higher geography...describe and explain hydrographs. top tips learn your processes (abrasion, freeze...

Higher

Geography

Practice

Questions

The Higher Geography Course

Physical Environments (Paper 1) (50 marks)

Lithosphere

Explain formations of coastal features (wave cut platform, headland/bay, cave,arch,stack,spit,bar,tombolo).

Explain formations of glaciated features (corrie, arete,pyramidal peak, U shaped valley, hanging valley, ribbon

lake, drumlin, esker, terminal moraine).

Biosphere

Characteristics (soil profile) and formation processes for brown earth, podzol and gley soils.

Hydrosphere

Explain formations of hydrological features (meander, oxbow, V shaped valley, waterfall)

Explain movement of water through a drainage basin (hydrological cycle)

Describe and explain hydrographs

Atmosphere

Global heat budget – why do we not receive 100% of solar energy?

Variations in energy – why surplus at equator by deficit at poles?

Redistribution of energy by atmosphere and ocean currents

Intertropical Convergance Zone (ITCZ) – characteristics, how does it influence places it passes over?

Human Environments (Paper 1) (50 marks)

Population

Methods and problems of population data collection

Consequences of population structure (over/under population)

Causes and impacts of forced (Syria-Europe) and voluntary (Mexico-USA) migration

Rural

Impact of desertification in the Sahel

Managing desertification in Sahel (explain and evaluate)

Land Use Conflicts in Lake District – causes and managing it (explain and evaluate strategies)

Urban Change and Management

Developed World City (Edinburgh) and Developing World City (Rio): Causes and Management (explain and

evaluate) of Traffic Congestion in CBD

Developed World City (Edinburgh) and Developing World City (Rio): Causes and Management of housing decline

(explain and evaluate) – Leith Regeneration v Improving Rochina Favela

Global Issues (Paper 2) (40 marks)

Development and Health

Validity of Development Indicators – single indicators v combined indicators (HDI)

Differences in levels of development between developing countries (uneven development)

Causes, impacts and management (including evaluate strategies) of malaria

Explain and evaluate primary healthcare strategies

Climate Change

Physical and Human causes

Local and Global Effects

Management Strategies (explain and evaluate)

Geographical Skills (Paper 2) (20 marks)

Using map evidence, discuss suitability of site for scenario given.

Using map evidence, explain possible social, environmental and economic impacts of scenario.

Lithosphere

What do you need to be able to do?

Explain formations of coastal features (wave cut platform, headland/bay,

cave,arch,stack,spit,bar,tombolo).

Explain formations of glaciated features (corrie, arete,pyramidal peak, U shaped

valley, hanging valley, ribbon lake, drumlin, esker, terminal moraine).

Top Tips

You must know and be able to explain all the processes involved in these

formations (such as abrasion or hydraulic action) – in the Higher exam if you

state a process and explain it, you will gain 2 marks. For example - abrasion (1

mark) deepens the valley as the load (such as rocks) the glacier is carrying wears

away the land like sandpaper (1 mark) – you can do this twice (4 marks in total).

You now get marks for naming an example of that feature (such as Lulworth Cove

for a bay).

Formations always come up – so get good at them!

Coasts

Explain the conditions and processes involved in the formation of a feature of coastal erosion that you have studied - you may wish to use an annotated diagram:

1. Headlands and bays (10)

2. Wave cut Platform (10)

3. Cave (8)

4. Archway (8)

5. Stack (10)

6. Stump (10)

Explain the conditions and processes involved in the formation of a feature of coastal

deposition that you have studied - you may wish to use an annotated diagram:

7. Spit (8)

8. Bar (8)

9. Tombolo (8)

Glaciation

Explain the conditions and processes involved in the formation of an erosional

landform that you have studied – you may wish to use an annotated diagram:

10. Corrie (10)

11. Arete (10)

12. Pyramidal Peak (10)

13. U Shaped Valley (10)

14. Hanging Valley (10)

15. Ribbon Lake (10)

Explain the conditions and processes involved in the formation of a depositional landform that you have studied – you may wish to use an annotated diagram:

16. Terminal Moraine (10)

17. Drumlin (10)

18. Esker (10)

Biosphere


For three soils (brown earth, gley and podsol), you must be able to:

Draw and annotate a soil profile – showing its main characteristics.

Explain how factors such as natural vegetation, soil organisms, climate, relief and

drainage have contributed to the formation and characteristics of that soil.

Top Tip

Try develop an acronym to help you remember what factors to try and talk about

within your answer (Retired PrimeMinister David Cameron Voted Brexit = Relief,

Parent Material, Drainage, Climate, Vegetation, Biota).

In your answers, try talk about all factors and link them to how the soil looks =

“There is clearly defined horizons because there is a lack of biota present to mix the different horizons together”.

Explain the main conditions and processes that have contributed to the formation and

characteristics of a:

19. Brown Earth Soil (10)

20. Podsol Soil (10)

21. Gley Soil (10)

For a ____________________soil, draw a fully annotated soil profile to show its main

characteristics (including horizons, colour, texture and drainage) and associated

vegetation.

22. Brown Earth (8)

23. Podsol Soil (8)

24. Gley Soil (8)

Hydrosphere


Explain the formations of hydrological features (meander, oxbow, V shaped

valley, waterfall)

Explain the movement of water through a drainage basin (hydrological cycle) +

what can impact this.

Describe and explain hydrographs.

Top Tips

Learn your processes (abrasion, freeze thaw action etc.) as naming and

explaining will get you 2 marks in exam – you can do this up to 4 marks (2

processes).

Describe = say what you see (the rising limb goes up steeply from about 6pm to

8pm). Explain = why (this may be because….).

25. “A drainage basin is an open system with four elements – inputs. storage, transfers

and outputs”.

Discuss the movement of water within a drainage basin (6).

26. Explain how human activities, such as those listed below, can impact on the

hydrological cycle of a drainage basin. (8)

Explain how a _______________________ is formed (10).

27. Meander

28. Oxbow Lake

29.V shape Valley

30. Explain the differences in discharge between the urban and rural hydrographs shown in diagram Q16 following a heavy rain storm. (6)

Diagram Q16: Flood hydrographs

31.

32. Study diagrams Q15A and Q15B. Explain the changing river levels at Stratford-on-Avon between the 5th and 13th of April. (6)

Atmosphere


Global heat budget – explain why we do not receive 100% of solar energy?

Variations in energy – explain why there is a surplus of energy at equator by

deficit at poles?

Explain how oceans redistribute energy around the globe.

Explain how the atmosphere and surface winds redistributes energy around the

globe.

Intertropical Convergance Zone (ITCZ) – explain the characteristics of ITCZ and

associated surface winds, how does it influence places it passes over?

Top Tips

This is a tricky unit – make sure to ask the teacher for anything you are struggling

as it is sometimes easier talked through one to one.

33. Explain why there is a surplus of solar energy in the tropical latitudes and a deficit

of solar energy towards the Poles. You may wish to use an annotated diagram or diagrams (8)

34. Explain how atmospheric circulation cells and the associated surface winds assist in

redistributing energy around the world (8)

35. Account for the pattern of ocean currents shown on the world map below (6).

36. Explain how energy is redistributed throughout the globe through both the atmosphere and the oceans (12).

37. Explain why only around 50% of the solar energy reaching the edge of the

atmosphere reaches the surface of the Earth (8).

38. Describe the origin and characteristics of the tropical maritime and tropical

continental airmasses (6).

39. Study Diagrams Q5C and Q5D. Referring to the position of the ITCZ:

a) Describe the changing rainfall

patterns as you move inland from

Abidjan to Nioro and

b) suggest reasons for these differences. (8)

40. Study the diagrams below. Explain the variation in rainfall within West Africa (8).

Population


Explain methods and problems of population data collection

Explain reasons why birth and death rates may change (go up/down).

Explain the consequences of population structure (over/under population)

Explain causes and impacts of forced (Syria-Europe) and voluntary (Mexico-USA)

migration

Top Tips

Learn examples of countries – there could case study marks for a question (you

would get two case study marks).

If it asks you to refer to a migration case study – make sure you make this clear.

41. Discuss the ways in which countries can obtain accurate population data. (6

marks)

42. Giving named examples, explain why carrying out a census may be more difficult

and the results less reliable in developing countries than in developed countries. (12

marks)

43. Study the population pyramids below:

a) Discuss the key changes which have occurred within Italy’s population structure between 2000 and those projected for 2050 (4).

b) Suggest possible reasons for these changes (6).

c) Explain the consequences of the 2050 population structure for the future economy of the country and the welfare of its citizens. (8)

44. Explain the possible consequences to a country if it was to enter stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (8).

45. “India's population grew at an average annual rate of 1.2 per cent between 2010 and

2019 to 1.36 billion people”. Explain the impacts of this growth rate on the government

of India and their citizens (8).

For a forced migration case study that you have studied:

46. explain the causes of the migration (8).

47. explain the impacts of the migration on the donor country (12).

48. explain the impacts of the migration on the host country (12).

For a voluntary migration case study that you have studied:

49. explain the causes of the migration (8).

50. explain the impacts of the migration on either the donor or host country (12).

51. Explain the advantages of this migration on both the donor and host countries (10).

Rural


Understand the causes of desertification in the Sahel

Explain the impact of desertification in the Sahel.

Explain and evaluate management strategies to deal with desertification in the

Sahel.

Explain causes of land use conflicts within the Lake District.

Explain and evaluate strategies used to deal with these conflicts.

Top Tips

Make sure to be giving named strategies (such as the Great Green Wall and Fix

the Fells) as these get you case study marks (two per question).

Make sure to be fully explaining – saying how it is an impact of desertication or

making it clear why two sets of people are in conflict.

52. For a glaciated upland area that you have studied, explain the environmental

conflicts caused by various land uses (10).

53. “Many glaciated and coastal areas have competing land users which can create

conflict”

Referring to a glaciated upland area you have studied:

a) Explain the strategies used to manage these conflicts.

b) Comment on the effectiveness of these strategies (12).

54. For a rainforest or semi arid area that you have studied, discuss the impacts of land

degradation on the area (8).

55. a) Explain techniques employed to manage rural land degradation in a rainforest or

semi arid area that you have studied; and

b) comment on the effectiveness of these techniques (12).

Urban


For a developed world city (Edinburgh) and developing world city (Rio), explain

the causes of traffic congestion and be able to explain and evaluate management

strategies.

For a developed world city (Edinburgh) and developing world city (Rio), explain

the causes of inner city housing issues (Leith Regeneration v Rochina Favela) and be able to explain and evaluate management strategies for this.

Top Tips

Make sure to make your developed world city/developing world city evident

right at the start.

Link to specific examples from your case study as this will gain case study marks

(such as building Barra de Tijuca) – over generic answers will not score well.

56. For a developing world city that you have studied, discuss the socio-economic and

environmental problems associated with housing in shanty towns. (6)

57. For a developing world city that you have studied:

a) explain strategies used to improve housing and:

b) evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies (12).

58. For a developed world city that you have studied, explain strategies used to improve housing within the inner city (8).

59. For a developed world city that you studied, explain the impact of recent housing changes within the inner city. (6)

60. For a developed world city that you have studied:

a) explain strategies used to manage traffic issues within the CBD and;


61. For a developing world city that you have studied:

a) explain strategies used to manage traffic issues within the CBD and;


Development

and Health


Explain the validity of Development Indicators – single indicators v combined

indicators (HDI)

Explain the reasons for differences in levels of development between developing

countries.

For a water related disease (malaria), explain the causes of this disease, the

impacts on countries and their people and be able to explain management

strategies and evaluate their effectiveness.

Explain and evaluate the effectiveness of primary healthcare strategies

Top Tips

Make sure to be clearly explaining – for malaria – always link back to the disease

(how exactly does it cause malaria? How does it help control it?)

Know examples throughout this unit as 2 case study marks may be available –

particularly for the uneven development questions.

Remember this section will always come up (out of 20) so get good at it!!

62. Explain why using only one development indicator, such as Gross National Income

(GNI) per capita, may fail to reflect accurately the true quality of life within a country (6).

63. Referring to countries that you have studied, explain reasons for the wide variations

in development which exist between developing countries (12).

64. For a water related disease you have studied:

a) Explain the factors which allow the spread of this disease (10).

b) Explain the impact that this disease may have on developing countries and their

people (10).

65. For a water related disease you have studied:

a) Explain the strategies used to manage this disease; and


66. Referring to specific Primary Health Care Strategies that you have studied:

a) Explain how these strategies meet the health care needs of the people in a

developing country; and


Climate

Change


Explain the causes of climate change – both physical and human causes.

Explain the impact of climate change at both a local and global level.

Explain and evaluate management strategies used to help control climate change.

Top Tips

Make sure to be clearly explaining – how does it cause climate to change (don’t

just list the different things that release greenhouse gases – refer to and explain

the GHG effect)? How is it an impact of climate change? How does it help control

climate change?

Know examples throughout this unit as 2 case study marks may be available –

particularly for the impacts question.

Remember this section will always come up (out of 20) so get good at it!!

67. Explain ways in which climate change has occurred due to natural events (8).

68. Explain the physical and human causes of climate change (14).

69. Discuss a range of possible impacts of climate change. You should support your answer with specific examples. (12)

70. Discuss the possible impacts that climate change may have on the United Kingdom.

(8)

71. Many strategies have been implemented to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions

and to manage the effects of climate change:

a) Explain strategies that you have studied and

b) Comment on their effectiveness. (14)

72. Discuss the strategies used to manage climate change at a local and national (United

Kingdom) level (10).

73. “Led by Greta Thunberg, over 1.4 million school children in over 100 countries have

went on strike to raise awareness climate change.”

a) Explain the causes of climate change and;

b) Explain the strategies put in place to deal with it. (20)

Geographical

Skills


Using map evidence, discuss suitability of site for scenario given.

Using map evidence, explain possible social, environmental and economic

impacts of scenario.

Top Tips

Make sure to link to all sources given including the OS Map.

Have a clear structure to your answer – you may structure it as advantages and

disadvantages or go through all sources individually – link the a) and b) together.

Use PEE (point, example, explain) to gain best chance of marks – “The site is

easily accessible (point) with the A1 a km away (example) – this means easy

access for the residents moving into the housing estate (explain) and provides

transport links to work in bigger cities such as Glasgow (explain).

Remember this section will always come up (last question and is out of 20) so get

good at it!

74. (20)

75. (20)

76. (20)

77. (20)

78. (20)

Air Space is a purpose built indoor trampoline playground on the outskirts of East

Kilbride. It opened in December 2014.

Referring to map evidence and information from the other sources:

a) Discuss the suitability of the site for Air Space.

b) Evaluate the social, economic and environmental impact of the opening of Air

Space. (20)

higher geography...describe and explain hydrographs. top tips learn your processes (abrasion, freeze...

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