gordon woolley obe fraes ipta - royal aeronautical society

GORDON WOOLLEY OBE FRAeS

IPTA

IFCTC 2018 CBTA in HELICOPTER MISSION TRAINING 2

EBT: TRAINING FOR COMPETENCY

ANALYSIS OF CAUSAL FACTORS OF ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS FROM

5 GENERATIONS OF MULTI-PILOT LARGE PASSENGER AIRCRAFT

➢ COMPETENCY ELEMENTS

➢ BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS (BIs)

➢ SIMULATOR- BASED TRAINING

➢ INSTRUCTORS and EXAMINERS

➢ TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT REGIME

➢ TRAINING MODEL BEING

➢ VALIDATED BY REGULATORS

➢ INTRODUCED INTO AIRLINE PILOT TRAINING

➢ EVALUATED FOR OTHER AVIATION SECTORS and ACTIVITIES –

Inc HELICOPTERS


EASA RMT

PRIMARY FOCUS - TO CONSIDER EBT IN THE CONTEXT OF OFFSHORE MULTI-PILOT, IFR

OPERATIONS

➢ CLOSELY MATCH THE FIXED-WING OPERATIONAL ROUTINE.

➢ BETTER INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT DATA FOR OFFSHORE HELICOPTERS

➢ RECURRENT SIMULATOR TRAINING HAS BECOME THE NORM;

VIRTUALLY THE SAME PROCESSES TO JUSTIFY HELICOPTER EBT THAT WERE USED FOR

FIXED-WING.

NOTICE OF ROPOSED AMENDMENT WAS ISSUED AT THE END OF JULY 2018,

➢ HELICOPTER “EBT-MIXED” SHOULD BE POSSIBLE W.E.F. Q2 2020

➢ HELICOPTER “BASE-LINE” EBT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE W.E.F. Q3 2022

THE PRESCRIPTIVE TRAINING AND CHECKING REQUIREMENTS WILL REMAIN FOR THOSE WHO CAN’T TO DO EBT, OR DON’T WANT EBT.


HOWEVER

EASA HOPE THAT THE SUCCESS OF THE OFFSHORE TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

APPROACH WILL LEAD TO ITS WIDER ADOPTION, AT LEAST IN THE EBT-

MIXED MODE, OR PERHAPS TO APPLY THE PRINCIPLES TO INFORM SOME ASPECTS OF TRADITIONALLY-DELIVERED TRAINING,

HELICOPTER OPERATIONS IN NEED OF NEW & BETTER TRAINING

➢ HIGH ACCIDENT RATES, RESISTANT TO IMPROVEMENT

➢ HIGH ACCIDENT RATE IN TRAINING

➢ HIGHLY VARIABLE INSTRUCTOR AND TRAINING STANDARDS

➢ LIMITED USE OF SIMULATION


2 PILOTS, PROFESSIONAL CREW

CAPABLE AIRCRAFT - IFR EQUIPPED

PREPLANNED ROUTES/MISSIONS

AVIATION SITES

WELL-RESOURCED COMPANIES

TRAINING REGIME - SIMULATION

HIGH INSTRUCTOR STANDARDS

REGULATION

GOOD DATA


SINGLE PILOT, NON-AVIATION CREWMEMBERS

SMALL AIRCRAFT - LIMITED EQUIPMENT

NO/LIMITED PLANNING – MISSION CHANGES

POWER MARGINS, OBSTRUCTIONS

OPPORTUNITY LANDING SITES

POORLY-RESOURCED COMPANIES

LITTLE SIMULATION

VARIABLE INSTRUCTOR STANDARDS

LIMITED REGULATION

DATA??


COMPETENCY ELEMENTS

1. APPLICATION OF PROCEDURES (AOP)

2. COMMUNICATION (COM)

3. AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PATH MANAGEMENT, AUTOMATION (AFM-A)

4. AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PATH MANAGEMENT, MANUAL CONTROL (AFM-M)

5. LEADERSHIP AND TEAMWORK (LTM)

6. PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING (PSD)

7. SITUATION AWARENESS (SAW)

8. WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT (WLM)

and

9. ‘APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE’ (EASA)

10. MONITORING (EASA)


SELECTED EBT BIs

➢ ENSURE THE RECIPIENT IS READY AND ABLE TO RECEIVE THE INFORMATION (COM)

➢ ACCURATELY READS AND INTERPRETS REQUIRED COMPANY AND FLIGHT

DOCUMENTATION (COM)

➢ CORRECTLY INTERPRETS NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION (COM)

➢ EFFECTIVELY MONITORS AUTOMATION, INCLUDING ENGAGEMENT AND AUTOMATIC

MODE TRANSITIONS

➢ DETECTS DEVIATIONS FROM THE DESIRED AIRCRAFT TRAJECTORY AND TAKES

APPROPRIATE ACTION (FPM)

➢ ANTICIPATES AND RESPONDS APPROPRIATELY TO OTHER CREW MEMBER NEEDS (LTW)

➢ COMMUNICATES RELEVANT CONCERNS AND INTENTIONS (LTW)

➢ SEEKS ACCURATE AND ADEQUATE INFORMATION FROM APPROPRIATE SOURCES (PSD)

➢ IDENTIFIES AND VERIFIES WHAT AND WHY THINGS HAVE GONE WRONG (PSD)

➢ MONITORS, REVIEWS, AND ADAPTS DECISIONS AS REQUIRED (PSD)

➢ IDENTIFIES AND ASSESSES ACCURATELY THE STATE OF THE AIRCRAFT AND ITS SYSTEMS

(SAW)

➢ RECOGNISES AND EFFECTIVELY RESPONDS TO INDICATIONS OF REDUCED SITUATIONAL

AWARENESS (SAW)


EASA SAFETY STATS DEFINE THREE CATEGORIES OF HELICOPTER OPERATIONS

➢ COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

➢ AERIAL WORK – MISSIONS

➢ GENERAL AVIATION - includes private flight, basic flight training and so on.

DATA FROM THESE ANALYSED FOR

➢ STANDARD PROBLEM STATEMENTS

➢ HUMAN FACTORS


COMMON CAUSAL FACTORS

➢ MOST PREVALENT AREA = PILOT JUDGEMENT AND ACTIONS

➢ PILOT DECISIONS

➢ EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS

➢ INADEQUATE PILOT EXPERIENCE

➢ NEXT MOST = SAFETY CULTURE

➢ GROUND DUTIES – MISSION PLANNING, POST FLIGHT ACTIONS – INVOLVED IN 40%

➢ HIGH LEVEL OF ACCIDENTS IN TRAINING


12 PITFALLS

➢RESPONDING TO PEER PRESSURE

➢MENTAL EXPECTANCY

➢GET-THERE-IT IS: CAN DO > MUST DO > WILL DO!

➢DUCK-UNDER SYNDROME, and DESCENT BELOW THE MINIMUM EN ROUTE

ALTITUDE

➢SCUD RUNNING – AND CONTINUING VISUAL FLIGHT RULES INTO INSTRUMENT

CONDITIONS

➢GETTING BEHIND THE AIRCRAFT

➢LOSS OF POSITIONAL/SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

➢OPERATING WITHOUT ADEQUATE FUEL RESERVES

➢FLYING OUTSIDE THE ENVELOPE – OVERCONFIDENCE

➢NEGLECT OF FLIGHT PLANNING, PREFLIGHT INSPECTIONS, CHECKLISTS, ETC. -

OVERFAMILIARITY

ALL EXPERIENCED PILOTS HAVE FALLEN PREY TO, OR HAVE BEEN TEMPTED BY, ONE OR MORE OF THESE 12 DANGEROUS TENDENCIES AT SOME TIME IN THEIR FLYING CAREERS.


DO THE EXISTING COMPETENCY ELEMENTS AND BEHAVIOURS

ENCOMPASS HELICOPTER MISSIONS?

HIGHER LEVEL COMPETENCY - ‘DEMONSTRATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE OF THE MISSION, -

WHAT THE MISSION IS TRYING TO ACHIEVE – AND ITS RELATIVE PRIORITIES AND RISKS’?

USE OF AUTOMATION - SELECT WHICH FUNCTIONS NEEDED TO MANAGE THE WORKLOAD,

ADHERENCE TO PROCEDURES - FLEXIBILITY IN SELECTING ROUTES, FLIGHTPATH, LANDING SITE

OPTIONS, AND ALTERNATES.

CAN DO ATTITUDE – FRIEND AND ENEMY: >MISSION SUCCESS ASSESSMENT POINT?

ESTABLISHED ELEMENTS AND BIs EXCELLENT STARTING POINT,

SELECTED BEHAVIOURS COULD BE INTRODUCED FOR OTHER PERSONNEL CLOSELY INVOLVED IN

HELICOPTER OPERATIONS TO ALIGN THEIR SKILLS AND STANDARDS


HUMAN PERFORMANCE: A ‘BEHAVIOUR CULTURE’

‘……..PERHAPS TO APPLY THE PRINCIPLES TO INFORM SOME ASPECTS OF

TRADITIONALLY-DELIVERED TRAINING’. (EASA)

➢ COMMON LANGUAGE FOR ALL PERSONNEL TO DISCUSS PERSONAL AND

PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS.

➢ PROMOTE SELF-AWARENESS IN EXPERIENCED PILOTS

➢ BUILD COMPETENCY CULTURE IN NEWER CREWS

➢ EXPAND CULTURE TO INCLUDE ALL INVOLVED

➢ LINK WITH SAFETY CULTURE MEASURES

➢ PROVIDE INSTRUCTORS AND EXAMINERS TOOLS TO GRADE PERFORMANCE

➢ LAY FOUNDATIONS FOR CBTA

PROMOTE PROFESSIONAL AND ‘COMPETENT’ BEHAVIOURS


EXPANDING THE ROLE OF SIMULATION

➢ ‘MISSION TRAINERS’, LOWER LEVEL DEVICES

➢ VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) AND AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) ARE IMMERSIVE, BUT

ISOLATING.

➢ NETWORKED TOGETHER THEY CAN PROVIDE A WHOLE CREW TRAINING

ENVIRONMENT, AND INSTRUCTOR AND EXAMINER/RATER PARTICIPATION,

PERFORMANCE MONITORING

➢ HEART RATE MONITORING AND BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING CAN MEASURE

CREWMEMBER WORKLOAD,

➢ EYE TRACKING CAN MONITOR SCAN, LOOKOUT, SITUATION AWARENESS, AND

THE CREWMEMBER’S VISUAL PRIORITIES.

➢ VOICE ANALYSIS CAN INDICATE RECEPTIVENESS, STRESS LEVELS, AND SO ON.

THESE NON-INTRUSIVE TECHNOLOGIES CAN PROVIDE THE OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE OF

COMPETENCY ELEMENTS AND THE BEHAVIOURS BEING EXHIBITED TO

DEMONSTRATE THEM.


DATA GATHERING AND ANALYSIS

DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION OF CBTA DEPENDS ON THE DATA TO SUPPORT IT,

➢ IMPETUS FOR MORE AND BETTER DATA MAY BE RELIANT ON CBTA TO PROVE

ITS WORTH BEFORE MORE RESOURCES AND DIRECTION ARE DEVOTED TO

GATHERING AND ANALYSING DATA.

REPORT SUCCESS AS WELL AS ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS?


WAY AHEAD

➢ FORMAL INTRODUCTION OF SIMULATOR –BASED CBTA➢ LIMITED TO LARGER TYPES, LARGER OPERATORS, PREDICTABLE FLIGHT

PROFILES

➢ BUILDING A BEHAVIOUR CULTURE➢ EDUCATION AND TRAINING

➢ IPTA/ICAO MISSION TRAINING MANUAL

➢ LOW LEVEL SIMULATOR BASED and WHOLE CREW TRAINING➢ ‘MISSION’ AND CREW TRAINING

➢ VR/AR OFFERS SCOPE FOR MORE ACCESSIBLE SIMULATION

➢ DATA GATHERING

➢ RECALIBRATION OF ‘COMPETENCIES’ TO ENCOMPASS HELICOPTER FLYING

AND AS FAR AS POSSIBLE ‘MISSIONS’

GORDON WOOLLEY OBE FRAeS

IPTA

gordon woolley obe fraes ipta - royal aeronautical society

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