hcm721 fms railway station in ipoh&kl awatif 300615

HCM 721 HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTUREAP777 MASTER IN HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENTFACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYINGUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PREPARED BY :NUR ULFAH AWATIF UMAIRAH BT ALIAS (2014562439)COURSE COORDINATOR:DR MASTURA BT ADAM

JUNE 2015

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background study1.2 Industrial Revolution Era: Establishment of1.3 Malaysian Architecture timeline1.4 Railway development phases in Malaya

2.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH RAILWAY STATION2.1 Evolution of railways lines In Federated Malay States2.2 Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh first railway station: simple train shed structure2.3 Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh first brick railway station: First colossal railway

3.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH COLOSSAL RAILWAY STATION3.1 Location in British Administration Setting3.2 Ipoh Railway Station Construction Issue: World War 13.3 Architectural Style3.3.1 British public building Elements3.3.2Moghul Neo-saracen Architecture3.3.3 Global architecture era : Industrial revolution

4.0 CONCLUSION

5.0 REFFERENCES

NUR ULFAH AWATIF UMAIRAH BT ALIAS +6(012) 6923121 [email protected]

HCM 721 HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTUREAP777 MASTER IN HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

British-India influence to FMS Railway station in Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh

This paper intend to identify and evaluate the influenceof British India in Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh RailwayStation as the first two railway stations that have beenbuilt by brick in FMS.

The political influence of British as an administrativebody of Malaya and Malayan geological environment ofthat era will be examined to identify the influence tothe railway station’s architectural elements. The rivalrybetween the European powers for control of the tindeposits in Malaya as an economical force has furtherdeveloped the train system in Malaya, which has urgedto further development along the lines.

Therefore, this study will further evaluate therelationship of the Ipoh Railway Station in comparisonto the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station’s architecturalstyle from the influence of global industrial revolutionera, as well as local political and historical influence.

1.1 INTRODUCTION : BACKGROUND STUDY

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.htmlIpoh Railway Station and Station Hotel c. 1945

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INVENSION OF RAILWAYThe Industrial Revolution covers the century of extraordinary inventiveness andunprecedented industrial and economic growth in Western world. Railway was inventedduring this period of time and was also the driving force behind Industrial Revolution(McNeese, 2010).

The blossoming Industrial Revolution thirsted for raw material namely tin in Malaya(Eveland, 2011).

THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN MALAYSIA1.2 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ERA:

ESTABLISHMENT OF RAILWAY IN MALAYA

Geological environment and historical background of Malaya displayed an importantrole in the development of railway.

Railway was brought into Malaya 60 years after its invention in Europe by the British. Itwas a solution to their problem; the need to transport the tin from the mines to theport in a shorter period of time.

In 19th century, rivalry takes part between the European powers for control of the tindeposits in Malaya. Tin became a significant raw material contributing to the industrialrevolution.

Large tin deposits were discovered in Sungei Ujong of Negeri Sembilan, in the valleysof Klang River and at Larut, Perak (Kaur, 1985). In 1874, British came in to control theunrest in the tin-producing areas and later, residential system was established in Perak,Selangor and Sungei Ujong (Visvanathan, 2013).

The first railway system in Malaya was in 1885 from Taiping to Port Weld and later fromKuala Lumpur to Klang. Many new cities begin to develop along the way later.Both of this railway lines were later connected during the establishment of theFederated Malay States. Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur later became the capital city and haslater constructed the first brick railway station for each states.

RAILWAY ESTABLISHMENT IN MALAYA“ The great difficulty that thetin could be got from themines to the shipping place”( Hugh Low)

“ Railways were clearly theanswer since they provide themeans of richening up theterritory with all its richcommercial possibility”( Hugh Low)

SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:1870-1914

1.3 MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE

MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE TMELINE

1910 KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

1917 IPOH RAILWAY STATION

Source: University of Malaya, 2015

BEFORE 1910: Heavilyinfluenced with Moghulstyle from British India

AFTER 1920: Moghul styleof British India becameless fashioned in this era.Architecture elements hasbeen simplified withmixture of art decoelements.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

STAGE 1: KERETAPI NEGERI-NEGERI (1885 TO 1900)

British government in India do not agree to develop therailways in Malaya. The Train system was financed by theBritish state government at that time in Perak and Selangor.

STAGE 2: FEDERATION MALAY STATES RAILWAYSA.K.A FMSR (1901 TO 1948)State government of Perak and Selangor realize the sharinginterest and needs of railways, and begin to collaborate toimproved co-ordination of development in the newfounded federation.

The outbreak of World War II was marked with theJapanese Empire's invasion of Malaya in 1942.

STAGE 3: MALAYAN RAILWAY/ KERETAPI TANAHMELAYU@KTM (1948 TO 1992)

British government in India accept the establishment ofFMSR and agree to develop new tracks to connect otherstates in Malaya. Malayan Railway was established.

STAGE 4: KTM BERHAD (1992 ONWARDS)

Malayan Union dissolved and was replaced withPersekutuan Tanah Melayu. The Malayan Railway wasrenamed as Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad(KTM) in 1992

1.4 RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT PHASES IN MALAYA

RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT PHASES :

1885 TO 1900

1901 TO 1948

1948 TO 1992

INDIVIDUAL STATE (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)

IN FMS PROVINCE UNTIL WORLDWAR

REBRANDING AFTER WORLDWAR: MALAYAN UNION

Source :Hassan, 1994

2.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH RAILWAY STATION

TIN DEPOSITS DISCOVERED IN FEDERATED MALAY STATES:2.1 EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS LINES IN

FEDERATED MALAY STATES1896

(Left) Port Weld Station , 1886 and (right) Taiping Station, 1885Source: malayarailway. (2009, June 2). malayarailway. Retrieved from F.M.S.R - Taiping - Port Weld Railway Line: http://www.malayarailway.com/2009/01/fmrs-taiping-port-weld-line.html#axzz3dNuRr1bH

Port Swettenham, 1907Source: http://www.rsmurthi.com/PortSwettenhamPhotos.html

IN PERAK : LINE FROM TAIPING TO PORT WELD (1885)

IN SELANGOR: LINE FROM KL TO KLANG (1886)

Earlier established railway lines are within state governmentinitiatives which was built for economical purpose; from themines to the port.

After the establishment of FMS, British has linked all therailway lines for both, economical and administrative purpose(Chan, 1967).Ipoh Station begun to play a significant role inPerak during FMS due to its shorter distance to Kuala Lumpurstation in comparison to other tin deposits around Perak. Ipohlater became the capital of Perak.

1901

Internationalsteam. (2014). Retrieved from Steam in West Malaysia 1996: http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/malay02.htm

LINE FROM IPOH TO PORT WELD (1896)

LINE FROM KL TO PORT SWETTENHAM (1899)

IN SUNGEI UJONG: LINE FROM SEREMBAN TO PORT DICKSON (1891)

2.1 EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS LINES IN FEDERATED MALAY STATES

In 1896, Selangor, Perak, NegeriSembilan and Pahang was mergedunder the Federated Malay States(FMS) a.k.a Negeri-negeri melayubersekutu.

Rail was the main medium tonetwork link to the 4 states for thepurpose of administration andeconomy (Chan, 1967).

2.2 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH FIRST RAILWAY STATION

IPOH RAILWAY STATION

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Year:1886Location: (known as Resident Station) along, earliercalled Victory AvenueBy: the State government

Year:1893Location: Along Jalan Fryer @ opposite track of current buildingwith simple shed structure

Kuala Lumpur – Old Railway Station in 1894http://abckualalumpur.com/info_guide/kl_railwaystn.html

Ipoh– Old Railway Station in 1894https://aibob.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/kuala-lumpur-once-upon-a-time/

A traveler from Medan, Sumatra, who visited Ipoh in the 1920s calledthe Ipoh Railway Station "number two" after the Kuala Lumpur RailwayStation.

IPOH RAILWAY STATION AS SISTER BUILDING TOKUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

RAILWAY SHED

• Simple railway shed structure with large overhangs.

• The first station was a temporary building made of wood and corrugated iron

• The building consist of 2 compartments; a platform and a ticket counter

• The building was constructed by the Indians brought in by the British as labor forces of that time

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

2.3 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH FIRST BRICK RAILWAY STATION

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION IPOH RAILWAY STATION

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Second Ipoh Railway Station (1917) : along Jalan Kelab• This building was under the administration of FMSR leaded by a

‘district superintendent’• There are 2 roads to enter the new site, Jalan Hugh Low and Jalan

Stesen• This new railway station was designed together with a hotel as in

Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Singapore.

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TS The main building is constructed with 2 main section:• Terminal area (Waiting area, offices and restaurant ) and hotel

(The hotel have been added in reference to most previouslyadded hotel in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore Railway Station)

• Train shed

The function of the building is divided into 3 main section:• Main building function (Main hall, ticket counters and

offices)• Platform and rail• 1915, Extension of the Station of a 30-room Hotel (3

levels)

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.htmlIpoh Railway Station and Station Hotel c. 1945

• SecondKuala Lumpur Railway Station (1910) : along JalanSultan Hishamuddin

• previously known as Victory Avenue, which in turn was part ofDamansara Road.

• The station is located closely to the similarly designed RailwayAdministration Building, as well as the National Mosque

http://www.keretapi.com/website/photos-from-ebay-old-kuala-lumpur-station/Kuala Lumpur Railway Station c. 1930

3.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH COLOSSAL RAILWAY STATION

RAILWAY BUILDING IN BRITISH ADMINISTRATION SETTING3.1 LOCATION IN BRITISH

ADMINISTRATION SETTING

RAILWAY STATION

PARADE GROUND

POST OFFICE

GOVERNMENTOFFICE

HIGH COURT

CLUBHOUSE

BANK

http://fac.arch.hku.hk/asian-cities-research/kuala-lumpur-historical-map-and-photos-2/

British administrative setting in Ipoh

Kuala Lumpur plan in 1930 British administrative setting in Kuala Lumpur

British administrative center has developed astandard module which have been applied to mostof its town around Malaya. The administrativesetting shall consist of a government office, postoffice, high court, bank, club house and a paradeground.

In comparison to both city setting in Ipoh and KualaLumpur, Ipoh has displayed the strong relationshipof railway station to its administration center. Ipohwas a major location for mining deposit and hasbeen established as a city due to mining activity.Railway was an important mean of transportation tothe town.

On the other hand, Kuala Lumpur reflected that theBritish administration center is located closer to theriver mouth. This was because it’s early localsettlements have mostly settled along the river withwater transportation as a means of transportationfor communication and trades. Railway was addedlater for the rising need of higher capacity and fastermeans of transportation.


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The station was designed by AB Hubbock (MSPWD)- thesame architect whom has designed Kuala Lumpur RailwayStation.

claimed to be the first brick building built by the stategovernment at that time.

The construction began in 1914 but was interrupted due to ashortage of materials and high costs of labor during WorldWar I.

This station was constructed by phases from the North

After the completion of the main building, a temporarywooden platform was constructed to connect the mainbuilding. Platform 1,2,3,4 and 5 was built after that

Completed in 1917, the station has three platforms,commodious offices for railway staff, and a restaurant andhotel. The hotel rooms open out to the deep upper verandah.It was upgraded from 17 to 21 rooms by 1936.

3.2 IPOH RAILWAY STATION CONSTRUCTION ISSUE

3.3 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE:

ARCHITECTURE STYLES

Architecture style and elements reflected on both Kuala Lumpurand Ipoh Railway Stations have been on the influence of thefactors below:

1. The function of the building – to reflect the masculine andmassive figure of a British public building.

2. Brtish-India :Moghul neo-saracen architecture- carried in bythe British officers whom have served in India before comingto Malaya. The elements are carried in to demonstrate Malayaas an Islamic country.

3. Influence of architecture era in global context – Starting fromIndustrial revolution up to art deco era

3.3.1 BRITISH PUBLIC BUILDING ELEMENTS

As a British public building, both of this stations share a commonelements to display a massive masculine figure to look dominant.

In Britain, the Neoclassical style was employed in the design of awide variety of public buildings from banks to museums to postoffices.

It is identified with common architecture principles as follow:• Symmetrical• Visual frame & break front• Proportion & verticality (visually looks taller)• Repetition and rhyme


SYMETRICALbBlance to the exis in both façade and layout. This is essentially important

to display stability and power through a massive image.

DOMINANT It is a important character derived from the classical architecture to

‘highlight’ certain façade elements such as main entrance. Big dome highlighting the centreand a medium-size dome on themarking the other 2 ends. Thesedomes is harmonized with the

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Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3 dome sizeSmall-edges of the buildingMiideum’north south tower

Big centre of building

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Front elevation of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

VISUAL FRAMEThe building form is very linear, the edges is highlighted with decorative

projected elements.The visual frame created a solid and stable image for the building.

1 2 3

1 2 3


BREAKFRONT




The façade elements on the lower body is enlarged and exaggerated to make the body visually looks taller.

REPETITION AND RHYTHMThis is reflected in the design of column, balustrade, pediments on the

façade, domes and others.


URN-LIKE






EDGES:It is commonly known as the ‘ battlements’ in

classical architecture. It often is designed similar to the balustrade along the corridor to

look harmonious with the overall facade.Similar to classical Corinthian balustrade



MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN ARCHITECTURE

This style has been displayed at both Kuala Lumpur and Ipohrailway station. It is commonly known as MOGHUL NEO-SARACENARCHITECTURE or Moghul revival.

Moghul Neo-saracen Architecture is marriage elements fromNative Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture (to create notableimpression of Islamic architecture) with western Gothic revivaland Neo-classical styles.

The term Saracenic was used by the ancient Romans to refer toprovince of Arabia features gently curving domes and arches.

It was a popularity style in late-19th century and early 20thcentury in colonial India and was carried into Malaya by Britisharchitects in British India (A.B. Hubback has worked in Indiabefore coming to Malaya in 1901)

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3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN ARCHITECTURE

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/neoclassical-architecture.htm



PALLADIAN WINDOW

WINDOW WITH PEDIMENT

SILL


Portion of Front facade of Ipoh Railway Station, 2015


Portion of Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station (left) Displaying the proportion of window sizes at every floor (Right) elements of Neo-classical



PEDIMENTS


Pediments are used to decorate the building.

Two types of pediments are used in the façade:

a. Triangular pediment after L’Eveille

b. Segmental Pediment after Vignola

BRACKET

• It is a supporting structure often seen in Indian temples.

• Seen used to support the dome and front windows


Pediments of Neo-classical Windows and doors along Ipoh Railway Station verandah way is decorated with Neo-

classical broken pediment, 2015

‘egga and dart’ motif found to decorate around the building on its architrave and Ionic column as a common motif found in Neo-classical building


‘EGGA AND DART’ MOTIF

Windows, pediments and architraves on Ipoh Railway façade is well decorated with the egg and dart motif from Neo-classical element, 2015

Column in the veranda way of Ipoh Railway Station is well decorated with the egg and dart motif from Neo-classical element, 2015 Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.



CLASSICAL COLUMNIt is devided to capital, entablature, shaft, base,and pedestal(from timber known as wood casing)

In proportion base on the classical order:• Base: Similar to the Corinthian• Capital and entablature: similar to classical Tuscan

column• Some column is a rusticated column which has few block

like partition.

Type of column:• Steel column• Square drum column• Circular drum*not all column function to transfer load

Rusticated column (block like partition) in Ipoh Railway Station, 2015

Square and circular drum column in Ipoh Railway Station, 2015



MINERATEThe minarets are designed in hexagon which was adaprted by British as an Islamic elemental pattern. Hexagon is also used to design the main first class ticket counter.

Ipoh Railway Station Minerets , June 2015


Comparative Minarets design from other building in India



ARCHESOften used in Indian tample and mosque. Used type was:Semi-circular type (Ground floor)Segmented (Bath level)

Uses chamber’s guidelines for setting out arches in classical measure but it does not apply to all.Uses 10ft diameter(for small corridor on north and south) and (16ft diameterarch in the centre) for


Arch in Ipoh Station applies the Classical arch principle



MINERATEOften projected up at the corner edges, higher than the main building to create an attractive skyline.

Kuala Lumpur station reflects a strong character ofmosque from layout with courtyard , surrounded byslim columns and edges marked with minaret -liketowers

MOORISH TURRETS -CHATRIS(commonly found in Hindu as well as Mughal architecture)

6 CHATRIS originally, with 2 added later at the corners of the building accompanying smaller variations at the front.

chhatris which hold the domes

is a small tower that projects verticallyfrom the wall

turret as decorative structure to thebuilding. In the other ways, it mightcontain a staircase if it projects higherthan the building.

Pinnacles


Comparative Minarets design from other building in India


Chhatris of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station



BUILDING ELEMENTS: ARCHES

Elliptical arch

Equilateral Arch Horseshoe Arch

Keyhole Arch

@ also called the Moorish arch andthe Keyhole arch, is the emblematicarch of Islamic architecture.

Ogee Cyma Reversa Arch

ARCHES

FORMATION OF RAILWAY STATION STANDARDS IN EUROPE: Adapted in the concept of kuala lumpur and ipoh railway station

• Exposed steel structure in the platform area parallel to technicaland engineering character.

• Variety of platform structure depending on the width

• Concourse area (to gather)

• Combination of hotel and train Satation . Firstly used in 1837 inEngland by Lord Crewe

• Picturesque eclecticism used from late 18th century to early 20th

century to form an attractive skyline

Even though the raw material of tins have not been spent in Malaya,these stations was still affected by the change of building material.This is obviously presented in its platform area which have been of awide span steel structure especially Kuala Lumpur Train Station.

Ipoh have had steel as a structure for the whole building, which ishowever, being covered by concrete in the main building

3.3.3 GLOBAL ARCHITECTURE ERA : INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Megalomania(1890-1914) era has developed railway system widely in the west.

This has carry influence in Malaya only later , which reflects the changes of elements in Ipoh Station compared to the earlier style of Kuala Lumpur Station.• From romantic era to aesthetic • Towers became less frequent • Domes begin to replace spires• Proportion: grand• Use of glass cages and domes

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.html

Steam train at Kuala Lumpur railway station c. 1950

Kuala Lumpur railway station platform c.1920http://www.keretapi.com/website/photos-from-ebay-old-kuala-lumpur-station/


Steam train at Kuala Lumpur railway station c. 1915

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.html

Ipoh railway station platform c. 1950


Steel I beam and column covered with concrete finish in most area except platform area to harmonize the design as a whole and to differentiate the platform area from the building.

Ipoh railway station platform section

4.0 CONCLUSION

This study has identified and recognized thesimilarity and differences in both, KualaLumpur and Ipoh Railway Stationarchitecture through its historicalbackground and influence. Kuala Lumpurand Ipoh became the capital for Selangorand Perak, function as the main center ofadministration for British. Therefore, bothstations shows a strong masculine identityas a public building under Britishadministration in Malaya.

However, even though both of this buildingswere the first brick FMS railway station ineach state, Kuala Lumpur Railway Stationwas build 7 years earlier than Ipoh Railwaystation.Only in the late 19th century Ipoh was foundto contain large tin deposits and Britishcame in to control the unrest in the tin-producing areas and later.

Kuala Lumpur Station(1910) has displayed a strong Moghul and Rajarchitecture and detailing that was later becoming less and simplified inIpoh Station. Kuala Lumpur station architecture style was similar to mostBritish public buildings in Kuala Lumpur in its era. The architects in thattime were closely influenced by British style in India.

Ipoh Station, which was later built in 1917 after the world war, have beenin the simpler complexity. Limitation of material was a challenge, and thestyle is experimental. It demonstrated a stronger simplified classical imageand proportion.

The influence of Megalomania in Europe was found to influence the designof Ipoh station which has exhibit fewer towers and minarets but moredomes.

On top of all, in the overall form of the building, both station has displayeda common architectural elements of a British public building with a massiveimage and principle.

REFERENCES

Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

Chan, C. H. (1967). The development of British Malaya 1896-1909. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eveland, J. (2011). Frommer's Singapore and Malaysia. United States of America: Wiley Publishing.

Kaur, A. (1985). Bridge and barrier: transport and communications in Colonial Malaya, 1870-1957. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

McNeese, T. (2010). The Industrial Revolution. Missouri: Milliken.

Visvanathan, R. (2013, December 28). Development of Malaya Transport. Retrieved from Malayan History: https://rvisva.wordpress.com/tag/malayan-history/

Internationalsteam. (2014). Retrieved from Steam in West Malaysia 1996: http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/malay02.htmmalayarailway. (2009, June 2). malayarailway. Retrieved from F.M.S.R - Taiping - Port Weld Railway Line: http://www.malayarailway.com/2009/01/fmrs-taiping-port-weld-line.html#axzz3dNuRr1bH

Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. (1997, 15 Feb). Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, pp. 50–65. Arkib Negara Malaysia.

Mohd Bakri Jaffar & Dr. Azmy Morsid. (2007). Untukmu Malaysia Sempena 50 Tahun Merdeka Menjejaki Warisan Kita. Shah Alam, Malaysia: Ultimate

Print Sdn. Bhd.

Kuala Lumpur Train Station Very For Cheap And Easy Travel. Retrieved March 9, 2013, from Malaysia Travel Guide official website: http://www.malaysia-

travel-guide.com/kuala-lumpur-train-station.html

Voyage 99. (N.D.) Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. Retrieved April 28, 2013 from http://www.voyage99.com/tourist-attraction/kuala-lumpur/attractions/kl-

railway-station.html

The Old Railway Station: Places to Visit in Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved March 9, 2013 , from abckualalumpur official website :

http://abckualalumpur.com/info_guide/kl_railwaystn.htm

5.0 REFERENCES

hcm721 fms railway station in ipoh&kl awatif 300615

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