harvard referencias

8/13/2019 Harvard Referencias

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The Harvard Style of Referencing Published Material

Introduction and Definitions

Language Explained:CITINGmeans formally recognising, within your text, the resources from which you

have obtained information.

BIBLIOGRAPHYis the list of sources you have used.

REFERENCEis the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained

your information.

Why is Ree!en"ing Ne"essa!y#

It is to acknowledge the work of other writers; to demonstrate the body of knowledge on

which you have based your work; to enable other researchers to trace your sources and

lead them on to further information.

For these reasons it is very important that you think of the information needed to cite

material correctly when you are carrying out a literature search. Always ensure that you

record references to materials you consultprecisely. Failing to do so could cause you

additional work when you need to incorporate a reference into your bibliography.

Without such discipline the ability for researchers to trace relevant information becomes

impossible. ou would suffer along with all other researchers if limited or partial

information was used in research work. A standard system of citing these references

ensures an easier system of tracing academic and other knowledge more efficiently.

!here are a number of systems for referencing but we recommend the "arvard #ystem.

!he details are outlined in these pages.

our bibliography for your piece of work represents the results of your

information$literature search and you may wish to discuss your search method in the

text of your writing, e.g. in a %methodology& section.

Why Ha!$a!d#

!his system developed in the '#A and grew in popularity during the ()*+&s and

()+&s, especially in the physical and natural sciences and more recently the social

sciences.

-ver several decades it has become the most common system internationally and is

freuently the standard house style for academic /ournals.

!he "arvard system has advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use

both for author and reader. !here is no third place to look, such as footnotes and chapter

references, which are features of other systems.


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0-!1#

"arvard is 0-! necessarily the same as publishers& house style. When writing an article for

inclusion in a professional /ournal, you must consult the editors& notes on style used in the

specific publication.

!here are three styles in common use as ways to highlight the key element of a reference;

they are %&ld 'ex', underlining and italics. ou should use one, and onlyone, of these

techniues throughout your bibliography.

!hroughout the associated Web #ite, we have used %&ld 'ex'to highlight the key element of

each reference. !his is because underlined text might be confused with links to other pages,

and italic fonts don2t always display as well as their non3italic euivalents.

When a document is type3written, underlining is often the only option; it is therefore

commonly used in printed materials. It is the techniue used in these downloadable files.

When a document is type3set 4e.g. a book or /ournal5, the use of italics is freuently

preferred.

In order to maintain consistency in your bibliography you should only use the initial letters

of the writer&s forename4s5, even when you have more information. In some cases you may

feel that this hides the gender balance of the research base; in such cases it is possible to

refer to the writer&s full name in the main text.


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Citing in the Text

The Ha!$a!d sys'e( & "i'a'i&nis the most straightforward method of acknowledging

other people2s work, because initially all you need to do is mention the author and dateof publication in the text of your work. #o, at each point in the text which refers to a

particular document, insert the author2s surname and publication year.

e.g.

!he work of 6reece 4())75 was concerned to emphasise the importance of uality in social

research.

!he reader can easily locate the full description of the item you have cited by referring

to the alphabetical list of references 4or bibliography5 provided at the end of your report.

!he system has the advantages of showing at a glance the authority used, who may wellbe recognised, and how recent or contemporary the information might be.

N&'e 'he &ll&)ing p&in's:

In the main text, initial letters are only used when two or more authors have the

same surname and have published in the same year, in which case they should be

identified by initials in order to avoid confusion.

'se lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one item published in

the same year by the same author.

e.g.

!he 89I, which has been very influential in raising the public profile of guidance, has itself

adopted three very different positions on this matter: having initially argued that the careers

service should be transferred from 1As to !raining and 1nterprise 8ouncils 489I, ()evolution 4()owley, ())5. If the customer to

customer interaction is good then you will get a return visit. It is the ob/ective of effective

customer compatibility management to enhance the service experience. !hus >owley4())5 asserts that the ethos of the student environment does have an impact on student


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achievement.

*i!e"' +u&'a'i&ns:

If you are giving direct uotations you should identify the page numbers. If details of

parts of the document are reuired e.g. page numbers, track or title numbers of sound

recordings, these appear after the date within parenthesis. !he abbreviations are: page

4p.5, pages 4pp.5, section 4s.5 or sections 4ss.5

e.g.

!here is a need to create ?stopping off@ places in the learning process or what ornbluh and

Breen 4()


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Citing in the Bibliography

!he bibliography appears at the end of your work, is organised alphabetically and is

evidence of the literature and other sources you have used in your research. !he firsttwo elements of your reference, i.e. author and date, constitute the link you made in the

text. !hus the reader can move between the text and the bibliography and trace a correct

reference.

!he following uses a 9ook reference as an example, however other types of sources are

referenced in a similar manner.

ou should use the title page 4if any5 rather than the document cover as your authority.

Include the following information.

!he order is:

4(5 Author4s5, editor4s5 or the institution responsible for writing the document. -N&'e:

ed. is a suitable abbreviation for editor.5

4D5 Gate of publication 4in brackets5.

4=5 !itle and subtitle 4if any5. 'nderlined, e(%&ldenedor in italics4be consistent

throughout the bibliography.5

475 #eries and individual volume number 4if any5.

4*5 1dition if not the first.

45 6lace of publication if known.

4H5 6ublisher.

4


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Literature Sources

B&&. Ree!en"es

ou should use the title page 4if any5 rather than the document cover as your

authority.

Include the following information, the order is:

(. Author 4s5, editor4s5 or the institution responsible for writing the document. 4N&'e:

ed. is a suitable abbreviation for editor.5

D. Gate of publication 4in brackets5.

=. !itle and subtitle 4if any5. 'nderlined or e(%&ldenedor in italics4but be consistent

throughout the bibliography.5

7. #eries and individual volume number 4if any5.*. 1dition if not the first.

. 6lace of publication if known.

H. 6ublisher.

e.g.

#pence, 9. ed. 4())=5 #econdary school management in the ())+2s: challenge and change.

Aspects of 1ducation #eries, 7


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Where the article is anonymous:

e.g.

"ow dangerous is obesityK 4()HH5 9ritish edical Cournal, 0o +), D


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Academic Sources

C&ne!en"esou should include the following information. !he order is:

(. 0ame of the 8onference.

D. 0umber 4if appropriate5.

=. Gate.

7. ocation 4if appropriate5.

*. Gate of publication.

. !itle of published work, if different from the name of the conference. !his should

be underlined, e(%&ldenedor in italics, and a consistent style should be used

throughout the bibliography.H. Author$1ditor.


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Conference Paper from Conference Proceedings:

e2g2

Fedchak, 1. E Guvall, . 4())5 An engineering approach to electronic publishing. In:6roceedings of the International Workshop on ultimedia #oftware Gevelopment,

D*3D arch, 9erlin. os Alimos, 8a, I111 8omput. #oc. 6ress. pp.


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Resea!"h Rep&!'s2

0o one example can explain the type and range of reports. "owever it is important to

include the subtitle and series information:

(. Author&s 0ame.

D. Gate of publication 4in parentheses5.

=. !itle and subtitle 4if any5. !his should be underlined or e(%&ldenedor in italics

4be consistent throughout the bibliography.5

7. >esearch >eport 0o.

*. 6lace of publication, 4if known5.

. 6ublisher.

e.g.

ullineux, 0. 4())H5 !he world tyre industry: a new perspective to D++*. >esearch >eport

=7


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EC Union ublications

EC 4NION Pu%li"a'i&ns

The guidance on citing European Documentation will not necessarily conform to the

Harvard system because of the particular methods employed to organise the range of

publications The following is for your guidance only in order to aid some form of

consistency

An example of a comprehensive citation for an 18 regulation:

C&un"il Regula'i&n -EEC5 N& 6789;6 & 67 /uly 8;;6 a(ending Regula'i&n -EEC5 N&

8 662?28;;6> p2652

CO, d&"u(en's2

8- documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the 1uropean

8ommunity. !he final versions are only published after much discussion with

interested parties 3 earlier drafts are not generally publicly available.

Include the following information:

!he last two digits of the year in round brackets

!he serial number

!he word %final& to indicate that it is in fact, the final version and not one of the

earlier drafts.

e.g.

P!&p&sal &! a C&un"il di!e"'i$e &n uni&!( p!&"edu!es &! "he".s &n 'he '!ansp&!' &

dange!&us g&&ds %y !&ad>CO, -;=5 ;@9> inal2

3e"&nda!y Legisla'i&n

Include the following information:

Its institutional origin M 8ommission or 8ouncil.

Its form 3 >egulation, Girective, Gecision.

Its uniue number.

Its year of enactment.

Its institutional treaty under which it was made M 118$18, 18#8, 1uratom.

!he date it was passed.

-ptional information can include the title of the legislation and a reference to the

issue of the -fficial Cournal of the 1uropean 8ommunities in which it was

published.

>egulations are normally cited with the name of institutional treaty, followed by the

legislation number and the year of enactment.


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e2g2

8ouncil >egulations 4185 0o. 7+$)7 of D+ Gecember ())= on the 8ommunity trade mark

A shorter version would be cited as follows:

e2g2

C&un"il Regula'i&n


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Electronic Sources

N&'e

!emember that "nternet based material may only be available for a short time and hence may

not be suitable for referencing "t is advisable to keep a personal copy as evidence that the

information e#isted

C*RO,s

!he citing of information from computer databases varies. If you have, for example,

been using a 8G3>- to obtain /ournal references you only need to cite the /ournal as

your source of information, not the 8G3>-.

e.g.

>oyal Institute of 9ritish Architects. 4())I9A Nulti3media 8G3>-O

If the information you are using is only available as a computer database you should cite

it as follows:

e.g.

Bray, C. . E 8ourtenay, B. 4() to identify the site from where the /ournal came.

any Web documents do give an author. If the information is not explicit you may

find it in the header of the "! encoded text 4although that may reflect who

?marked up@ the document, rather than who actually wrote it.5 ou can view the

header by choosing the option to view document source 4a choice available from the

view option in 0etscape.5 -therwise use the title as the main reference point as you

would with any anonymous work.


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If a document on the web is a series of linked pages M what is the title of the

documentK Go you cite the main contents page, or a particular page you are uoting

fromK !his is a grey area.

ou should cite the date the document was last updatedif this is apparent, or the

date when you accessed it if not.

In Internet addresses punctuation is important and the stops and commas in a

bibliographic citation may confuse the reader; hence the common convention of using

P and Q to delineate the start and end of an '>.

Ele"'!&ni" /&u!nal A!'i"les

Include the following information. !he order should be:3

4(5 Author4s5$ 1ditor4s5.

4D5 ear.

4=5 !itle of Article.475 !itle of Cournal, underlined or e(%&ldenedor in italics4be consistent throughout

the bibliography.5

4*5 Ntype of mediumO.

45 Gate of publication.

4H5 olume number 4issue number5, pagination or online euivalent.

4s.

4*5 Filename including extension.

45 NGate accessedO.


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e.g.

"ubble space telescope release in the #pace #huttle2s payload bay. 4())H5 Nonline imageO.

Available from Phttp:$$explorer.arc.nasa.gov$pub$Q #6A81$BIF$s=(3+73+(*.gif, NAccessed

Culy ())HO

W&!ld Wide We% *&"u(en's

Include the following information, the order should be:

4(5 Author$1ditor.

4D5 ear.

4=5 !itle. 'nderlined or e(%&ldenedor in italics4be consistent throughout the

bibliography.5

475 NInternetO.

4*5 1dition.

45 6lace of publication:

4H5 6ublisher 4if ascertainable5.4s.

4)5 NAccessed dateO.

e.g.

"olland, . 4())5 "arvard #ystem NInternetO 6oole, 9ournemouth 'niversity. Available

from: Phttp:$$www.bournemouth.ac.uk$service3depts$lis$I#R6ub$harvardsys.htmlQ

NAccessed DD August, ())HO

E(ail *is"ussi&n Lis'sInclude the following information and the order should be:3

Author$1ditor.

ear.

!itle of message.

Giscussion list name and date of message, underlined, e(%&ldened or in italics4be

consistent throughout the bibliography.5

NmediumO M Internet discussion list.

Available from: Pe3mail list addressQ Naccessed dateO.

e.g.

9rack, 1.. 4())5 8omputing and short courses. is3linkD ay ())NInternet Giscussion

listO. Available from: PmailbaseSmailbase.ac.ukQ NAccessed (* Apr ())HO


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Useful !ints and Common Con"entions

0-!1

'seful for researchers interpreting work produced by others M this is 0-! a part of the

"arvard style of referencing.

I%id2 4atin5 is used as a ditto instead of repeating the previous reference.

e.g.

ashley,8. 4())*5 I(p!&$ing s'udy s.ills2 A "&(pe'en"e app!&a"h2ondon, 8assell.

Ibid. p.(**

Ibid. p.(H+

Op2 Ci'2 4atin5 is used after an author&s name to mean the same work as last cited for

this author.

e.g.

9ennett, 8. 4())5 Resea!"hing in'& 'ea"hing (e'h&ds in "&lleges uni$e!si'ies2

ondon, ogan 6age.

anger, C.C 4())*5. The essen'ial in'e!ne' in&!(a'i&n guide20ew ork, cBraw "ill.

9ennett, 8. op. cit. p.(H*.

E' al 4atin5 commonly used as an abbreviation for ?and others@.

e.g.

9ennett, " et al. 4())+5 ,anaging Edu"a'i&n. ondon, Falmer 6ress.


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Sample Bibliography

9ennett, "., Bunter, ". E >eid, #. 4())5 !hrough a glass darkly: images of appraisal.

Cournal of !eacher Gevelopment, * 4=5 -ctober, pp.=)37.

8onference on 1conomic 8rime, Dnd. ()HH. ondon #chool of 1conomics E 6olitical

#cience. 4()A8I-0 !-AGA G1

Nwww.lmu.ac.uk$lss$ls$docs$Ha!$a!d$Ha!$a!d.htmO,

el D de /unio de D++D

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