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ConsciousnessBy Group 3 1F-Pharmacy11 Cuison, Lovely12 Dai, Elijin13 Damasco, Ida14 dela Cruz, Francesca15 Duron, KatrinaAugust 13, 2012Psychology

Nature of ConsciousnessCONSCIOUSNESSOften used to refer the awareness of a beingone's awareness of the external worldTo be conscious is to perceive something, consciousness requires something outside of itself in order to function; consciousness requires and is dependent upon, existence. (Descartes)

Stages of SleepSleep:Natural state of bodily rest in humans and animalsRegular sleep is essential for survivalStages of Sleep:Sleep consists of several stages that cycle throughout the nightDeterminant of stage of sleep: Brainwaves5 stages: 1, 2, 3, 4 and REMStages of SleepStage 1Light sleepDrifting in and out of sleepCan be awakened easilySlow eye and muscle movementStage 2Eye movement stops, slower brainwavesStages of SleepStage 3Deep sleepDelta waves:Extremely slow brain wavesInterspersed with smaller, faster wavesStage 4Deep SleepDeep SleepHard to wake the person asleepNo eye movement/muscle activityOccurrence of bedwetting, sleepwalking and night terrors in children

Stages of SleepRapid Eye Movement (REM)Rapid, irregular and shallow breathingEyes jerk rapidlyLimb muscles temporarily paralyzedIncrease in brain waves, heart rate, blood pressureOccurrence of dreams (often dreams in this stage are remembered)Most experience 3-5 intervals of REM sleep each nightStages of SleepStatistics:Infants spend 50% of their time in REM.Adults spend 50% in Stage 2, 20% in REM and the other 30% is divided between the other 3 stages.Older adults spend less time in REM sleep.Common Sleep DisordersInsomnia- It is defined as difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep due to inadequate quality or quantity of sleep. The 3 types are Transient (days-weeks), Acute (3 weeks- 6 months), and Chronic insomnia (years).Bruxism- Grinding of teethSleep Apnea- suspension of external breathingHypopnea- overly shallow breathing/abnormally low respiratory rateCommon Sleep DisordersNarcolepsy- Excessive Daytime Sleeping (EDS)Cataplexy- sudden and transient episode of loss of muscle tone, commonly associated with NarcolepsySleep Paralysis- associated with Narcolepsy, Cataplexy and Hypnagogic hallucinationsSleepwalking- the sufferer engages in activities that are normally associated with wakefulness while he is asleep or in a sleep-like state Theories on DreamsSigmund Freuds TheoryPsychoanalytic perspective Mind protects the sleeper from being disturbed by manufacturing dreams.2 parts:ManifestLatent

Theories on DreamsManifestWhat the person would remember as soon they wake up.Possessed no meaning because it was a disguised representation of the true thought underlying the dream.Dream workLatentHolds the true meaning of the dream.Appears in the manifest content but will be disguised and unrecognizable.Can be indistinguishable.(Freud referred to as the Infantile dreams)

Theories on DreamsDream work can disguise and distort the latent thoughts in 4 ways:Condensation:2 or more latent thoughts are combined to make up one manifest dream image or situation.Displacement:Transferred emotion or desire onto meaningless/unrelated object in the manifest dream.

Theories on Dreams3. Symbolism:Complex or vague concepts are converted into dream image.Dream symbols are for the most part sexual in the meaning thus many dreams (but not all) have sexual correlation.Some elongated objects were all symbols for male organ/ an erection.Other hollowed objects represented the female genitalia.Reason why the causes of wet dreams are usually never the result of a normal sexual act within a dream.

Theories on Dreams4. Secondary Revision:Final stage Where the dream loses the appearance of absurdity and incoherence.Which the dream work covers up the contradictions and attempts to reorganize the dream into a pattern in sync with the dreamers experience.Freud used the method of free association to discover the underlying meaning behind the dream (Latent content)Freud insisted that dreams are a form of fulfilling supressed wishes (likely to be sexual in origin).Unsatisfied during the dreamers normal day, reacting internal stimuli by transforming it into a visual fantasy- satisfying his or her desire. Which results to a peaceful nights sleep.Theories on DreamsAlfred Adler and Dream TheoryDreams were a way of addressing our insecurities. In a dream we can safely face things that would otherwise scare us.Adlerian dream analysis involves looking at the parts of a dream and analyzing what problems or inferiorities they might represent.Falling could express a direct fear, fall from grace or loss of face and social standing. If caught by an angel might have religious or spiritual meaning or simply refer to trusting and relying on one special person.Dreams also tells us a lot about our personality and style of life.

Theories on DreamsCarl JungDreams are dramas on ones interior stage.Steps:1.Opening scene introducing setting, characters, and initial situation of the main character.2.Development of the plot.3.Emergence of a major conflict.4.Reponse to the conflict by the main character or another character.Some dreams are too short to be fragmented to be classified in these terms.Attempts at problem solving in the personal structure.At the end of the dream shows the possibility for the dreamer in waking life to solve similar problems.

Types of DreamsOrdinary DreamsThe dream is triggered by random thoughtsCasual thoughts such as knowledge, impressions, information and experiences that were stored into long term memory can shift into dreamsA person may have 3 to 5 dreams per nightLucid DreamsYou are aware that you are dreaming."Wait a second. This is only a dream!"Most dreamers wake themselves up once they realize that they are dreaming. Other dreamers have cultivated the skill to remain in the lucid state of dreaming. They become an active participant in their own dreams, making decisions in their dreams and influencing the dream's outcome without awakening. Lucid dreams give you the ability to control your own dreams and steer them toward the direction you want

Types of DreamsDay DreamsThis Happens when you are awakeYou stare off and turning the world around youAs your mind begins to wander and your level of awareness decreases, you lose yourself in your imagined scenario and fantasy.They are silly fantasies and wishful thinking

False Awakening DreamsYou dream you are awakeHave you ever thought you have waken up and gone about your daily morning routine: getting up, brushing your teeth, eating breakfast and going to work, only to wake up "again" and realize that what just happened is just a dream.

Types of DreamsNightmaresDisturbing type of dream that causes you to wake up feeling anxious and frightenedMight experience terror, fear, sadness and anger.Nightmares may be a response to real life trauma and situations.Stress and worries may trigger a person from experiencing nightmareResearch shows that most people who have regular nightmares have a family history of psychiatric problemsNightmares are an indication of a fear that needs to be acknowledged and confronted. It is a way for the subconscious to wake up and take notice. "Pay attention!"Douglas Clucas, author of Decoding the Meaning of your Dreams, believe that nightmares represent the dreamer's desire to deal with problems rather than hide from them.

DrugsWhat are drugs?It is known as a drug, a substance that acts on the central nervous system and produces a series of physical or psychological changes, or a different perception of reality.From a medical perspective, drugs would be considered as medicines or drugs, this being those substances that are able to cure or prevent disease. Most of these substances derive from plants, but can also be obtained from animals or by synthesis.From a legal standpoint, it is considered that a drug substance, not being used for medical purposes, is illegal, thats to say, it cant be produced or consumed.

DrugsPsychoactive drugs alters brain function (primary in the CNS)change in mood, perception, consciousness, behaviorTypesDepressantStimulantHallucinogensNarcoticsDrugsDepressantInhibit the function of the CNS (particularly the neurons)Results in drowsiness, relaxation, sleep, coma, and even deathPotential to be addictiveExamplesEthyl alcohol- second most widely used psychoactive drug in the world(First is caffeine)Benzodiazepines- treat anxiety and sleeping disorders- Low toxicity and high effectiveness- Less preferred long term treatment

DrugsStimulant Increase activity in the brainTEMPORARILY alleviate alertness, mood, awarenessExamplesCaffeine- most widely used psychoactive drug in the world- found in coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate candy, soft drinks - side effects of insomnia and anxiety- physically addictive- headaches, fatigue and irritability upon withdrawalNicotine- found in cigarettes-smoking is fashionCocaine- from leaves of coca tree-used as therapeutic treatment for psychological disorder (Sigmund Freud)-its snorted, inhaled, injected or taken orally

DrugsHallucinogensIngested to induce alteration of consciousnessUsually visual, auditory, tactileExamplesLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)- treatment of alcoholism-believed to enhance creativity and well-being-form of tablets, capsules, liquid forms-large amount: delusions and visual hallucinations-Hallucinogen-induced persisting perceptual disorder (HPPD)Peyote found on top of cactus (known as crown)-soaked in the water producing intoxicating liquid

DrugsHallucinogensPsilocybin- from fresh or dried mushrooms-taken orally-alter autonomic function-inability to discern fantasy from realityPCP (phencyclidine)- intravenous anesthetic-white crystal powder soluble in water or alcohol-dissociative drugMarijuana- from Cannabis sativa-mixture of dried leaves, sticks, flowers-effects: dry mouths, swollen eyelids, bloodshot eyes, accelerated heartbeat

NarcoticsWhat are narcotics?The narcotics are those substances which produce stupor. Thats to say a kind of personal clumsiness, drowsiness and lack of interest in the outside world. Also known as opioids because they include the opium, which is extracted from the capsule of poppy and all its derivatives.NarcoticsIts function takes place because they act on the central nervous system depressing it. Its mode of action is similar to that of the enkephalims, a type of endorphins or compounds produced by the body itself to eliminate pain. Hence, this administration has an immediate effect for the elimination of pain. At the same time, they produce a feeling of pleasure which is why some people decide to take it as a form of drug abuse.

NarcoticsLike the other drugs they are highly addictive, especially when used intravenously, so its use should be under strict medical supervision, avoiding the temptation to use them to reduce depression or anxiety or to provide personal pleasure. The United Nations warned in a statement on March 2, 2005 how drug sales online is increasing and the risks that this lack of control involves.

NarcoticsNarcoticsReferred to any illegal or unlawfully possessed drug.Characteristics:treats cough, pain, acute diarrheaproduces dependencyside effects: drowsiness, sleeplessness, constipation, nausea and vomiting, difficulty in urination, and respiratory depressionNarcotics Examples:Heroinfastest-acting and most addictive drug out on the street marketcould be injected, smoked/snortedgrows addiction from the first time of useextraordinary fever reducerOpiumfrom the latex (sap) in the immature seed pods of opium poppiesdark brown solid powder which can be injected, smoked, or eatenprocessed chemically to produce heroincompose of 12% morphineNarcotics Examples:Morphinea narcotic analgesicdiscovered by pharmacist Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertrnernamed after Morpheus (Greek god of sleep)in 1853, it was used for pain relief and cure for opium and alcohol addictionusers have the urge for higher and higher dosagereduces persons level of consciousnessNarcotics Examples:Codeineprescribed for the relief of moderate pain and suppression of cough8 to 12 % morphinemost widely used opiate in the worldin the form of tablets and injectable solution BarbituratesCNS depressant; Sedative hypnoticOften called tranquilizers, sleeping pills, sedativeReplaced by benzodiazepines (less dangerous in overdose)originated from Barbituric acid composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, urineNarcotics Examples:

OPIUM

Barbiturates

CODEINE

MORPHINE

HEROINBibliographyConsciousness - an animation of Spirit [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwyuQbIb0Xs

Delfino, Randy C. (2011). Understanding Psychology in Modern Perspective. Manila: HisGoPhil Publishing House, Inc.

Narcolepsy - National Geographic [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0GyhVN-HwU

Sigmund Freud's Theory on Dreams [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OafgI0O5K8Q