green telecom & it workshop: rod tucker keynote
TRANSCRIPT
How GreenTouch is Making a Difference
Rod TuckerCentre for Energy-Efficient Telecommunications
University of Melbourne
Source: Hilbert and Lopez, “The world’s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information,” Science, April 2011
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20151E+018
1E+019
1E+020
1E+021
1E+022
1E+023
1E+024
Storage (bits)
Telecommunications (bits/year)
1024
1023
1022
1021
1020
1019
1018Cap
acity
(b
its,
bits
/yea
r)
Global Technology Capacity
Tota
l Po
we
r C
onsu
mp
tion
(W)
Year
2010 2015 2020 2025109
1011
1010
1012
15% p.a. efficiency gains
Global electricity supply
1013
0% p.a. efficiency gains
Power Consumption of
Internet
Sources: Hinton et al., Tucker, IEEE
Power Consumption of the Internet
GreenTouch goal
~3000 kg Co2e/person return
2 X 1 Gb/s for 16 hours ~ 10 TB
~50 kg Co2e/person
Air Travel
Video Conferencing
Melbourne Bangalore
Business Meeting
Travel Replacement
Summary
• Energy implications of network growth– Methods for estimating network energy
• Energy modelling of the network, including data centers
• Key contributors to network energy consumption
• The gap between current practice and “fundamental” limitations– Putting the factor of 1000 into context
• How GreenTouch is making a difference
• Why your organization should join GreenTouch
1. Inventory & sales approach:
Sales (units/year)
Lifetime (years)
Residential
Usage (hours/year)
Power needs
Power management
Equipment stock:
- Residential- Commercial
- Industrial
Equipment consumption:- Residential- Commercial
- Industrial
Energy use:- Residential- Commercial
- Industrial
Total energy
Industrial
Commercial
Total sock
Source: Kawamoto et al. 2001, LBNL-45917
Estimating ICT Energy
2. Transaction-based network modelling approach (GreenTouch):– Calculate power of resources required to deliver services– Network equipment depends on service type– Include network design rules
Service Network path
General Web Fixed access + Metro/Edge (x2) + Long haul + Enterprise
Video Fixed access + Metro/Edge + Long haul + Enterprise
Peer to Peer Fixed access (x2) + Metro/Edge (x2) + Long haul
Mobile data Mobile + Metro/Edge (x2) + Long haul + Enterprise
Mobile voice Mobile (x2) + Metro/Edge + Long haul
Estimating ICT Energy
TDM/WDMring
ADM
EthernetSwitch
Edge Routers
BroadbandNetwork Gateways
ADM
Server
Switch
Gateway
Storage
Fibre
Core Router
WDM
TDM
IPWDM
TDM
IP
WDM
TDM
IP
WDM
TDM
IP
WDM
TDM
IP
Core
Metro/Edge
Base station
SplitterFiber
SwitchFiber
DSLAM
Cu
Data Centre
SplitterFiber
Switch
Fiber
Cu
DSLAM Access
Network Segmentation & Modeling
Metro/Edge
Access Network
• Customer home terminal– ADSL modem, ONU,
wireless/cable modem,..• Access network
field equipment– PON splitter,
DSLAM, RF amps,..• Central office equipment
– OLT, gateway, switch, base station,..
Splitter GPON
PtP
Edge Node
Cabinet
FTTN VDSL2
Cu
Fiber
Fiber
RF Gateway
HFCCu
RF Amp
Node
LTEFiber
Splitter
DSLAM
Switch
Base station
• Ethernet switches and transport• Border Network Gateway (BNG)• Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS)• Metro transport (TDM, WDM)• Edge routers
Metro/Edge Network
ADM
TDM/WDMring
ADM
EthernetSwitch
Edge Routers
Broadband Network Gateways
Access
EthernetSwitch
Broadband Network Gateways
Edge Routers
Access
Metro/Edge
• Core routers & switches– Number of router hops
• Long haul & submarine optical WDM transport– EDFAs, Raman amps, transmit & receive units, etc
• TDM and WDM cross connects and OADM– Wavelength Selective
Switches, MEMS
Fibre
EDFA
Core Router
WDM
TDM
IP
WDM
TDM
IP
WDM
TDM
IP
WDM
TDM
IP
WDM
TDM
IP
Core Access
Access
WDM
TDM
IP
WDM
TDM
IP
Access
Core Network
• Data centres– Storage disks and arrays– Servers– Local Access Networks– Gateway router– Ethernet switches
• Enterprise networks• Content Distribution Networks
– Centralised– Distributed– Nano Data Centres (Nada)
Servers
Storage
Switches
Gateway routers
Internet
Data Centers and Content Servers
Energy Efficiency of EquipmentE
ner
gy
pe
r bi
t (n
J)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
MEMSOXC
OpticalAmp
PICTx/Rx
WDM
Tx/Rx
Ethernet
Switch
Core
RouterFEC Chip
0.001
Sub-wavelength Wavelength
2010 Data
Source: Tucker et al., 2009
Source: O. Tamm et al. BLTJ Vol.14, No.4, p.311, 2010
En
erg
y p
er B
itEnergy Efficiency of Equipment20 nJ
10 nJ
1
10
100
1000
10000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
nano
-Jou
les
per b
it
Year
Router Energy Efficiency
Cisco AGS
Wellfleet BCN
Cisco GSR 12000
Cisco GSR 12000b
Avici TSR
Cisco CRS 1
Cisco CRS-3
ALU7750
Source: Neilson, 2011
Actual improvementmay be declining
Linear fit gives~25% improvement p.a.
Router Energy Efficiency Trends
En
erg
y/B
it (
nJ)
Transport Energy Efficiency Trends
First Trans-Atlantic
MarconiTrans-Atlantic
FessendenTrans-Atlantic
NY - Paris
Key West - Havana
TAT-1
TAT-3
TAT-5TAT-8
TAT-9TAT-10
TAT-11
TAT-12/13
Newhaven - Azores
10 -
6
1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
En
erg
y/B
it/1
000
km (
mJ)
Wireless
Telegraphy
Coax
Optical + Regen
Optical + EDFA
10 -
4
10 4
10 -
2
10 2
10 6
10 8
1
~15% improvement p.a.Current
Source: Tucker 2011
Summary
• Energy implications of network growth– Methods for estimating network energy
• Energy modelling of the network, including data centers
• Key contributors to network energy consumption
• The gap between current practices and “fundamental” limitations– Putting the factor of 1000 into context
• How GreenTouch is making a difference
• Why your organization needs to join GreenTouch
Access Network Consumption30
Peak Access Rate (Mb/s)
Po
wer
Per
Use
r (W
)
1 10000
FTTP
100
20
10
10
FTTN
Wireless
HFC
FTTP is “greenest”
Global Power Consumption
Year
Tota
l N
etw
ork
Po
wer
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
W)
109
1011
1010
108
1012
2010 2015 2020 2025
Total (using 2010 Technology)
Total (15% p.a. efficiency improvements)
Routers and switches
PON
Transport
40% p.a. Access Rate Growth
10% p.a. Growth in user numbers
1.5 billion users
Global electricity supply
Sources: Hinton et al., Tucker, JSTQE , 2011(b)
Year
En
erg
y p
er b
it (m
J)
1.0
100
0.1
10
0.012010 2015 2020 2025
0.1
1
10
100
Ave
rag
e A
cce
ss R
ate
(M
b/s)
Total (using 2010 Technology)
Total (15% p.a. improvements)
PON
Routers and switches
Transport
Energy per Bit
Routers and Switches10-6
10-9
10-10
10-8
10-11
10-7
10-5
10-12
Current Trends
Theoretical Lower Bounds
x 104
Year2010 2015 2020 2025
Ne
two
rk E
ne
rgy
pe
r b
it (
J)
Transport
Switches
Transport
X 102
GreenTouch
X 103
X 102
“Theory” and Practice
Access
Summary
• Energy implications of network growth– Methods for estimating network energy
• Energy modelling of the network, including data centers
• Key contributors to network energy consumption
• The gap between current practices and “fundamental” limitations– Putting the factor of 1000 into context
• How GreenTouch is making a difference
• Why your organization needs to join GreenTouch
GreenTouch Committee Structure
Services & Apps & Trends Committee
Operations Committee
Access Networks Core Networks
Mobile Communications
Fixed Access
Networks
Working Groups
Executive Board
Technical Committee
Network Committee
Core Switching &
Routing
Peter Vetter
Gee RittenhousePeter Winzer
Jaffar Elmirghandi(Tomorrow)
Thierry KleinDavid Neilson (Tomorrow)
Core Transmission
Rouzbeh Razavi
Subrat Kar(Tomorrow)
• Standardized in ~2002• Wildly deploy in last 5 years • GPON : 16 users @ 155Mb/s• EPON : 8 users @ 155Mb/s
Trends in PON
Year2000 2010 2020
100
1000
GPON
Acce
ss-r
ate
(Mb/
s)
EPON
XG-PON10G-EPON
Future
IEEE 10G-EPON and ITU XG-PON• 32 users @ 312Mb/s (20km)• 64 user @155Mb/s (reduced
reach)
Questions• Can PON works at 40Gb/s?• Which architecture should we use?• Which technologies can help reducing
the energy consumption?
ONU 1
TxOLT-MAC
(FPGA) Rx
ONT-FPGA UN
ILine card
DS: 10Gbit/s
ONU 2
DS: Bit-interleaved data
BIPONDS
BIDS
ONU 1
TxOLT-MAC
(FPGA)Rx
ONT-FPGA
UN
I
Line cardDS: 10Gbit/s
ONU 2
DS: Packet data
XGPONDS
XGPONDS
Deser
Deser
Delta
Wireline Access NetworksBit-Interleaved PON (Bi-PON)
Peter Vetter (Tomorrow)
Future 40-Gb/s Access Options
DRIVER
TIA
WC
PD
OLT
OADCF
Active optical splitter
Electronic Switch
DRIVER
TIA
WC
LD/Mod.
PD
OLT
1.5mm
1.3mm
O/E
Proc.
E/O
40 Gb/s Burst
40 Gb/s 1.25 Gb/s
CWDM/TDM PON
WC
lDS1,..,lDS4
lUS1,..,lUS4
lDS1lDS2lDS3lDS4
MU
X
ONU
ONU
ONUlUS1lUS2lUS3lUS4
DE
MU
X
lDS2
lUS2
10 Gb/s Burst
LD/Mod.
DWDM
WC
lDS1,..,lDSN
lUS1,..,lUSN
lDS1
lDSN
MU
X
ONUlUS1
lUSN
DE
MU
X
lDS,i
lUS,i
1.25 Gb/s
1≤i≤N
Source. : Sedighi el al., Paper JTh2A.59 OFC’12
Active Optical Splitter CWDM/TDM
DWDM Electronic Switch
Time (year)2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
2
4
8
16
32
Pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
per u
ser (
W)
Active optical splitter (AOS)
CWDM-TDM
DWDM
Electronic Switch (ES)
27 nJ/bit
5.7 nJ/bit
4.6 nJ/bit
1.8 nJ/bit
2.5 nJ/bit
6 nJ/bit
Aggregated rate : 40 Gb/sNumber of ONU : 64
Power and Energy Consumption
• TDM based• > 10 Gb/s ONUs• CMOS improvement is
more severe
• Non-TDM based• <1.25 Gb/s ONUs
Core Networks
......
TDM
IP
WDM ............
TDM
IP
WDM Access
Core Network
Core Optical Networks & Transmission
Core Switching & Routing
TDM
IP
WDM
Core Switching & Routing
Core Switching & Routing
Server
Storage
Data Center
Core Switching & Routing
Acce
ss
Core Switching and RoutingScorpion (silicon photonic interconnect and single-chip
linecard)
Core Switching and RoutingOpera (Optimal end-to-end resource allocation)
Summary
• Energy implications of network growth– Methods for estimating network energy
• Energy modelling of the network, including data centers
• Key contributors to network energy consumption
• The gap between current practices and “fundamental” limitations– Putting the factor of 1000 into context
• How GreenTouch is making a difference
• Why your organization needs to join GreenTouch
VirtualHGW
Un-cooled tunable lasers
Low power OFDM in optical access
Min. energy access architecturesFiber in the Home
Novel PON protocols;Low power CPE
Hybrid PONAlso: TNOZTE, KAIST
PON Sleepmode
Collaboration Among Diverse GroupsExample: Fixed access networks
• BCG2: Beyond Cellular Green Generation*• GTT: Green Transmission Technologies*• LSAS: Large Scale Antenna Systems*• Minimum Energy Access Architectures• VHG: Virtual Home Gateway• OPERA: Optimal End to End Resource Allocation• STAR: Switching & Transmission• REPTILE: Router Power Measurements• Single Chip Linecard• ZeBRA: Zero Buffer Router Architectures• SEASON: Service Energy Aware Sustainable Optical Networks*• HALF MOON: Highly Adaptive Layer for Mesh On-off Optical Networks• EFICOST: Energy Efficient High Capacity OFDM Signal Transmission• Telecommunication Audits and Data Aggregation
Exciting Projects
*Cluster project made up of several sub-projects/activities
An Opportunity to Reinvent the Internet
Conclusions• GreenTouch goal
– Reduce energy per bit by 1000 in a 2020 target network– Requires 100 times more improvement than achievable via Moore’s Law
• Multi-pronged approach– Fixed access– Wireless access– Switching and routing– Core networking– Services and applications
• Great strides have been made – more to come
• Greentouch needs you