Great MigrationSection 3

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Great MigrationConnect

What do you know about Great Migration?

What Set You Flowin’

4 Pivotal Moments in the Great Migration:

“An” event that propels them Northward

A representation of the initial confrontation of the urban landscape

Migrants attempts to negotiate that landscape

Visions of the possibilities or limitations of the Northern, Western Midwestern city and the South.

Great MigrationLike all migrations there are “push” and “pull” factors that drive this movement:

Push:

the decline of cotton production;

flooding in rural areas of the South;

an increase in the number of lynchings and other forms of racial violence and discrimination

NB: Contemporaneous limiting of foreign immigration and “re”-rise of KKK

The North was perceived as a place where racism was muted and where African-Americans could find economic success and more social equality.

Great Migration

Pull Factors:

the influence of black newspapers in the North

recruitment of African-Americans by northern industries

The North was perceived as a place where racism was muted and where African-Americans could find economic success and more social equality.

What do you wonder about here?

What Set You FLowin?

Mechanisms of Power

Southern Power

Immediate, effective and oppressive

terror, exploitation

Urban (Northern) Power

change in space, time & technology: power- subtle

Power

Nothing is more material, physical, corporal than the exercise of power

Michel Foucault

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Set them Flowing:

What material, corporeal, physical forms of power do you see?

Letters to The Defender

Set them Flowing:What does the writer express as his motivations for migrating?

Lutcher, LaMay 13, 1917Dear Sir:I have been reading the Chicago defender and seeing so many advertisements about the work in the north I thought to write you concerning my condition. I am working hard in the south and can hardly earn a living. I have a wife and one child and can hardly feed them. I thought to write and ask you for some information concerning how to get a pass for myself and family. I dont want to leave my family behind as I cant hardly make a living for them right here with them and I know they would fare hard if I would leave them. If there are any agents in the south there havent been any of them to Lutcher if they would come here they would get at least fifty men. Please sir let me hear from you as quick as possible. Now this is all. Please dont publish my letter, I was out in town today talking to some of the men and they say if they could get passes that 30 or 40 of them would come. But they havent got the money and they dont know how to come. But they are good strong and able working men. If you will instruct me I will instruct the other men how to come as they all want to work. Please dont publish this because we have to whisper this around among our selves because the white folks are angry now because the negroes are going north.

What could you see?Primary reasons are economic

Access to work and education

Stress “able-bodieness” & desire to work long/hard

Strong commitment to uplift black people

Threat of violence

Picture of their daily lives at home: implicit reading

Perceptions of what awaits them . . .

Section 2: Flowin’

Can a map be found in the remnants of a Southern folk culture to help one survive in an inhospitable urban environment?

One Important Map POI

The church was the cornerstone of the community, providing not only guidance but also relief. Besides the established churches, small Holiness or Pentecostal storefront churches with highly emotional services developed during the migration.

Their pastors were migrants themselves who worked during the day, and they catered mostly to the newcomers.

By 1919 there more than a hundred black storefront churches in Chicago, and in 1926, one hundred and fifty blocks in Harlem counted one hundred and forty churches.

The more established churches grew rapidly too as southerners became used to city ways and joined them in great numbers, leaving the storefront establishments to the new arrivals.

The largest African-American church in Chicago, Olivet Baptist Church - a former synagogue - had an estimated four thousand members in 1915 and almost twice as many in 1920. The congregation outgrew its first building and this one, located on 31st Street and South Park Avenue, was purchased in the early 1920s.

Another Aspect of Northern power to navigate

The first years of the Great Migration would see an unprecedented wave of mob violence sweep the nation. Twenty-six race riots - in cities large and small, North and South - would claim the lives of scores of African Americans. But the migrants did not instigate this bloody wave of lawlessness; it was, in most cases, directed at them.

The so-called Red Summer of 1919 actually began two years earlier in East St. Louis, Illinois, in July 1917. It was the only one of the battles to be directly linked to racial conflict in the workplace, but white workers' fear of job competition was likely behind all of them.

Navigating Race in Urban North

On July 27, 1919, as the temperature soared into the nineties. Several black children drifted into waters off a public beach, by custom reserved for whites. Stones were thrown at them and one child drowned.

A crowd of blacks and whites gathered at the scene. When a black man was arrested on a white's complaint while a white man, identified by black witnesses as a suspect, was not, blacks attacked the arresting white officer and the riot was under way.

The violence was confined mainly to the south side of the city, where 90 percent of the African-American population lived.

In the course of several days of rioting, both blacks and whites were beaten. Thirty-eight people were killed, twenty-three of them black, and 537 were wounded; most of the one thousand families left homeless were African Americans.

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Text

What changes in space, time & technology do you see?

On the night of May 31, 1921, thousands of whites in Tulsa, Oklahoma, demanded the lynching of Dick Rowland, a black shoe shiner, after learning of reports that he had assaulted a white woman in downtown Tulsa.

Racial tension and false accusations led to the Tulsa Race Riot, which included the murder of hundreds of blacks and the annihilation of thirty-five square blocks of the African-American community in Tulsa.

Truckloads of whites set fires and shot blacks on sight.

More than fourteen hundred homes and businesses in Tulsa's Greenwood district, a prosperous area known as the "black Wall Street," were destroyed. The official death toll, which underestimated the loss, was over one hundred dead, most of them black.

Tulsa Riot 1921

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Every Member will begin Break out by adding a comment in their group’s chat box

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When we return to “whole group,” each person will add their own take-away: what struck you them most about the group conversation

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How would you teach this source, this topic?

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Next Time

End of What Set You Flowin’

Discussions of Teaching and Multiculturalism

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