heritage place report · heritage place report greater bendigo city type of place hermes number...

HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City

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Type of Place

Hermes Number Heritage Place Report

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HERITAGE CITATION REPORT�

Name: Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s Gully Heritage

Precinct, known formerly as Moonta Area, part of

West Bendigo

Heritage Overlay

Address��

7 , 9, 13 Harvey Street, 9, 11,14, 16, 19, 21, 24, 25 Lazarus Street, 8, 9, 11, 14, 19 Union Street, 110

Marong Road

Property No:

VHR Number Building Type Residential buildings, former

church, Poor Man’s Gully, Long Gully and

former mine sites HI Number

Heritage Status: File Number

Precinct Recommended as Lazarus Street/Poor

Man’s Gully Heritage PrecinctHermes Number

Heritage Study

Ironbark Heritage Study Author

Mandy Jean Year

2010

Grading

Local significance

Designer/Architect

Unknown Architectural Style

Vernacular Victorian to

Modern Fifties Bungalows

Maker/Builder

Unknown Year

Circa 1870-1950

History and Historical Context


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History of the Area

Bendigo gold field commenced in 1851 and continued over the next 153 years through times of boom,

decline, revival and stagnation. The last underground historic mine closed in 1954 with continued

production locally. The Bendigo Goldfields is Australia's second largest in terms of historical

production after Western Australia's Golden Mile (Boulder, Kalgoorlie).1 It produced the largest

amount of gold of any field in Eastern Australia and retains the largest evidence of its mining past

within the inner city area. The history of mining shaped and created Bendigo. It left a chaotic

industrial landscape which was in a state of perpetual flux with seemingly random, scattered, small

and often very isolated settlements of people across a wide area.2

The Bendigo goldfields, about 12 kilometres wide, extend 30 kilometres from north to south. It is

made up of folded beds of sedimentary rock, eroded sandstone and shale ridges which formed

anticline and syncline folds that run approximately 300 metres apart in parallel formation, north-south

towards Eaglehawk. The close association of all types of gold reefs with the anticline axis was

recognised early in the development of the field. This early breakthrough in the predictability of ore

gave mine management and investors confidence in the practice of deep shaft sinking on productive

anticlines as the main exploration tool. The Bendigo Goldfield represents the largest concentration of

deep shafts anywhere in the world. Deep, often speculative, shaft sinking remained the pre-eminent

exploration tool throughout the early productive life of the field (1851 to 1954).3

The majority of the Bendigo goldfields mines were worked from the 38 north-south anticline lines of

reef that lay from Bendigo East to Kangaroo Flat. Gullies and dry creeks cut across the ridges in a

west to easterly direction, flowing into the Bendigo Creek, which flows across the gravel plains of

Epsom, a former shallow sea in the north, and thence into the Campaspe River, a tributary of the

Murray River. The area was covered by dense Box-Ironbark forests and woodlands and was the

traditional lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung Indigenous people who had managed the lands for thousands

of years. In 1848 the Mount Alexander North, known later as Ravenswood pastoral lease, a

government lease for grazing stock over Crown Land, was granted over this area, acquired by Stewart

and Gibson.4 With the discovery of gold and the thousands of gold diggers, who rushed to the area,

the Government managed access to land through the issue of mining leases. Mining leases, pastoral

leases and Indigenous native title rights co-exist over Crown Land, but at the time the Indigenous

Australians were pushed to the margins of society and their rights were not considered as legitimate. �

In 1854 the character of the city of Bendigo (Sandhurst) changed from a collection of irregular

diggings on Crown Land to a town when the area was surveyed by government surveyor, Richard

Larritt. A government camp was established and the geometric grid layout of the town was laid out,

streets surveyed and land auctioned for sale under Torrens Title. The primary factor governing

settlement in the area was mining. It was to the outer gullies and creeks within the watershed of

�� 1 Bendigo Mining for a summary of the history of mining to the present see website for Bendigo Mining

http://www.bmnl.com.au/safety_environment/community_relations/gold_mining/bendigo_goldfield_history.htm 2 Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History 1993 3 Quoted from Bendigo Mining, op cit.

4 Ravenswood Homestead, Heritage Victoria, http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/heritage/967


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Bendigo Creek where the alluvial miners first worked.5 By mid 1852 more than 4,000 diggers were

arriving each week, until over 40,000 miners had arrived in the space of a few years. Tent settlements

were established in 1851-2 by ‘diggers’ intent on finding the available alluvial gold.6 By 1861 the

entire Sandhurst mining district had 41,000 people spread through a score of small mining

settlements. But majority of the goldfields remained temporary and transitional in nature with

haphazard settlements and roads. Other times, lack of water drove the miners on, leaving behind

Crown Land that had been dug up, trees cleared, dry gullies clogged up and a wasteland created.7 It

left a legacy of large tracts of Crown Land former mine sites that encircle the city and penetrate deep

within it. It is these Crown Lands and National parks in which the Dja Dja Wurrung native title

interests are now recognized.

With the published discovery of gold late in 1851, the name Bendigo became synonymous with gold.

By the end of 1850s miners were experimenting with steam powered mills as well as crushers and

open cut mining. More extensively than elsewhere, Bendigo miners used puddling machines. By mid

1854 there were 1,500 machines. Attention was also turning to the mining of quartz reefs and steam

powered machinery for mining was being set up as early as 1855. Supporting the miners were small

foundries and accompanying this phase of mining came the building of more substantial buildings.

Towards the end of the 1860s the dominance of the alluvial miner was drawing to a close and by 1868

there were 4,000 alluvial miners and 3,000 quartz reef miners in Bendigo. The success of the deep

shafts had grown on Hustlers Reef and Victoria Reef with associated small crushing works. The reef

miners turned to steam driven crushing machines, larger mining companies were employing bigger

work forces.

In the early 1860s Bendigo experienced its first mining boom with the formation of hundreds of

companies. As technology and mine administration improved, so did the confidence of investors.

Larger steam plants and winding engines were installed so the mines could be worked at greater depth

and also control ground water inflow. Another mining boom was in full swing in 1871 and boosted

the establishment of foundries and engineering works. In a two-year period, over one thousand new

mining companies were floated with thousands of small mining leases. A frenzy of buying and selling

shares occurred at the Beehive Mining Exchange. The boom soon burst, but some mines continued to

operate by digging deeper into the reefs. In the early 1870s companies built up a paid work force and

mining became the staple form of male employment in Bendigo. With capitalized works, the floating

population of diggers diminished. Company mining altered the social structure of Bendigo. It

established a new class of investors. Mining had created distinctly working class areas in town that

housed the waged miners, which was separated from the wealthy socially as well as geographically.8

The boom of the late 1860s and early 1870s was over by 1873 but until the early 1890s mining

remained central to the Bendigo economy. The town was untidy, disordered, brash and with

conflicting land uses right in the heart of the city.9 The early ethnic mining groups were overlaid by

new social divisions of wealth and power. 10

A wider range of housing appeared during the 1870-80s.

�� 5 Butler, et al, Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History.

6 Ballinger, Robyn, Ironbark Hill Report, City of Greater Bendigo, October 2005

7 Ibid

8 Butler, et al, Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History

9 Ibid p 30 10 Ibid p. 34


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On some hills an elite suburbia emerged. The pattern of segregation was often a product of

topography, between high and low land. The elite found on hill tops and the cottages in low lying

gullies. Public streets were planted with trees. There were a few well known mine investors and

owners, who built alongside their mines such as Lazarus and Lansell.

At the beginning of the 20th century mines were still a major employer in Bendigo but the self-image

of Bendigo was changing to one of a garden city with a fine climate.11

By the 1890s architects who

had reaped lucrative public contracts in the 1870s and 1880s turned to working for private clients

bringing their own international style to Bendigo.

Mining declined from the early years of the twentieth century. In 1917 the majority of surviving

mines were amalgamated with operations ceasing in 1923. Gold mining revived in 1930s when as

many as 1,500 men worked in hard rock, alluvial mining and cyaniding. The old tailings and battery

sands were re-worked by about thirty cyanide plants, employing 300 men.12

Bendigo Mines Ltd

began an extensive mining program on the Nell Gwynne, Napoleon and Carshalton lines of reef.

Mines such as Royal George, Moonta and Central Nell Gwynne operated throughout this period but

with little success. In contrast, the Central Deborah Mine started production in 1939 and continued

until 1954.13

The capitalised mining boom rose and fell in a cycle like that of the digging rushes of the 1850s.A

sudden find attracted a rush of investors who put money into new leases. Many mines sunk proved

uneconomic, investors withdrew, returned after rumours of new wealth and over the decades a small

number of profitable companies survived from hundreds formed in the excitement of the richest

discovers. But by that time the traditional manufacturing industries of the 19th century such as black

smithing, brick making, tanners, coach building, confectioneries, cordial manufacturers, flour milling

and foundries had also declined. Increasingly, local primary industries converted to manufacturing

foodstuff to marketable commodities. Growth occurred in motor vehicles, electrical engineering,

housing construction and railway workshop trades. 14

Bendigo began to present itself as the

Sanatorium of the South a pleasant, healthy resort. 15

History of Long Gully and Ironbark Gully

Shaping Victoria’s Environment: The Natural Landscape

The cultural landscape of Long Gully and Ironbark Gully contains some of the richest gold bearing

reefs on the Bendigo goldfields and had the highest concentration of quartz mines in Bendigo. Eleven

gold bearing lines of reef spread across the area. These include, starting from the head of Long Gully

at Specimen Hill in the west and running parallel eastwards, Thistle, Lancashire, Napoleon, Nell

Gywnne, New Chum, Sheepshead, Garden Gully, the smaller Paddy Gully’s, Derby’s, Miller’s to

�� 11 Ibid p.48 12

Cusack, F. Bendigo a history, revised edition, 2002, Lerk & McClure, 2002, p.244 13

Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study Significant Mining Areas and Sites Repo, Vol 3 pp.123-235 14 Ibid Vol 4 p.1 Appendix 1 15 Ibid p. 49


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Hustlers line of reef in the extreme east, the point where Ironbark Gully and Long Gully merge

together before entering Bendigo Creek.16

The thickly forested gullies of Ironbark Gully and Long Gully were well known to alluvial miners.

Gold finds by Shanahan & Glen & Thompson in 1852 paralleled with many others across the Bendigo

field gullies.17

At Ironbark, J. Harris & party discovered the famous Hustler’s Reef in 1853 between

Iron Bark and Commissioner’s gullies. 18

Gold was discovered in Victoria Reef in 1853, the leases

quickly purchased by C. Ballerstedt. It became one of the earliest areas where quartz reef mining was

established in 1855 with early but unsuccessful open cut mines replaced later by more successful deep

shafts that operated from 1861. The mines at first were small and worked by local miners who lived in

the area. Local stories tell of the rush to clear the local Ironbark forest for use in the mines. The name

of Ironbark and the iron like characteristics of the tree have become a symbol of history of the place.19

Building Victoria’s Industries and Workforce: Mining labour force and technological achievements

By the late 1860s the successful quartz reef mining industry necessitated sinking much deeper shafts

making production dependent upon highly capitalised mines with massive machinery and a large

work force. The earliest successful ore crusher was Ballerstedt’s works in Long Gully, where he

employed a large workforce. Shares in mines on Victoria Hill and in Garden Gully line of reef were

later purchased by George Lansell, who became a leader in quartz mining in Bendigo.�The New Chum

and Nell Gwynne lines of reef are central elements to the Victoria Hill and include Adventure &

Advance, Ballerstedt, Central Nell Gwynne, Great Central Victoria, Lansell’s 180, New Chum

Syncline, Old Chum, William Rae and Victoria Quartz mines.20

William Rae found large quantities of

gold from his open cut mine on Victoria Hill, where he later built a 35 head battery in Happy Valley. 21

The reef miners, Carl Roeder and Carl Mueller, were also prominent figures in Happy Valley Road,

Victoria Hill. The Carshalton, Lancashire, Napoleon and Nell Gwynne lines of reef were mined by the

mining magnate, Barnet Lazarus. The mines were located near Harveytown comprising the Prince of

Wales and Saxby group and had connections to the mines around Lazarus and Harvey Streets in Long

Gully. Well known investors were B.D. Lazarus and George Lansell, both of whom massed a fortune.

Beneath these men, was an echelon of mining investors who speculated successful on mines as well as

taking part in other aspects of commercial life such as for example Darnton Watson, who lived in

Ironbark, a dealer in hay and corn but made more money from mining as well as Truscott.22

For years mines on the Garden Gully line of reef and Hustler’s line of reef proved exceedingly rich

investments. JB Watson was credited with taking 13 tons of gold on the Garden Gully line of reef

leases which he consolidated into the Kentish Mine. He amassed a fortune and became one of the

richest men in the colony.23

Henry Koch Long Gully pyrites treatment works opened in 1869 and he

later pioneered the use of the diamond drill in the Koch’s Long Gully Pioneer Gold Mine. Many small

�� 16

Birrell, R.W. and James A. Lerk, Bendigo’s Gold Story, pub Lerk 2001 p 4 17 Ibid Vol 3 p 23 18 Mining Chronology Vol 3�19

See press clippings of the 1998 ‘The Save Ironbark Campaign’ supported by over 1000 local community

members. 20 Ibid Vol 2 p. 34 21 Ellis, G. E., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long Gully, City of Greater Bendigo, 2000, p 45 22 Ibid p 32 23 Ibid p 31


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black smithies and large iron foundries serviced the local mines. The earliest foundry was Wellington Ironbark foundry-Swalling Briggs & Delaney engineers now Central Foundry and nearby W. Gradling blacksmith.

24 In Long Gully to the north on Eaglehawk Road was Horsfield, engineers and

Dennis, blacksmiths.

Transforming the land: Mining Wastelands

The depths of mineralisation at Bendigo placed some of the field at the leading edge of mining

technology with shafts being the deepest in the world at that time. 25

Throughout the mining history of

the Bendigo goldfields in excess of 5,000 shafts were sunk (90 km of shaft sinking in total). Despite

this amount of shaft sinking the vast majority of the field is tested to depths of less than 200 m due to

the physical and technical constraints on mining and exploration in the 19th century.26

The

combination of small leases and the great depths of mineralisation created problems in raising capital,

limited the utilisation of expensive assets, reduced the chances of developing economies of scale and

limited geological knowledge to a small fraction of the whole field. Massive problems were caused by

mining with resultant sludge, silt and flooding contaminating the water supplies. Lack of water, severe

drought, wind blown contaminated dust caused severe outbreak of diseases, blindness, cholera,

typhoid which was a major problem.27

The disused mine sites became contaminated industrial wastelands creating a physical barrier that

separated early residential areas into small isolated pockets of scattered miners’ cottages from the rest

of the growing suburbs of Bendigo. After the major decline in mining in the early to mid 20th

century,

these large areas of mining wastelands of sand heaps, old sludge dams and cyanide tailing dams

remained un-developed, ‘a dry slum’.28

These factors resulted in the creation of a poor working class

suburb that remained under resourced and largely intact until the mid to late 20th century. Attempts at

dust mitigation by planting of peppercorn trees was minimal, the land remained a source of dust and

contamination until the 1950s and 1960s when some parcels of land were cleaned up for low cost

housing and state government commission housing.29

Peopling Victoria’s Places and Landscapes: Transnational Migration

Ironbark was noted for its large German, Polish, Scandinavian and Cornish digger population. Many

of the early miners in the area came from South Australia, including a large number of German

miners. They came with skills and experience and included C. Ballerstedt and his son, Carl Roeder,

Carl Mueller and the Pole, Barnet Lazarus. The skill of the German quartz miners and speculators had

a significant influence on the development of quartz mining in Bendigo. They were noted for their

introduction of German mining equipment and skill in underground tunneling, examples of which

have World Heritage listing in the Harz mining area of Germany, from where many Bendigo German

miners came. German mining development and machinery has had a continuing influence on mining

in Australia.

�� 24 Eaglehawk and Bendigo Thematic History Vol 2 p 24 25 Ibid 26 Bendigo Mining history http://www.bmnl.com.au/about_us/goldfield_history.htm27 Butler, et al, Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History 28 Ellis, G. E., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long Gully, City of Greater Bendigo, 2000, p 47. 29 Ibid .


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Another large ethnic group in the area was the Chinese, numbering 400-500 in 1868. There were

several large Chinese villages in the Bendigo district of which one was located in Long Gully, near

the junction with Sparrowhawk Gully.30

It was Sir John Quick, former resident of Ironbark, who

introduced the first bill into Parliament in 1888 for the disenfranchisement of Chinese holding a

Miner’s Right.31

Chinese miners worked the tailing heaps and discarded ore bodies in Long Gully and

Ironbark Gully. It was only the Chinese contractors, who worked the tailings of the quartz reefs. The

work of stacking tailing dumps associated with major mine sites was a particular feature of the

Bendigo field. The tailings had to be stacked for placement as they washed out of the batteries. It was

undertaken exclusively by groups of Chinese workers, who paid the mining companies to stack the

tailings with the hope of finding traces of gold. The long sluicing boxes and blankets laid out in lines

over the tailings became a familiar feature in the city landscape. This work continued until the early

20th century. It was an essential element of the operations of the mines. The tailings were

progressively planted with spiny rushes, pampas grass and peppercorn trees.32

Chinese herbalists and

shop keepers continued to operate businesses in Ironbark well into the 20th century.

33

Cornish mining technology was essential in Victoria mining in the years after 1860 and the influence

of the Cornish permeated into other aspects of social and cultural life in the Victorian central gold

fields.34

Cornish mining practice and managers became prominent in the quartz mines of Victoria. It

was the Cornishman's traditional skills of shaft sinking and stoping and the tribute system, which was

well known in Cornwall that were in immediate demand. This historical process relates the area and

Victoria to an international context that had its beginning with the collapse in the summer of 1866 of

the Cornish copper mining industry. It resulted in a massive exodus of Cornish miners and their

families, who introduced their mining labour practices, tributing system, technology and culture to

new areas around the world.

Governing Victorians: Government and Surveillance

The cultural landscape of Long Gully/Ironbark area of Bendigo clearly demonstrates the impact of the

particular mining leasing system associated with deep quartz mining and the way in which it was

administered and interpreted by the Mining Board in Bendigo. An important consequence of this was

the establishment of large company mining in the area, which led to the highest concentration of

working miners living within one location in Bendigo. But despite the numbers and size of mining

companies operating in the area, lack of capital meant that operations were often intermittent,

necessitating miners to work in several different mines each year. This in turn led to what became a

chronic oversupply of local miners as the mines stopped operating whenever they were not paying and

miners were laid off. To avoid making calls on their shareholders to raise capital the mine companies

and owners let in the tributors. A Cornish mining system, whereby a party of working miners could

lease a part share of a mine in return for whatever gold was recovered. The system was subject to rort

�� 30

The largest historic Chinese settlement was located in Bridge Street to Finn and Thunder Streets, an area

which was once regarded as part of Ironbark. 31

Bendigo Chinese Association Museum, publication Chinese Footsteps, 2000 p. 36 32

James Lerk and Carol Holdsworth pers. communication regarding the work of the Chinese mine contractors

on the tailings. 33

Ibid. p. 40 Quinn store in Milroy Street, also evidence from Bendigo rates books. 34

Fahey, Charles, From St Just to St Just Point, Cornish migration to Victoria, Cornish Studies, 2nd

Series Vol

15, University of Exeter, UK pp117-140 for survey of Cornish migration to Bendigo and Ironbark.


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and abuse. The operations of drilling, blasting and shovelling created excessive dust, which together

with poorly ventilated shafts, led to very high mortality rates amongst the miners in the Ironbark and

Long gully areas. Deaths by phthisis and tuberculosis in Bendigo were the highest in the state. 35

Miners unions were formed in 1870s. Industrial conflicts occurred in 1872, 74 and 79 by which time

organized working class had spread to those employed in bakeries and other factories.

Building Towns, Cities and the Garden State: Buildings Towns and Cities

When quartz mining expanded into these gullies, they took on the character of small villages. In 1861

there were 96 houses in Long Gully the majority were still one room huts (53). In the wider area there

were 131 one room huts/tents, 95 two room structures and 60 three room structures. In Ironbark there

were 260 residences in all with 71 one room tent/huts, 83 two room structures and 85 three room

structures. Individual houses began to emerge in the 1860s replacing tents. Nonetheless miners and

their families still lived in small wooden cottages that had first been settled in the 1850s.36

Hotels

appeared quickly on the goldfields, along with sporting clubs, band halls and churches. There were

many small hotels and hostelries such as Gold Mines Hotel located along the main roads such as Mt

Korong (then Alley Street) and the British & American Hotel, Ironbark Hotel, Fifeshire Arms, Danaher’s and Quartz Miner’s Arms Hotels, Manchester Arms, Silver Mines and Rose of Australia

Hotels, all in Eaglehawk Roads that serviced the community, along with suppliers, butchers operated

by specialized German butchers, grocers, boot makers, watchmakers and confectionery shops. The

local community was supplied by scattered informal shops in the Moonta area operating their

businesses from home, such as the former butcher shop at 29 Union Street (now destroyed by fire

2009); while recreational areas such as the Long Gully golf course were created in make shift fashion

across mine wastelands.37

The quartz mining town functioned with a labour force living close to the

mine head. During times of depression fossickers and sustenance miners returned to the waste mine

lands.

Company mining altered the social structure and suburban pattern of development in Bendigo from

the early 1870s. A new class of wealthy mine investors, many being ordinary shop keepers of

Bendigo and mine owners built their homes in prestigious non polluted areas such as Barkly Terrace

and Quarry Hill, where roads were surveyed, sealed, sandstone gutters laid and avenues of street trees

planted. In contrast, in the mining areas, the working class miner lived in segregated low cost housing

areas, a hidden consequence of under capitalisation of the quartz mines of Long Gully and Ironbark,

which had a long lasting impact on the environment. The waged miners rarely participated in the

wealth generated by the mines. There was no investment in local infrastructure and community

buildings remained modest, built by the miners themselves and as mining safety practices remained

basic, the mortality rates amongst miners remained high, resulting in a high proportion of widows

looking after large families of children.

History of Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s Gully area of Long Gully

Three major historic mines comprising, Royal George, Moonta, Central Nell Gywnne are associated

with the Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s Gully area of Long Gully. The area was originally identified as

�� 35

Dingle, Tony, The Victorians, Settling, Farifax, Syme & Weldon & Ass, 1984, p 99 36 Eaglehawk and Bendigo Thematic History Vol 2 p 24�37

Personnel communication with owners and Mandy Jean, heritage advisor, City of Bendigo, 2009


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Moonta on early Bendigo maps. It was subject to extensive tailings and sludge dams and other debris

associated with deep quartz gold mining of Lancashire, Napoleon, Nell Gywnne and New Chum lines

of gold reef. There are few historical records on the development of the area. The exact relationship

with the South Australian Moonta copper mine which opened in 1861 is unknown. It appears from

oral history that many of the Cornish miners who came to work in the Moonta mine in 1869 had

previously worked in Moonta.38

The earlier pattern of settlement of handmade vernacular style mud brick and stone homes built on

land illegally, by adverse possession, is typical of the Napoleon line of reef and is supported by recent

historic research in other areas, for example the Sparrowhawk and Derwent Gullies areas and also the

area in the vicinity of Chum Street as well as Harveytown. The areas are also associated with informal

churches that serviced the local communities.

The small single gable or double gable roof, weatherboard and sometime pise or mud brick cottages in

the Moonta area were built in haphazard fashion on Crown land. It is possible to date a couple of

timber cottages and mud brick cottages that were built on Crown Land to the 1870s such as those at

numbers 7 and 9 Harvey Street. Oral history sources indicate that the majority of the cottages were

most likely built by unemployed sustenance miners during the 1890s and early 1900s, acquiring the

land by adverse possession.39

The fact that the Long Gully and Ironbark goldfield is marked by

growing distress of unemployed miners towards the end of the 19th century and early 20

th century and

the high incidence of periodic reworking of the quartz ore bodies supports this supposition. With the

introduction of the pyrite ore treatment and processing plants in the late 1870s in the area to the north

of the Moonta mine, the huge slag heaps of quartz tailings were reworked. The Moonta area staged a

brief recovery period in the 1890s and 1920s and particularly the 1930s, when the mines in the area

were re-opened coinciding with the time when large numbers of sustenance workers were sent out to

work on the fields by the government.

There is little archival information about the combined pise and timber weatherboard cottages in

Lazarus Street. The Sandhurst Rate Books provide lists of residences associated with Crown Land in

the general area but no addresses are given until well into the 20th century. Local oral history indicates

that several early mud brick cottages in Harvey Street were recently demolished. In addition a couple

of cottages in Union Street including the former butcher shops (29 Union Street) were burnt in the

2008 bush fires that swept through the area. 40

Building Communities: New roads to self improvement

The first reference to the Moonta Mission in the area, the independent evangelical Methodist church

group, was in 1893/4. At the time, the first religious meeting was held in one of the mud brick houses

in Lazarus Street, organised by Tom Wearne, who was to remain the minister for the next 50 years.

Mr. Wearne was a local miner who carted ore to the Fortuna battery for George Lansell. He dedicated

his work to assisting miners suffering from phthisis. The history of the mission started as an

Undernominational church and Sunday school which commenced in the old Moonta dance hall loaned

�� 38

Pers. communication with George Ellis 2009. 39

Personnel communication between Gary Hill, archaeologist, researcher Latrobe University Bendigo and

descendants of owners of 24 Lazarus Street 2009 40

Personnel communication with owners and Mandy Jean, heritage advisor, City of Bendigo, 2009


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by Mr. Smith in 1893.41

By 1903, the congregation was so large that a recycled timber Saint Mungo

church hall was relocated from Eaglehawk to accommodate the parishioners in Union Street.42

Between 1875 and 1906 there were over 800 deaths amongst miners attributable to phthisis. In 1906

the Bendigo Hospital Committee commissioned Dr. Walter Summons to investigate the disease and

conditions in the Bendigo mines. But is was only in 1938 that government assistance was available by

way of the Miners’ Phthisis Allowance and in 1946 it was incorporated within the Workers

Compensation Act. It was left to the Friendly Societies, such as the Australian Natives Association

Bendigo Miners’ Association (a union formed in 1874) and religious evangelists to assist the families

of disabled miners.43

Throughout Australia wherever Cornish miners worked the Cornish Methodism, Wesleyan Methodist,

Primitive Methodist and Bible Christian churches can be found. The Cornish tradition of frequent

spiritual ‘Revivals’ is associated in particular with depression areas and times of economic hardship.44

There were two important revival periods that are relevant to the history of this area, the 1875 Moonta

mission ‘Revival’ in South Australia, a corresponding ‘Revival’ in Bendigo and the 1883, Loddon

River ‘Revival’ around Bendigo as well as a 1894 revival in Bendigo. These events may have

influenced the establishment of the revivalist form of the Moonta Mission in Lazarus Street in the

1880s and 1890s.45

The character of the cultural landscape of the Lazarus Street/ Poor Man’s Gully area has remained

impermanent, on edge, underdeveloped and in partial transition for a hundred years, with the majority

of land under Crown Land until the mid 20th century when all mining ceased. The government

authorities formerly leased out adjacent Crown Land for grazing of cattle, pigs, horses and other

stock. Much of this Crown Land has now been re-zoned as Residential and subdivided for houses,

which has resulted in demolition of mud brick houses in these areas. In the Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s

Gully area former mine lands now remain reserved as open space and collectively forms one of the

most comprehensive collections of mining artefacts which spans the entire period of mining on

Bendigo from the earliest reef workings from 1853 through to the 1950s. The physical framework of

the early mining settlement associated with these mines remains largely intact.

Bibliography

Primary sources

VA 4862 Sandhurst- VPRS 16267 Rate Books 1856-1958, Bendigo Regional Archives Centre (BRAC).

Maps Mines Department map Bendigo 1923, reissued 1936

Parish of Sandhurst map 1961

Bendigo Sewerage Authority Detail Plan No. 94, 15 April, 1930

�� 41

Annals of Bendigo 1953, p 39. 42

Wearne Bolitho, per. communication, 2010 and also Ellis,G.A., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long

Gully, pub city of Bendigo, 2000, p 30 43

Hopkins, Ruth, ‘Miners Complaint – Bendigo’s Dreadful Scourge’. 44

Piggin, Stuart, the History of Revivals in Australia, chapter 8, vol 1, Studies in Australian Christianity and

also ‘Two Great Australian Awakenings: Moonta Mines 1875 and Loddon River 1883’ Australian Pentecostal

Pastors, 2006 45

Ibid.


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City of Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme maps 2005

Secondary sources

Ballinger, R., Ironbark Hill History, 2005, City of Greater Bendigo

Bannear, D General References: Bannear Site Number: 15.12 North Central Goldfields Project: Historic Mining Sites in the

Sandhurst, Eaglehawk & Raywood mining division, Bannear, D., 1993, DCNR New Chum Syncline Mine operated from

1932 to 1949.

Bendigo Independent, 1890 quoted in Dingle, Tony, The Victorians, Setting, Farifax, Syme & Weldon & Ass, 1984, p 99

Bendigo Mining for a summary of the history of mining see website for Bendigo Mining

http://www.bmnl.com.au/safety_environment/community_relations/gold_mining/bendigo_goldfield_history.htmBorrie, W, Italians and Germans in Australia: A Study of Assimilation, Australian Nation University, Melbourne, n.d.

Cusack, Frank, Bendigo: A History. Lerk & McClure, Bendigo, 2002 (rev. ed.)

Cusack, Frank, Bendigo the German Chapter, German Heritage Society, 1998

Davison, Graeme, John Hirst and Stuart MacIntyre, The Oxford Companion to Australian History, Melbourne, Oxford

University Press, 1999

Dingle, Tony , Miner’s Cottages, in Australian Economic History Review, Blackwell Publishing, 2010 Dingle, Tony, The Victorians, Setting, Farifax, Syme & Weldon & Ass, 1984, p 99

- Miners and their Cottages, presented at ‘Bendigo: Nothing But Gold’ conference, October 2001, p.25

Ellis, G. E., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long Gully, City of Greater Bendigo, 2000, p 47.

Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, 1993, Butler, Significant Mining Areas and Sites Report, Vol 3

pp.123-235 1Fahey, Charles, From St Just to St Just Point, Cornish migration to Victoria, Cornish Studies, 2nd Series Vol 15, University

of Exeter, UK pp117-140 for survey of Cornish migration to Bendigo and Ironbark.

http://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/page.asp?ID=124 HI Number: H7724-0178

Fahey, Charles, Cornish Miner’s in Bendigo: An Examination of their Standard of Living, Department of History Monash

University n.d.

Hopkins, Ruth, Where no Cousin Jack?, Bendigo Bicentenniel Committee, Bendigo 1988

Hopkins, Ruth, Cousin Jack, man for the times:” A History of the Cornish People in Victoria, Ruth Hopkins, Bendigo 1994

James Lerk and Carol Holdsworth pers. communication regarding the work of the Chinese mine contractors on

the tailings Lerk, James, ‘Discover Bendigo: Ironbark Hill School of John Rae’, Bendigo Weekly, 21.1.2000

Mackay, George, History of Bendigo. Lerk & McClure, Bendigo, 2000 (rev. ed.)

Mackay, George, editor, Annals of Bendigo Volume Two 1868-1920

Palmer, A.V., Gold Mines of Bendigo, Book Two, Hawthorn, Craftsman Press, 1979

Ravenswood Homestead, Heritage Victoria, http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/heritage/967SKM, Bendigo Former Mine Land Project Lazarus St / Harvey St / Happy Valley Rd, report for City of Bendigo

December 2007

Relevant Historical Australian Themes

• Shaping Victoria’s Environment: The Natural Landscape

• Peopling Victoria’s Places And Landscapes: Transnational Migration

• Governing Victorians: Government and Surveillance

• Transforming the land: Mining Wastelands

• Building Victoria’s Industries And Workforce: Mining labour force and technological

achievements

• Building Towns, Cities And The Garden State: Buildings towns and cities

• Building Communities: New roads to self improvement


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Description of the Precinct

The cultural landscape of the former Moonta mining area is unusual in that the early 19th Century

pattern of mining settlement is still intact. The area remains largely undeveloped despite persistent

government housing policies dating from the 1950s, for the reuse of former mining land for

residential development and urban consolidation. In contrast to other areas nearby that have been

subsequently subdivided and developed, the contextual setting of the area still retains its original

spatial distribution of mine lands, now an archaeological relic mining landscape, and undeveloped

creek lines of Long Gully and Poor Man’s Gully and scattered groups of miners’ cottages. The few

isolated groups of self made rammed earth and timber cottages line Union, Lazarus and Harvey Street

to the north and west. These small single storey cottages are sited on large blocks of former Crown

Land. They form a boundary, a buffer zone to the vacant mine lands. There has been some later infill

development, which includes a few examples of 1950s additions and dwellings that replaced early

miners’ cottages. Later development is largely confined to the east side of Harvey Street and the area

in Lazarus Street between Union Street and near Marong Road.

The wide side setbacks of scattered group of cottages set in large allotments provide a powerful visual

reminder of the pattern of historic development in the mining areas of Bendigo. The low density,

small scale of development and informal rustic fencing allows expansive views across the area. The

extensive gardens, often working yards, are a particular feature of this precinct. It creates a strong

visual contrast with later 19th century development that formed an arc of wealthy suburbs located on

high ground that stretched from Golden Square to Barkly Terrace. It demonstrates the extremely

uneven distribution of wealth in Bendigo that was created by the establishment of the large company

mines after 1870s. Few areas in Bendigo illustrate to such a degree as this precinct, how marginalised

miners and the unemployed lived in the early 20th century, prior to the creation of assisted government

housing programmes.

The group of miners’ cottages at the end of Lazarus Street are built of mud bricks and pise, rammed

earth. Most cottages are believed to have been erected in the mid-1860s-early 1900s. There are other

examples of timber frame weatherboard structures in the precinct such as the buildings at 7 and 9

Harvey Street, which are good representative examples of the miners’ cottage type.

The cottages in this precinct are very small, rectangle in plan, single room width, single ridge and

gable ends with a low hipped corrugated verandah across the front elevation, with low rear skillion

extension. The narrow wooden front doors are centred or slightly off centre. The two front timber

windows located either side of the door can often be of a later style, often incorporating one to three

different designs. The structures are typically built off the ground and have low roof pitches and

closed eaves. The basic timber frames are very rudimentary, the weatherboards are simple. There is

often a miscellaneous collection of out buildings, some open corrugated iron out buildings others pise

rammed earth structures. The houses have irregular setbacks. They all have individual features that

differentiate them from each other such as decorative verandah detailing, but the majority have an

extremely high level of integrity.

Most of the former miners’ cottages are set into large mature cottage gardens with tall mature

eucalyptus trees, which visually dominate the area. The streets are generally informal and have

recently been sealed with new concrete kerbs and gutters. The unmade road , Moonta Street, follows


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the line of Poor Man’s Gully and is important as it provides a refuge habitat for local flora and fauna

and allows deep penetrating views between the cottages to former mine land. Later examples of mid

20th century development was commonly established on subdivided land and reflects popular

architectural styles of the day.

Conservation Policy Guidelines (Specific) It is recommended that the Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s Gully heritage precinct is listed within the

heritage overlay of the Bendigo Planning Scheme.

Integrity. The precinct has a high degree of integrity.

Conditions: Fair

Statement of Significance

What is Significant? The Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s Gully Heritage Precinct is a small residential area north of Marong

Road and to the south of Long Gully in West Bendigo. The collection of 1870s-1890s timber

weatherboard and pise miners cottages in Lazarus Street, Harvey Street and Union Street form part

of the historic mining landscape associated with the deep quartz mine, Moonta, which opened in

1869, which now forms part of the Long Gully Linear Park. They replicate earlier examples of

German pise cottages, which were formerly located at the end of Lazarus Street towards the Royal

George mines. Other cottages such as at 8 Union Street and 13 Harvey Street illustrate the

architectural changing styles of the 1940s and 1950s. The area was mined by depression workers and

sustenance workers who re-worked the nearby mullock heaps and banks of Poor Man’s Gully, a small

creek that feeds into Long Gully from near Lazarus Street. Chinese contractors worked the tailings

from nearby Nell Gwynne mine complex.

The Long Gully/Ironbark area of Bendigo is particularly associated with skilled Cornish and German

miners. It was the Cornishman's traditional skills of shaft sinking and stoping and the tribute system,

which was well known in Cornwall that were in immediate demand. Cornish mining technology was

essential in Victoria mining in the years after 1860 and the influence of the Cornish permeated into

other aspects of social and cultural life in the Victorian central gold fields.

The local community was served by the Moonta Mission, an independent charismatic evangelical

revival church group that dates from 1893. The timber church at Union Street provides evidence of

the widespread interest in non conformist evangelical religious movements in Australia associated

with Cornish migration to the area. As the name ‘Moonta’ suggests, the area was worked by miners

from the Moonta mines of South Australia. The church is associated with several important

Australian spiritual revival movements, the 1875 Moonta mission ‘Revival’ in South Australia with a

corresponding ‘Revival’ in Bendigo and the 1883, Loddon River ‘Revival’ around Bendigo in

addition to the 1894 revival in Bendigo.

The landscape became characterized by huge mullocks and slag heaps of quartz tailings and with

available work the pyrite and cyanide ore treatment and processing plants in the late 1870s to the


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north of Moonta mine, it attracted local unemployed and Chinese mining contractors. The history of

Long Gully and Ironbark goldfields are marked by growing distress of unemployed miners towards

the end of the 19th century and early 20

th century. The Moonta area staged a brief recovery period in

the 1890s and 1920s and again in the early 1930s during the Depression eras, when the mine was re-

opened coinciding with the favourable supply of cheap local labour, the large numbers of desperate

sustenance workers, who were sent out to work on the fields by the government. Like other areas

along Ironbark and Long Gully, there was little attempt by authorities to clean up contaminated mine

lands until the mid 20th century to early 21

st century. Much of the former mine land now remains

reserved as open space and collectively forms one of the most comprehensive collections of mining

artefacts, which spans the entire period of mining on Bendigo from the earliest reef workings from

1853 through to the 1950s.

How is it Significant? The Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s Gully heritage precinct forms a cultural landscape that has rare,

historic, aesthetic, architectural and social significance at a local level to the City of Greater

Bendigo.

Why is it Significant? The Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s Gully heritage precinct is associated with

skilled migrant Cornish, German and Chinese miners, whose combined contribution became essential

to the development of the city of Bendigo, its mining operations and distinctive social life.

Criterion A: Importance to the course, or pattern, of Victoria’s cultural history.

1) The Lazarus Street/Poor Man’s Gully heritage precinct is a cultural landscape which has

heritage significance for its historic associations with the 19th century mining settlement of

Long Gully that developed amongst some of the wealthiest deep quartz mines of Bendigo.

The working class miners’ cottages set amidst the regrowth trees, peppercorn trees and old

mine relic landscape of Moonta area represent a ‘fringe’ landscape that illustrates the

extremely uneven distribution of wealth in Bendigo that resulted from the development of

large company mines after 1870s. The small cottages are the self-made homes of the poor,

unemployed, created from the mud of the local creek beds, influenced by traditional

construction methods of local German miners in Derwent and Sparrowhawk Gullies to the

north. They provide a powerful visual contrast between the newly formed affluent suburbs of

Bendigo built by mine owners and mine speculators and the less fortunate.

2) The small timber weatherboard church at Union Street, the former Moonta Mission dates

from 1893, has historic significance as a local example of an independent charismatic

evangelical church revival group that became hugely popular in the local district during the

time of greatest religious revival in Australia (1870-1910). The group remained independent

for nearly 100 years and was abandoned in the 1990s.


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Criteron B: Possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Victoria’s cultural history.

3) The miners’ cottages and their large gardens in Moonta area are associated with one of the

unique features of the Victorian goldfields- the Miners Residency Area. The Lazarus Street

cottages are self-made community housing that resulted from adverse possession of Crown

Land at the time of the 1890s depression.�The cottages belong to a group of increasingly rare

structures that show a combined use of timber weatherboards and pise, rammed earth

construction techniques, the mud coming from the nearby creek. Groups of mud adobe and

pise rammed earth dwellings associated with the German community were once a common

feature on the Bendigo goldfields and in the former Long Gully Creek area, but are now

becoming increasingly rare.

4) The contextual setting as an archaeological relic mining landscape, creek lines of Long Gully

and Poor Man’s Gully and the isolated groups of self made rammed earth and timber cottages

that line Union, Lazarus and Harvey Street to the north are rare features. Few areas in

Bendigo illustrate to such a degree, how marginalised miners, Chinese contractors and the

unemployed lived in the early 20th century, prior to the creation of assisted government

housing programmes.

Criterion D: Importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural places

or environments.

5) The cottages at numbers 19, 21, 25 and 24 Lazarus Street are excellent representative

examples of miner’s cottages particularly associated with the influence of the German

community, who worked nearby on the gold mining works along Long Gully, Derwent and

Sparrowhawk Gullies, where they built most of their building from locally made mud bricks

and pise. All miners’ cottages in the Moonta precinct are significant features and are an

excellent architectural record of some of the earliest types and designs of miners’ cottage. The

two former weatherboard and timber cottages at 7 and 9 Harvey Street are significant as

highly intact mid 19th century miners cottages erected on Miners Residency Areas, which

were retained on Crown Land until the 21st century.

6) The cottages display a level of intactness and authenticity in terms of their architectural

character, form and scale that demonstrates the principle characteristics of cottages, built by

unemployed miners and sustenance workers, during the Depression years of 1890s and 1930s.

7) The sporadic and scattered incidence of very small miners’ cottages on large lots in an open

landscape, with timber church, erected prior to the establishment of formal roads, together

with the nearby mining archaeological wastelands clearly tells the story of the early alluvial

and quartz reef mining boom in Bendigo. There is physical evidence from the 1850s through

to the major mining boom of the late 1860s and early 1870s when advances in technology

allowed the formation of huge mining companies and periodic revitalisation of the mines in

the 1890s, 1930s and 1950s.


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Criterion G: Strong association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural

or spiritual reasons.

8) The Moonta precinct has social significance for its strong association with the local Cornish

mining community and its links to the Moonta mines and Moonta mission. The mud pise

rammed earth cottages show strong German influence in their construction methods and

building techniques.

Assessment against the Criteria

HERCON CRITERIA

Criterion A

Importance to the course or pattern of our cultural or natural history.

Criterion B

Possession of uncommon rare or endangers aspects of our cultural or natural history.

Criterion C

Potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of our cultural or natural

history.

Criterion D

Importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places

or environments.

Criterion EImportance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics.

Criterion F

Importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular

period.

Criterion G Strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural

or spiritual reasons. This includes the significance of a place to Indigenous peoples as part of

the continuing and developing cultural traditions.

Criterion H

Special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in our

history.

Recommendations 2010 External Paint Controls: No

Internal Alteration Controls: No

Tree Controls: Yes (Refer to Significant Vegetation Map)

Fences & Outbuildings: No

Prohibited Uses May Be Permitted: No

Incorporated Plan: Yes (Ironbark Heritage Area Incorporated Plan)

Aboriginal Heritage Place: No

Other Recommendations

It is recommended that the Lazarus Street/Poor Mans Gully Precinct be added to the Heritage Overlay

of the Greater Bendigo City Planning Scheme with the schedule entry as shown above. The extent of


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registration is defined by a map. The recommended Incorporated Plan is the ‘Incorporated Plan –

Ironbark Heritage Area’.

CONTRIBUTORY PLACES WITHIN PRECINCT 1

Name No. Street Prop No. Suburb

HERMES ID Significance

Miner's Cottage 7 Harvey 180441 West Bendigo Local

Miner's Cottage 9 Harvey 180443 West Bendigo Local

House 13 Harvey 180446 West Bendigo Local

Miner's Cottage 9 Lazarus 181018 West Bendigo Local

Utility -Pumping Station 11 Lazarus 181007 West Bendigo Local


House 16 Lazarus 181021 West Bendigo Local





Miner's Cottage 110 Marong Road 181525 West Bendigo Local

Miner's Cottage 8 Union 182351 West Bendigo Local



House 13 Union 182356 West Bendigo Local

Church 14 Union 182357 West Bendigo Local


Archaeological Sites

Mine Site -Moonta 26 Lazarus 181006 West Bendigo Local

Mine Site - Moonta 18A Harvey 180434 West Bendigo Local

Total Significant Sites Precinct 1 20

NON CONTRIBUTORY PLACES WITHIN PRECINCT 1

No. Street Prop No. Suburb

11 Harvey 180445 West Bendigo

15 Lazarus 181020 West Bendigo

22 Lazarus 212331 West Bendigo

116-132 Marong Rd 181469 West Bendigo

1 Union 182348 West Bendigo

17 Union 182359 West Bendigo

Total Not Significant Places 6


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Tree species and location was determined without entering private property, as such tree location and

variety may be inexact.


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companies and ground leased up to 1st Nov., 1871, R. Brough Smyth, Secretary of Mines, NLA


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and

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heritage place report · heritage place report greater bendigo city type of place hermes number...

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