c New Orleans was anessential part of the Anaconda Plan & was needed to split Mississippi river; It was also animportant trade postand the results was that it cut Confederate supply route17. Peninsular Campaign: McClellan led the Army if the Potomac and tried to attack

Richmond from the East but was indecisive and lost to Lee18. David Farragut: Naval commander at the battle of New Orleans19. Fort Sumter: The Confederacy starts to takeover Southern Union forts including FortSumter and Lincoln had to choose between reinforcing or giving it up. Lincoln reinforces

Sumter and the Confederates bomb Ft. Sumter & and the civil war begins on April 12th

, 1861.20. Gettysburg: Union tries to maintain Gettysburg and hold back the Confederate attack andremain fortified on higher ground. Lee decides to attack to try to end the war but loses andretreats back to the South.


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21. Antietam:Lee's goals was to take the War to the North and get English help but SpecialOrder #191, Lees battle plans accidentally leaks into McClellan's hands. Still McClellanhesitates and Lee digs into a defensive position. It was the bloodiest single day of the War andended as a drawEffects of Antietam

a. England delays help to Confederacyb. Lincoln fires McClellanc. Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation22. William Tecumseh Sherman: Was accredited with 'Total War' notion and capturedAtlanta on September 2, 1864 then had his March to Sea (Atlanta to Savannah)and then heturned North towards Richmond23. Vicksburg: TheLast Confederate outposts on MS River (with Port Hudson. In1862-1863 Grant was repelled, but in May 1863 a siege was attempted by Grant andVicksburg fell24. Appomattox: Lee surrenders to Grant and Grant provides generous terms (Grant allowsConfederates to keep possessions, swords, & horses), ending the Civil War

25. Stonewall Jackson: Robert E. Lee's right hand man26. Emancipation Proclamation: Freed slaves in rebel states (However, Lincoln had noauthority in the South). But it did change the goal of war to abolishing slavery, which endedConfederacy chance for foreign aid (Europe was antislavery)and allowed Blacks to enlist in theUnion Army27. Conscription: A draft where men in a certain age group had to fight in the war28. NYC Draft Riot: Biggest incident in Draft violence. It occurred in the slums of NY bymostly Irish people because of job competition (Irish workers had the same skill set as Blacks)Reconstruction

1. With Malice Towards None: Lincolns belief that states can maintain sovereignty butConfederate officials were barred from office

2. Andrew Johnson: Lincolns VP who assumed power when Lincoln died. He felt thatblacks were inferior and the cause of the war was the fault of the planter elite3. Thaddeus Stevens: Radicals leader in the H of R4. Radical Republicans: People who wanted to punish the South and insure fair treatmentsfor blacks. They believed that succession was like committing suicide and wanted to treat thesouth as a territory5. 1/10 Plan: Plan proposed by Lincoln that 1/10 of population had to take an oath to protectthe Constitution and slavery had to be abolished to be part of the Union6. Wade-Davis Bill: Radicals idea that majority of population had to take the oath and thosethat did have to have no connection to the Confederacy7. John Wilkes Booth: Assassinated Lincoln

8. Black Codes: Laws passed by southern states to limit the freedom of blacks and wasslavery again9. Freedmans Bureau: Helped Africans integrate into society by educating, feeding, andprotecting blacks10. Congressional/ Radical/ Black/ Military Reconstruction: The time when the south wasdivided into military districts and was trying to rejoin the Union

11. 13th

Amendment: Abolished slavery


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12. 14th

Amendment: Equal rights for blacks

13. 15th

Amendment: Blacks get suffrage14. Tenure of Office Act: President cannot fire a federal official unless Congress permits.Johnson fired Edward Stanton and gets impeached

15. Edwin Stanton: Secretary of War who Johnson fires that led to Johnsons impeachmentbut not removal16. Impeachment of Johnson: Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act and gets impeachedby the H of R17. Scalawags: White southerners who join the Republican party to fill the void left by planterelite and tried to industrialize the South18. Carpetbaggers: Northerners who move south to try to get rich quick19. Sharecroppers: Landowners divide land and keep half and give the other half to thesharecropper who would work both lands. On his own land the sharecropper would grow cropsfor rent and personal crops

20. Ku Klux Klan: Formed to terrorize black communities and further enhance racial tensionin the South21. Ulysses S. Grant: President who chose bad cabinet (Operated a laissez-faire government,so he had no authoritative power), and had no policies of own22. Credit Mobilier Scandal: The building of the Transcontinental Railroad Central PacificRail (Sacramento East)and Union Pacific Rail (Omaha West). Credit Mobilier of Americanhad to buy western lands to build rail over the land and was given large amount of Federalfunds which was not needed. Congress bribed with Credit Mobilier stock to stay quiet23. Panic of 1873: Rapid growth of railroads and factories lead to widespread borrowing, aswell as fires in Boston and Chicago causing financial strains and the collapse of the Jay Cookeinvestment firm. Caused an overall bankrupting economy with mass unemployment24. Presidential Election of 1876: Republicans elected Rutherford Hayes against the

Democrat Samuel Tilden except neither has a majority but many states had disputed EV25. Rutherford Hayes: Governor of Ohio; Union general & reformer26. Samuel Tilden: Governor of NY; Great reform record (Had busted Tweed Ring with thehelp of Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist)27. Electoral Commission: Commissioned to decipher disputed votes in the Election of 1876a. 15 members with 5 members each from House, Senate, & Supreme Court7 Democrats, 7 Republicans, 1 Independent (Independent was David Davis who wasSupreme Court Justice)b. Problem: Davis is elected to Senate so a new SC Justice is chosen (remaining are allRepublicansc. Final makeup: 8 Republicans & 7 Democrats (Joseph Bradley was SC Justice)

Result: Hayes gets all 20 votes28. Compromise of 1877: Southern Democrats would approve of the results of the election of1876 if Hayes removed Federal troops from the South, appointed some Southern Democrats toCabinet, let Southern Democrats control patronage, and supported internal improvements in theSouth which ended the Reconstruction.29. Jim Crow Laws: State laws passed by Southern governments to keep everythingsegregated30.Plessy v. Ferguson: Established separate ,but equal doctrine (Concluded that Jim Crow


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laws were constitutional) even though in reality they arentThe West

1. Long Drive: Cattle marches to cities and towns were they would be sold for money2. Open Range: Open land where the cattle would graze to build meat3. Dawes Act: Attempt to Americanize NA by assigning a family a farm of 160 acres and after

25 years they would own the land to break up tribes4. George Custer: General who was trapped near Little Big Horn River by the Sioux whowere killed but they captured Chief Sitting Bull5. Homestead Act: Offered anyone a chance to be a landowner by pledging to become anAmerican citizen and by making money of the land6. Samuel Colt: Invented the six-shooter so frontiersmen had a weapon comparable to the NA7. Land Grants: Lands given to railroads so that they could make a trans-continental railroad8. Great American Desert: Land of plains and mountains between California and Iowa thatwas actually very rich grasslandGilded Age/Industrialization

1. J.P Morgan: got rich through the banking industry

2. John Rockefeller: had an oil monopoly by buying every failing oil company and couldcontrol the prices3. Andrew Carnegie: got rich through steel mills and buying everything that he needed(vertical integration)4. Trust: A monopoly formed by combining the ownership of several formerly separatecorporations under a board of trustees5. Fredrick Taylor:

6. Thomas Edison: Famous inventor7. Knights of Labor: united skilled and unskilled workers but the Haymarkets riot portrayedthem as socialists8. American Federation of Labor: Made by Samuel Gompers, which made the members pay

a fee so that when workers striked, they had enough money to pay them9. Homestead Strike:

10. Pullman Strike:

11. Haymarkets Riot: Strikes where Knights of Labor were among strikers which led to amassacre12. Populists: Party of western farmers that wanted sweeping reform including free coinage ofsilver and an increase in money supply, an income tax, government taking control of therailroads, shorter work days, and direct elections for senators13. Presidential Elections

14. Interstate Commerce Commission: Regulates commerce through states

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