Goal – II : Goal – II : Bridge All Gender Bridge All Gender

& & Social Category Gaps at Social Category Gaps at

Elementary Level by 2010Elementary Level by 2010

Presentation by : Ms. Kiran Dogra, Consultant

Annexure – VII

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Gender Gap in enrolment is the Gender Gap in enrolment is the gap in percentage point, gap in percentage point, between the ratio of boys and between the ratio of boys and girls enrolmentgirls enrolmentType of Gender Gap in Type of Gender Gap in EducationEducationwhich are trackedwhich are tracked1.1. Enrolment Enrolment 2. 2.

Retention Retention 3. Transition 3. Transition 4. 4.

AchievementAchievement

Barriers for Girls EducationBarriers for Girls Education

Economic : Poverty, Migration, low Economic : Poverty, Migration, low wages, wages,

Social : Attitudes of parents & Social : Attitudes of parents & community, Deep rooted Social Practices, community, Deep rooted Social Practices, Early marriage, Child labor, Sibling care, Early marriage, Child labor, Sibling care,

Infrastructural : access to school at UP, Infrastructural : access to school at UP, gap in Pupil teacher ratio, lack of girls gap in Pupil teacher ratio, lack of girls toilets, lack of sensitivity of teachers toilets, lack of sensitivity of teachers towards girls’ special needstowards girls’ special needs

Generic provisions under SSAGeneric provisions under SSA

Opening new schools at primary and upper Opening new schools at primary and upper

primary.primary.

Residential schools at upper primary level. Residential schools at upper primary level.

SSA interventions of free textbooks, girls toilets, SSA interventions of free textbooks, girls toilets,

recruitment of women teachers, pre-school support recruitment of women teachers, pre-school support

under ECCE, bridge courses for out of school girls, under ECCE, bridge courses for out of school girls,

gender sensitization of teachers. gender sensitization of teachers.

Innovative activities in several States – Life skills Innovative activities in several States – Life skills

education, remedial teaching, vocational training education, remedial teaching, vocational training

for older girls, health and hygiene camps and for older girls, health and hygiene camps and

uniforms/ incentives.uniforms/ incentives.

What SSA provides for What SSA provides for Girls EducationGirls Education

Gender Gap in Enrolment since Gender Gap in Enrolment since

2002-032002-03Gender Gap in Enrolment Since 2002-03

5.5% 5.1% 5.1%4.5%

3.9%

11%

9%8.9%

8.0%6.9%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Year

P.P

.

Primary

Upper Primary

Girls enrolment at primary is 47.8% and at upper primary is 45.8%

There is declining trend in Gender Gap in enrolment

STATUS OF GENDER GAP

2002-032002-03 2003-2003-0404

2004-2004-0505

2005-2005-0606

2006-2006-0707

PrimaryPrimary 5.5%5.5% 5.1%5.1% 5.1%5.1% 4.5%4.5% 3.9%3.9%

Upper Upper PrimaryPrimary

10.7%10.7% 9.4%9.4% 8.9%8.9% 8.0%8.0% 6.9%6.9%

Goal 2: Bridging Gender and Social Gaps[National Scenario]

Share of girls enrolment in States of Share of girls enrolment in States of 35 million plus cities at 35 million plus cities at Primary Primary

LevelLevelStatesStates % Share of Girls% Share of Girls

2002-2002-0303

GapGap 2006-2006-0707

GapGap

APAP 49%49% 1.71.7 49%49% 1.4 ↓1.4 ↓BiharBihar 42%42% 15.115.1 46%46% 8.2 ↓8.2 ↓DelhiDelhi 48%48% 3.13.1 47%47% 6.5 ↑6.5 ↑GujaratGujarat 46%46% 7.77.7 47%47% 6.4 ↓6.4 ↓HaryanaHaryana 48%48% 4.54.5 47%47% 5.4 ↑5.4 ↑JharkhandJharkhand 45%45% 10.710.7 49%49% 2.8 ↓2.8 ↓KarnatakaKarnataka 49%49% 2.92.9 48%48% 3.2 ↑3.2 ↑

StatesStates % Share of Girls% Share of Girls

2002-032002-03 GapGap 2006-072006-07 GapGapKeralaKerala 49%49% 1.41.4 49%49% 1.1 1.1

↓↓Madhya Madhya PradeshPradesh

47%47% 5.55.5 49%49% 2.5 2.5 ↓↓

MaharashtraMaharashtra 48%48% 4.24.2 47%47% 5.4 5.4 ↑↑

PunjabPunjab NANA NANA 46%46% 8.3 8.3 ↓↓

RajasthanRajasthan 46%46% 8.88.8 47%47% 6.4 6.4 ↓↓

TamilnaduTamilnadu 48%48% 3.53.5 48%48% 3.2 3.2 ↓↓

Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 47%47% 5.55.5 49%49% 2.3 2.3 ↓↓

West BengalWest Bengal 49%49% 1.21.2 49%49% 1.4 1.4 ↑↑

Continued…….

StatesStates % Share of Girls% Share of Girls

2003-042003-04 GapGap 2006-2006-0707

GapGap

APAP 46%46% 7.67.6 48%48% 3.6 ↓3.6 ↓BiharBihar 35%35% 29.129.1 42%42% 16.7 16.7

↓↓DelhiDelhi 47%47% 5.85.8 47%47% 6.4 ↑6.4 ↑GujaratGujarat 42%42% 16.116.1 45%45% 10.6 10.6

↓↓HaryanaHaryana 47%47% 6.16.1 48%48% 3.6 ↓3.6 ↓JharkhandJharkhand 40%40% 20.120.1 45%45% 9.5 ↓9.5 ↓KarnatakaKarnataka 47%47% 5.55.5 48%48% 4.1 ↓4.1 ↓

Share of girls enrollment in States of Share of girls enrollment in States of 35 million plus cities at 35 million plus cities at Upper Upper

Primary LevelPrimary Level

StatesStates % Share of Girls % Share of Girls

2003-042003-04 GapGap 2006-2006-0707

GapGap

KeralaKerala 48%48% 3.63.6 48%48% 3.5 ↓ 3.5 ↓ Madhya Madhya PradeshPradesh

41%41% 18.318.3 45%45% 9.9 ↓9.9 ↓

MaharashtraMaharashtra 48%48% 5.05.0 47%47% 5.9 ↑5.9 ↑PunjabPunjab NANA NANA 46%46% 7.9 ↓7.9 ↓RajasthanRajasthan 34%34% 32.232.2 40%40% 20.2 20.2

↓↓TamilnaduTamilnadu 48%48% 3.73.7 48%48% 3.7 ↓3.7 ↓Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 42%42% 16.916.9 47%47% 5.4 ↓5.4 ↓West BengalWest Bengal 48%48% 4.94.9 50%50% 0.9 ↓0.9 ↓

Continued………

Gender Gap in the States of Gender Gap in the States of Million Plus Cities at Million Plus Cities at Primary Primary

>=10 pp>=10 pp

Name of The State : Name of The State :

Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar PradeshPunjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh

Total No. of States:Total No. of States: 0707

Gender Gap in the States of Gender Gap in the States of Million Plus Cities at Million Plus Cities at Upper Upper

Primary >=20 ppPrimary >=20 pp

Name of The State:Name of The State:

Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar PradeshPradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh

Total No. of States:Total No. of States: 0707

13

Status of Out of School Children

Out of School Children

2001 326 lakh

2008 45 lakh

2005 6.9 % 7.9% 8.1% 9.5% 9.9%

2008 2.2 %

3.7% 2.3%

4.5%

3.4%

Total Girls SC ST Muslim

Reducing trends in Out of School Reducing trends in Out of School GirlsGirls

Out of 75 lakh OOSC, % of out of schools girls - 49.9% which is 3.9% of total 6-14 population of girls.

In 6-11 years girls out of school are 3.34%. In 11-14 year girls out of school are 5.30%. Out of School among SCs declining

3.97% SCs Out of School (8.1% SRI IMRB) States where SC OoSC >4% Bihar, UP, Nagaland,

Mizoram, WB, Orissa, Assam, Sikkim, Punjab, Haryana, J & K

Dropout gap at primary level between all categories and Scheduled Caste is 5.21% points. (SES) Goa (53.67), UP (18.54), Tamil Nadu (12.22), WB

(11.28) Haryana (9.8), HP (8.79), Chandigarh (7.61), Punjab (5.24)

Trends in Transition RatesTrends in Transition Rates ((primary to upper primaryprimary to upper primary))

Increase in 8.6 pp against that of boys increased Increase in 8.6 pp against that of boys increased by 7.65 pp. by 7.65 pp.

Gender gap in transition has narrowed from 4.03 Gender gap in transition has narrowed from 4.03 pp to 3.02 since 2003-04pp to 3.02 since 2003-04

Transition rate for SC girls increased from 80 Transition rate for SC girls increased from 80 (2004-05) to 83 (2005-06) – (2004-05) to 83 (2005-06) – (Gender Gap in (Gender Gap in transition is 3 pp in 2005-06).transition is 3 pp in 2005-06).

Transition rate for ST girls increased from 85 Transition rate for ST girls increased from 85 (2004-05) to 88 (2005-06) - (2004-05) to 88 (2005-06) - (Gender Gap in (Gender Gap in transition is 2 pp in 2005-06).transition is 2 pp in 2005-06).

YearYear BoysBoys GirlsGirls GapGap

20032003 76.0176.01 71.9871.98 4.034.03

20042004 79.9679.96 75.7875.78 4.184.18

20052005 83.6683.66 80.6480.64 3.023.02

Initiatives for Bridging Initiatives for Bridging Gender & Gender &

Social GapsSocial Gaps

Focus on GirlsFocus on Girls Special focus on SC, ST, OBC, and Special focus on SC, ST, OBC, and

Minority GirlsMinority Girls

Major Interventions:Major Interventions:• National Programme for Education of National Programme for Education of

Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL)Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL)• Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)• Alternative and Innovative EducationAlternative and Innovative Education

Kasturba Gandhi Kasturba Gandhi Balika VidyalayaBalika Vidyalaya

Setting up of residential schools with Setting up of residential schools with boarding facility at elementary level boarding facility at elementary level for girlsfor girls

Main focus on SC/ST/OBC and Muslim Main focus on SC/ST/OBC and Muslim minorities in difficult areas (75% minorities in difficult areas (75% reserved)reserved)

Scheme applicable in Educationally Scheme applicable in Educationally Backward Blocks (EBB)Backward Blocks (EBB)

Objective is to address gender gap in Objective is to address gender gap in literacy.literacy.

NPEGELNPEGEL

Major focus:Major focus: Enrolment of out of school girlsEnrolment of out of school girls Ensuring retentionEnsuring retention Quality education with life skillsQuality education with life skills Community Participation Community Participation Teacher sensitizationTeacher sensitization Girl friendly school environmentGirl friendly school environment Gender equality Gender equality

The Achievements at a The Achievements at a GlanceGlance

20 million girls covered under NPEGEL20 million girls covered under NPEGEL150,000 girls covered under KGBV150,000 girls covered under KGBV1600 adolescent girls covered under MSK1600 adolescent girls covered under MSKMSK graduates as instructors for Karate, Yoga MSK graduates as instructors for Karate, Yoga

and skill development in NPEGEL schoolsand skill development in NPEGEL schoolsMore than 1 lakh adolescent girls forums More than 1 lakh adolescent girls forums

(Meena munch) are working for social change (Meena munch) are working for social change Balsansad / Balsanghams (adolescents Balsansad / Balsanghams (adolescents

forums)forums)

Emphasis on…Emphasis on…

Empowerment of Girls / Life Skill education, Empowerment of Girls / Life Skill education, Gender equality, Remedial teaching, Gender equality, Remedial teaching, Livelihood Education / Vocational Training, Livelihood Education / Vocational Training, Health Education – adolescents special needs, Health Education – adolescents special needs, Gender Sensitization & capacity building of Gender Sensitization & capacity building of teachers, Gender sensitive teaching learning teachers, Gender sensitive teaching learning curriculum and material, Participatory learning curriculum and material, Participatory learning environment, Institutional visits, etc. Free text environment, Institutional visits, etc. Free text books & uniform, scholarship, bridging for books & uniform, scholarship, bridging for mainstream education, girl friendly mainstream education, girl friendly environment, residential schools (UPS), environment, residential schools (UPS), opening of girls schools, recruitment of opening of girls schools, recruitment of women teachers (50%) women teachers (50%)

ChallengesChallenges• SRI – IMRB study estimates SRI – IMRB study estimates 7.92 %7.92 % girls are girls are

out of school. (4% SC, 4.8 % ST , 3.6 % OBC out of school. (4% SC, 4.8 % ST , 3.6 % OBC and 4.5.% Muslim girls)and 4.5.% Muslim girls)

• Districts with high gender gapDistricts with high gender gap• Primary (gender gap > 10%) Primary (gender gap > 10%) – 22– 22• Upper primary (gender gap > 15 %) Upper primary (gender gap > 15 %) - 160- 160• Completion of primary cycle and transition Completion of primary cycle and transition

to upper primary to upper primary • Percentage of female teachers in schools Percentage of female teachers in schools • Functional girls toiletsFunctional girls toilets

ChallengesChallenges Migration for livelihoodMigration for livelihood

Attitudes of parents & patriarchal Attitudes of parents & patriarchal socialization process socialization process

Strong rooted societal pressures – dropouts Strong rooted societal pressures – dropouts due to early marriages, domestic labor, due to early marriages, domestic labor, sibling care sibling care

Preparation for mainstreaming and sustaining Preparation for mainstreaming and sustaining enthusiasm both in parents and childrenenthusiasm both in parents and children

Identification of right aptitude teachers, Identification of right aptitude teachers, sensitized towards education of girlssensitized towards education of girls

EXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS

Targeting focus Groups only Targeting focus Groups only Complete enrollment of KGBVs Complete enrollment of KGBVs Adequate deployment of resourcesAdequate deployment of resourcesClose interaction with community Close interaction with community Special emphases on marginalized Special emphases on marginalized

section among SC, ST and Muslims section among SC, ST and Muslims MonitoringMonitoringBlocks specific strategies for in schools Blocks specific strategies for in schools

and out of schools girls with and out of schools girls with measurable out comes.measurable out comes.

Thank Thank YouYou