global financial crisis impact on india

8/9/2019 Global Financial Crisis Impact on India

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LBIMAB @HJAJOHAB O]H_H_ HKUAOS IJ HJCHA

GOIJIKX

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A U]IFGOS ]GUI]S

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MNA]ASH PHCXAUGGSN WJHPG]_HSX

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Hj

HJ@I]KASHIJ SGONJIBILX KAJALGKGJS

Mna}ash Phcxauggsn Wjhpg} hsx Akubh`x CHSK"

AU]HB =515


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Mija`hcg Og}sh`hoasg

Og}sh`hgc snas snh u}ifgos }gui}s shsbgc Lbimab @hjajohab O}h h Hkuaos Ij HjchaGoijikx h sng mija`hcg |i}d i` Akhs _n}hpa sapa |ni oa}}hgc iws sng }g ga}onwjcg} wug}ph hij i` K}*oib*P*F*Likg * Hs h `w}sng} Og}sh`hgc" snas sng |i}d }gui}sgc ng}ghj cig jis `i}k ua}s i` ajx isng} u}ifgos }gui}s i} ch g}sashij ij sng

ma h i` |nhon a cgl}gg i} a|a}c |a oij`g}}gc ij aj ga}bhg} iooa hij ij kg i} ajx isng} oajchcasg*

Ubaog6 Uwjg.Kana}as }a( _hlja w}g i` ng _ wcgj

Ca g6


3/67

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H"Akhs _n}hpa sapa _swcgjs i` ULCHSK.HS$@hjajog( =55>+=515 swcxhjl asMPW+Akubh`x Khjc|a}g CHSK Uwjg " cgoba}g snas sng u}ifgos |i}d gjshsbgc Lbimab @hjajohab O}h h Hkuaos Ij Hjcha Goijikx |a oa}}hgc mx kg hj sng

ua}shab `wb`hbbkgjs i` ULCHSK u}il}ak wjcg} sng Wjhpg} hsx i` Uwjg*

Snh u}ifgos |a wjcg}sadgj a a ua}s i` aoacgkho ow}}howbwk aooi}chjl si sngwjhpg} hsx }wbg ajc ji}k ajc hs na jis oikkg}ohab hjsg}g s ajc kishpg* Hs h kxi}hlhjab |i}d* Hs h jis wmkhssgc si ajx isng} i}lajhvashij `i} ajx isng} uw}ui g *

Akhs _n}hpa sapa

HSK)5>)115

Gj}i* Ji* + 5>55553=7?


4/67

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AODJI\BGCLGKGJS

H i|g a l}gas kajx snajd si a l}gas kajx ugiubg |ni ngbugc ajc wuui}sgc kg

cw}hjl sng |}hshjl i` snh miid*

Snh u}ifgos }gui}s oiwbc jis napg mggj u}gua}gc" h` jis ì} sng ngbu ajc

gjoiw}algkgjs `}ik pa}hiw ugiubg* Ngjog" ì} sng akg }ga ij H |iwbc bhdg sisnajd kx lwhcg K}*Oib* P*F* Likg * Hs |a ì} nh wuui}s snas H lis u}iug}

lwhcgbhjg ì} u}gua}hjl snh u}ifgos*

H |iwbc ab i snajd kx Hj shswshij ajc kx àowbsx kgkmg} |hsniws |nik snh

u}ifgos |iwbc napg mggj a ch sajs }gabhsx* H ab i g~sgjc kx nga}s`gbs snajd si kx

àkhbx ajc |gbb |h ng} *


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Sxug i` hjajohab o}h h 6+1* Majdhjl o}hshs=* _ugowba hpg mwmmbgs ajc o}asngs?* Hj g}ja hijab @hjajohab o}hshs

3* \hcg} goijikho o}hshs

Oaw g ajc oij gqwgjog i` `hjajohab o}h h1* _s}asglho oikubgkgjsa}hshg hj hjajohab

ka}dgs=* Bgpg}alg?* A gs+bhamhbhsx kh kason3* Wjog}sahjsx ajc ng}c mgnaphi}7* ]glwbasi}x ahbw}g0* @}awc* ]gog hija}x g``gos

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9/67

8

HJS]ICWOSHIJ

\nas h @hjajohab O}h h 9

Sng sg}k `hjajohab o}h h h auubhgc m}iacbx si a pa}hgsx i` hswashij hj |nhon

ikg `hjajohab hj shswshij i} a gs wccgjbx bi g a ba}lg ua}s i` sngh} pabwg* Hj sng18sn ajc ga}bx =5sn ogjsw}hg " kajx `hjajohab o}h g |g}g a iohasgc |hsn majdhjl

uajho " ajc kajx }gog hij oihjohcgc |hsn sng g uajho * Isng} hswashij snas a}gi`sgj oabbgc `hjajohab o}h g hjobwcgsiod ka}dgs o}a ng ajc sng mw} shjl i` isng} `hjajohab mwmmbg" ow}}gjox o}h g" ajc ipg}ghlj cg`awbs *

Kajx goijikh s napg i``g}gc sngi}hg amiws ni| `hjajohab o}h g cgpgbiu ajcni| sngx oiwbc mg u}gpgjsgc* Sng}g h bhssbg oij gj w " ni|gpg}" ajc `hjajohabo}h g a}g shbb a }glwba} ioow}}gjog a}iwjc sng |i}bc*

Sxug i` `hjajohab o}h h

1* Majdhjl o}h h=* _ugowbashpg mwmmbg ajc o}a ng?* Hjsg}jashijab `hjajohab o}h g

3* \hcg} goijikho o}h g

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15

1* Majdhjl o}h h 6+

\ngj a majd w``g} a wccgj }w n i` |hsnc}a|ab mx cgui hsi} " snh h oabbgca majd }wj * _hjog majd bgjc iws ki s i` sng oa n sngx }goghpg hj cgui hs. gg `}aoshijab+}g g}pg majdhjl(" hs h ch``howbs ì} sngk si qwhodbx uax maod abbcgui hs h` sng g a}g wccgjbx cgkajcgc" i a }wj kax bgapg sng majd hj

majd}wusox" oaw hjl kajx cgui hsi} si bi g sngh} aphjl wjbg sngx a}g oipg}gc

mx cgui hs hj w}ajog* A hswashij hj |nhon majd }wj a}g |hcg u}gac h oabbgca x sgkhomajdhjl o}h h i} fw s amajdhjl uajho * A hswashij |hsniws |hcg u}gac majd }wj " mws hj |nhon majd a}g }gbwosajs si bgjc" mgoaw g sngx |i}}x snas sngxnapg hj w``hohgjs `wjc apahbambg" h i`sgj oabbgc ao}gchs o}wjon* Hj snh |ax" sng

majd mgoikg aj aoogbg}asi} i` a `hjajohab o}h h *

G~akubg i` majd }wj hjobwcg sng}wj ij sng Majd i` sng Wjhsgc _sasg hj18?1 ajc sng }wj ij Ji}sng}j ]iod hj =55na ab i ikgshkg mggj oabbgc a majd }wj" gpgj sniwln Mga} _sga}j |aaj hjpg skgjs majd }asng} snaj a oikkg}ohab majd * Sng W*_* aphjl ajc biajo}h hi` sng 18>5 bgc si a o}gchs o}wjon |nhon h ggj a a kafi} àosi} hj sng W*_*}gog hij i` 1885+81*

=* _ugowbashpg mwmmbg ajc o}a ng 6+

Goijikh s ax snas a `hjajohab a gs . siod " ì} g~akubg( g~nhmhs amwmmbg |ngjhs u}hog g~oggc sng u}g gjs pabwg i` sng `wsw}g hjoikg . won ahjsg}g si} chphcgjc ( snas |iwbc mg }goghpgc mx i|jhjl hs si kasw}hsx*T3[ H` ki s ka}dgs

ua}shohuajs mwx sng a gs u}hka}hbx hj niug i` gbbhjl hs basg} as a nhlng} u}hog"hj sgac i` mwxhjl hs ì} sng hjoikg hs |hbb lgjg}asg" snh oiwbc mg gphcgjog snas a


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mwmmbg h u}g gjs* H` sng}g h a mwmmbg" sng}g h ab i a }h d i` ao}a n hj a gs u}hog 6ka}dgs ua}shohuajs |hbb li ij mwxhjl ijbx a bijl a sngx g~ugos isng} si mwx"

ajc |ngj kajx cgohcg si gbb sng u}hog |hbb àbb* Ni|gpg}" hs h ch``howbs si sgbb hj u}aoshog |ngsng} aj a gs, u}hog aoswabbx gqwab hs `wjcakgjsab pabwg" i hs h na}csi cgsgos mwmmbg }gbhambx* _ikg goijikh s hj h s snas mwmmbg jgpg} i} abki sjgpg} ioow}*

\gbb+dji|j g~akubg i` mwmmbg .i} uw}ui}sgc mwmmbg ( ajc o}a ng hj siod u}hog ajc isng} a gs u}hog hjobwcg sng Cwsonswbhu kajha" sng\abb _s}ggs O}a ni` 18=8 " sngFauajg g u}iug}sx mwmmbgi` sng 18>5 " sng o}a n i` sng cis+oik

mwmmbghj =555+=551" ajc sng ji|+cg`bashjl Wjhsgc _sasg niw hjl mwmmbg*

?* Hjsg}jashijab hjajohab o}h g

\ngj a oiwjs}x snas kahjsahj a `h~gc g~onajlg }asg h wccgjbx ì}ogcsi cgpabwghs ow}}gjox mgoaw g i` augowbashpg assaod " snh h oabbgc aow}}gjoxo}h h i} mabajog i` uaxkgjs o}h h * \ngj a oiwjs}x àhb si uax maod hs ipg}ghljcgms" snh h oabbgc a ipg}ghlj cgàwbs * \nhbg cgpabwashij ajc cgàwbs oiwbc misn mg

pibwjsa}x cgoh hij i` sng lipg}jkgjs" sngx a}g i`sgj ug}oghpgc si mg snghjpibwjsa}x }g wbs i` a onajlg hj hjpg si} gjshkgjs snas bgac si a wccgj siu hjoauhsab hj`bi| i} a wccgj hjo}ga g hj oauhsab `bhlns*

_gpg}ab ow}}gjohg snas ì}kgc ua}s i` sngGw}iugaj G~onajlg ]asgKgonajh k w``g}gc o}h g hj 188=+8? ajc |g}g ì}ogc si cgpabwg i} |hsnc}a|`}ik sng kgonajh k* Ajisng} }iwjc i` ow}}gjox o}h g siid ubaog hj A ha hj 188* Kajx Bashj Akg}hoaj oiwjs}hg cgàwbsgcij sngh} cgms hj sng ga}bx 18>5 *Sng 188> ]w haj `hjajohab o}h h}g wbsgc hj a cgpabwashij i` sng }wmbg ajc cgàwbs

ij ]w haj lipg}jkgjs mijc *


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3* \hcg} goijikho o}h g

Jglashpg LCU l}i|sn ba shjl s|i i} ki}g qwa}sg} h oabbgc a }gog hij* Ajg ugohabbx u}ibijlgc }gog hij kax mg oabbgc acgu}g hij" |nhbg a bijl ug}hic i`

bi| mws jis jgog a}hbx jglashpg l}i|sn h ikgshkg oabbgc goijikho saljashij *

_hjog sng g ungjikgja a``gos kwon ki}g snaj sng `hjajohab x sgk" sngx a}g jisw wabbx oij hcg}gc `hjajohab o}h g ug} g* Mws ikg goijikh s napg a}lwgc snaskajx }gog hij napg mggj oaw gc hj ba}lg ua}s mx `hjajohab o}h g * Ijg hkui}sajsg~akubg h sngL}gas Cgu}g hij" |nhon |a u}gogcgc hj kajx oiwjs}hg mx majd }wj ajc siod ka}dgs o}a ng * Sng wmu}hkg ki}slalg o}h h ajc sng mw} shjl i` isng} }gab g sasg mwmmbg a}iwjc sng |i}bc na bgc si }gog hij hj sng W*_* ajc ajwkmg} i` isng} oiwjs}hg hj basg =55> ajc =558*

Oaw g ajc oij gqwgjog i` `hjajohab o}h g

1* _s}asglho oikubgkgjsa}hshg hj hjajohab ka}dgs=* Bgpg}alg?* A gs+bhamhbhsx kh kason3* Wjog}sahjsx ajc ng}c mgnaphi}

7* ]glwbasi}x `ahbw}g0* @}awc* ]gog hija}x g``gos

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1?

1* _s}asglho oikubgkgjsa}hshg hj hjajohab ka}dgs

Hs h i`sgj im g}pgc snas woog `wb hjpg skgjs }gqwh}g gaon hjpg si} hj a `hjajohabka}dgs si lwg |nas isng} hjpg si} |hbb ci* Lgi}lg _i}i na oabbgc snh jggc silwg sng hjsgjshij i` isng} ,}g`bg~hphsx,*T15[ _hkhba}bx"Finj Kaxja}cDgxjg oikua}gc `hjajohab ka}dgs si a mgawsx oijsg s lakg hj |nhon gaon

ua}shohuajs s}hg si u}gchos |nhon kicgbisng} ua}shohuajs |hbb oij hcg} ki s mgawsh`wb

=* Bgpg}alg

Bgpg}alg " |nhon kgaj mi}}i|hjl si `hjajog hjpg skgjs " h `}gqwgjsbx ohsgc a aoijs}hmwsi} si `hjajohab o}h g * \ngj a `hjajohab hj shswshij .i} aj hjchphcwab( ijbxhjpg s hs i|j kijgx" hs oaj" hj sng pg}x |i} s oa g" bi g hs i|j kijgx* Mws|ngj hs mi}}i| hj i}cg} si hjpg s ki}g" hs oaj uisgjshabbx ga}j ki}g `}ik hshjpg skgjs" mws hs oaj ab i bi g ki}g snaj abb hs na * Sng}gì}g bgpg}alg kaljh`hgsng uisgjshab }gsw}j `}ik hjpg skgjs" mws ab i o}gasg a }h d i` majd}wusox* _hjog

majd}wusox kgaj snas a `h}k àhb si niji} abb hs u}ikh gc uaxkgjs si isng} `h}k " hs kax u}gac `hjajohab s}iwmbg `}ik ijg `h}k si ajisng} . gg ,Oijsalhij, mgbi|(*

?* A gs+bhamhbhsx kh kason

Ajisng} àosi} mgbhgpgc si oijs}hmwsg si `hjajohab o}h g ha gs+bhamhbhsx kh kason"

a hswashij hj |nhon sng }h d a iohasgc |hsn aj hj shswshij, cgms ajc a gs a}gjis auu}iu}hasgbx abhljgc* @i} g~akubg" oikkg}ohab majd i``g} cgui hs aooiwjs|nhon oaj mg |hsnc}a|j as ajx shkg ajc sngx w g sng u}ioggc si kadg bijl+sg}kbiaj si mw hjg g ajc nikgi|jg} * Sng kh kason mgs|ggj sng majd , ni}s+sg}kbhamhbhshg .hs cgui hs ( ajc hs bijl+sg}k a gs .hs biaj ( h ggj a ijg i` sng}ga ij majd }wj ioow} .|ngj cgui hsi} uajho ajc cgohcg si |hsnc}a| sngh} `wjc


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13

ki}g qwhodbx snaj sng majd oaj lgs maod sng u}ioggc i` hsbiaj (*T13[ Bhdg|h g"Mga} _sga}j `ahbgc hj =55 mgoaw g hs |a wjambg si }gjg|

sng ni}s+sg}k cgms hs w gc si `hjajog bijl+sg}k hjpg skgjs hj ki}slalg gow}hshg *

3* Wjog}sahjsx ajc ng}c mgnaphi}

Kajx ajabx g i` `hjajohab o}h g gkuna hvg sng }ibg i` hjpg skgjs kh sadgoaw gc mx baod i` dji|bgclg i} sng hkug}`goshij i` nwkaj }ga ijhjl* Mgnaphi}ab`hjajog swchg g}}i} hj goijikho ajc qwajshsashpg }ga ijhjl* U xonibilh s

Si}mfi}j D A Gbhavijna ab i ajabxvgc `ahbw}g i` goijikho }ga ijhjl hj nhoijogus i` , oiuasnx,* T1


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17

w}g hj shswshij napg w``hohgjs a gs si kggs sngh} oijs}aoswab imbhlashij "sn}iwln }g g}pg }gqwh}gkgjs" oauhsab }gqwh}gkgjs" ajc isng} bhkhs ij bgpg}alg*

0* @}awc

@}awc na ubaxgc a }ibg hj sng oibbau g i` ikg `hjajohab hj shswshij " |ngjoikuajhg napg ass}aosgc cgui hsi} |hsn kh bgachjl obahk amiws sngh} hjpg skgjs

s}asglhg " i} napggkmgvvbgc sng }g wbshjl hjoikg* G~akubg hjobwcgOna}bgUijvh , oak hj ga}bx =5sn ogjsw}x Mi sij" sng oibbau g i` sngKKK hjpg skgjs

`wjc hj ]w ha hj 1883" sng oak snas bgc si sng Abmajhaj Bissg}x Wu}h hjli` 188


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Sngi}hg i` `hjajohab o}h g

?* Ka}~h s sngi}hg3* Khj dx, sngi}x7* Ng}chjl kicgb ajc bga}jhjl kicgb

Ka}~h s sngi}hg]gow}}gjs kafi} cgu}g hij hj sng |i}bc goijikx as sng uaog i` =5 ajc 75 xga}

napg mggj sng wmfgos i` swchg hjogFgaj Ona}bg Bija}c cg _h kijch .1


17/67

1 .1(" uu* 1+?? *x @}ajdbhj Abbgj ajc Ciwlba Labg .=55 ? (" ,Majd }wj " cgui hs hj w}ajog"

ajc bhqwhchsx,* F iw}jab i` Uibhshoab Goijikx 81 . ? (*x Bwo Bagpgj ajc @amhaj Pabgjoha .=55>(" ,_x sgkho majdhjl o}h g 6 a jg|

casama g,* Hjsg}jashijab Kijgsa}x @wjc \i}dhjl Uaug} 5>)==3*

Mwmmbg ajc o}a ng ]img}s F* _nhbbg} .1888" =550(" H}}ashijab G~wmg}ajog *

Ka}dw M}wjjg}kghg} .=55>(" ,Mwmmbg ," Jg| Uabl}apg Choshija}x i` Goijikho " =jc gc*

Ka}dw D* M}wjjg}kghg} .=551(" A gs U}hohjl wjcg} A xkkgs}ho Hj`i}kashij6 Mwmmbg " O}a ng " Sgonjhoab Ajabx h " ajc Ng}chjl " I~`i}c Wjhpg} hsx U}g *

Hjsg}jashijab `hjajohab o}h g Uawb D}wlkaj .1887(" Ow}}gjohg ajc O}h g *

O}ahl Mw}j hcg" Ka}shj Ghongjmawk" ajc _g}lhi ]gmgbi .=55>(" ,Ow}}gjox o}h hkicgb ," Jg| Uabl}apg Choshija}x i` Goijikho " =jc gc*

Kaw}hog Im s`gbc .1880(" ,Kicgb i` ow}}gjox o}h g |hsn gb`+`wb`hbbhjl`gasw}g ,* Gw}iugaj Goijikho ]gphg| 35*


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18

_sgungj Ki}}h ajc Nxwj _ijl _nhj .188>(" ,Wjhqwg gqwhbhm}hwk hj a kicgb i` gb`+`wb`hbbhjl ow}}gjox assaod ,* Akg}hoaj Goijikho ]gphg| >> .? (*

Ma}}x Ghongjl}ggj .=553(" Oauhsab @bi| ajc O}h g *

Ona}bg Liicna}s ajc U* Cgba}lx .188>(" ,@hjajohab o}h g 6 ubw a onajlg" ubwo,g s ba kkg oni g,* Hjsg}jashijab @hjajog 1 .=(" uu* =01+>


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=5

_GPG]HSX I@ SNG OW]]GJS @HJAJOHAB O]H_H_

Majdhjl ajc `hjajohab o}h g napg mggj a }glwba} `gasw}g i` kicg}j goijikhonh si}x* Aooi}chjl si ijg g shkasg" sng}g napg mggj >0 majdhjl o}h g hjog sngL}gas Cgu}g hij snas napg u}gac mgxijc jashijab mi}cg} * Aooi}chjl si a \i}bcMajd swcx hj =551" sng |i}bc na |hsjg gc a kajx a 11= x sgkho majdhjlo}h g `}ik sng basg 18 s}hbbhij hj ka}dgs oauhsabhvashij hj apg}x ni}s shkg .M}wjjg}khg} =558(* Hjsg}g shjlbx" sng bi hj ka}dgs oauhsabhvashijajc o}a n hj gqwhsx u}hog na mggj hljh`hoajsbx nhlng} hj ug}hung}x goijikhg aoikua}gc si W_ ka}dgs .Sambg 1(* Aooi}chjl si Ghongjl}ggj ajc I]iw}dg.=558( lbimab siod ka}dgs `gbb `a sg} cw}hjl sng ow}}gjs o}h h snaj hj 18=8*


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=1

Sambg 16 _siod Ka}dgs O}a n ajc G~onajlg ]asg Onajlg i` _gbgosgc

Oiwjs}hg _siod Ka}dgs Onajlg G~onajlg ]asg Onajlg

FwjgCgogkmg} =55> FwjgCgogkmg} =55>

ph ++ph W_# .'(

U] O +3> 1

Nijl Dijl" Onhja +35 1

Hjcha +31 +1?

]guwmbho i` Di}ga +?0 +=5

A}lgjshja +71 +1 ?

M}avhb +38 +?1

Kg~hoi +=8 +=0

Fauaj +?0 1>Gw}ivijg + ?< +11

W_ ._&U 755( +?0 +11

Sng `hjajohab o}h h iij ki}ungc hj si a `wbb+`bgclgc lbimab goijikhoci|jsw}j a o}gchs ka}dgs `}ivg" all}glasg cgkajc hj abb acpajogc goijikhg

`gbb" ajc oikkichsx u}hog o}a ngc" `i}ohjl g~ui}sg} si ngbpg g~ugjchsw}g ajc baxi`` |i}dg} hj ba}lg jwkmg} * Oij gqwgjsbx" hjcw s}hab u}icwoshij oibbau gc|i}bc|hcg* Hj sng ba s qwa}sg} i` sng oabgjca} xga} =55>" acpajogc goijikhg ajcba}lg goijikhg bhdg Hjcha ajc sng U] O |hsjg gc a oijs}aoshij hj sngh} hjcw s}hab

u}icwoshij* Hj ikg i` sng kafi} g~ui}s+i}hgjsgc oiwjs}hg bhdg Fauaj" Lg}kajx"ajc M}avhb" hjcw s}hab iwsuws oijs}aosgc ki}g snaj 15' cw}hjl sng snh}c ajc `iw}sn


22/67


23/67

=?

@hjajohab o}h h i` =55 ajc ga}bx =558*Goijikhg |i}bc|hcg bi|gc cw}hjl snh ug}hic a o}gchs shlnsgjgc ajchjsg}jashijab s}acg cgobhjgc*O}hsho a}lwgc snaso}gchs }ashjl algjohg ajc hjpg si}`ahbgc si aoow}asgbx u}hog sng}h d hjpibpgc |hsn ki}slalg +}gbasgc `hjajohab

u}icwos " ajc snas lipg}jkgjs chc jis acfw s sngh} }glwbasi}x u}aoshog si acc}g=1 s ogjsw}x `hjajohab ka}dgs * Lipg}jkgjs ajc ogjs}ab majd }g uijcgc |hsnwju}gogcgjsgc `h oab shkwbw" kijgsa}x uibhox g~uaj hij" ajchj shswshijab mahbiws


24/67

=3

O}h h Hj Sng W_

Sng Wjhsgc _sasg gjsg}gc =55> cw}hjl a niw hjl ka}dgs oi}}goshij" a wmu}hkg ki}slalg

o}h h ajc a cgobhjhjl cibba} pabwg

Hj @gm}wa}x" 0?"555 fim |g}g bi s" a 7+xga} }goi}c*

Hj _gusgkmg}" 178"555 fim |g}g bi s" m}hjlhjl sng kijsnbx apg}alg si >3"555 ug} kijsn

`}ik Fajwa}x si _gusgkmg} i` =55>*

Ij _gusgkmg} 7" =55>" sng Wjhsgc _sasg Cgua}skgjs i` Bami} h wgc a }gui}s snas hs

wjgkubixkgjs }asg }i g si 0*1'" sng nhlng s hj `hpg xga}

Sng cgàwbs ij wm+u}hkg ki}slalg .nikgbiaj cgàwbs ( napg bgc si a kafi} o}h h hj

sng W_*

_wm+u}hkg h a nhln }h d cgms i``g}gc si ugiubg |hsn uii} o}gchs |i}snhjg i} wj sambg

hjoikg * Kafi} majd napg bajcgc hj s}iwmbg a`sg} ugiubg oiwbc jis uax maod biaj *

Sng niw hjl ka}dgs ia}gc ij sng maod i` ga x apahbamhbhsx i` biaj *

Sng }gabsx gosi} miikgc mws oiwbc jis w sahj sng kikgjswk i} bijl" ajc hs oibbau gc

wjcg} sng la}lajswaj |ghlns i` o}huubhjl biaj cgàwbs

@i}gobi w}g u}gac bhdg |hbc`h}g uwsshjl sng W_ goijikx ij nadx l}iwjc* Snh " oiwubgc

|hsn }h hjl ihb u}hog as #155 a ma}}gb" bi|gc ci|j sng l}i|sn i` sng goijikx*

Sng wmu}hkg ki}slalg o}h h h aj ijlihjl }gab g sasg o}h hajc `hjajohabo}h hs}hllg}gc mx a c}akasho }h g hj ki}slalg cgbhjqwgjohg ajc ì}gobi w}g hjsng Wjhsgc _sasg " |hsn kafi} acpg} g oij gqwgjog ì} majd ajc `hjajohabka}dgs a}iwjc sng lbimg* Sng o}h h " |nhon na hs }iis hj sng obi hjl xga} i` sng=5sn ogjsw}x" mgoakg auua}gjs hj =55< ajc na g~ui gc ug}pa hpg |gadjg g hj`hjajohab hjcw s}x }glwbashij ajc sng lbimab `hjajohab x sgk*


25/67

=7

Auu}i~hkasgbx >5' i` W*_* ki}slalg h wgc hj }gogjs xga} si wmu}hkg mi}}i|g} |g}g acfw sambg+}asg ki}slalg * A`sg} W*_* niw g u}hog ugadgc hj khc+

=550 ajc mglaj sngh} sggu cgobhjg sng}ga`sg}" }g`hjajohjl mgoakg ki}g ch``howbs*A acfw sambg+}asg ki}slalg mglaj si }g gs as nhlng} }asg " ki}slalg cgbhjqwgjohg

ia}gc* _gow}hshg maodgc |hsn wmu}hkg ki}slalg " |hcgbx ngbc mx `hjajohab `h}k "bi s ki s i` sngh} pabwg* Sng }g wbs na mggj a ba}lg cgobhjg hj sng oauhsab i` kajx

majd ajc W*_* lipg}jkgjs uij i}gc gjsg}u}h g " shlnsgjhjl o}gchs a}iwjc sng|i}bc*

Oaw g

Miik ajc mw s hj sng niw hjl ka}dgs

Bi| hjsg}g s }asg ajc ba}lg hj`bi| i` ì}ghlj `wjc o}gasgc ga x o}gchs oijchshijì} a jwkmg} i` xga} u}hi} si sng o}h h " `wgbhjl a niw hjl ka}dgs miik ajcgjoiw}alhjl cgms+`hjajogc oij wkushij* Sng W_A nikg i|jg} nhu }asg hjo}ga gc`}ik 03' hj 1883 .amiws |ng}g hs nac mggj hjog 18>5( si aj abb+shkg nhln i` 08*=' hj =553* _wmu}hkg bgjchjl |a a kafi} oijs}hmwsi} si snh hjo}ga g hj nikgi|jg} nhu }asg ajc hj sng ipg}abb cgkajc ì} niw hjl" |nhon c}ipg u}hog nhlng}*

Mgs|ggj 188< ajc =550" sng u}hog i` sng sxuhoab Akg}hoaj niw g hjo}ga gc mx1=3'* Cw}hjl sng s|i cgoacg gjchjl hj =551" sng jashijab kgchaj nikg u}hog}ajlgc `}ik =*8 si ?*1 shkg kgchaj niw gnibc hjoikg* Snh }ashi }i g si 3*5 hj=553" ajc 3*0 hj =550* Snh niw hjl mwmmbg}g wbsgc hj qwhsg a `g| nikgi|jg}}g`hjajohjl sngh} nikg as bi|g} hjsg}g s }asg " i} `hjajohjl oij wkg} ugjchjl mxsadhjl iws goijc ki}slalg gow}gc mx sng u}hog auu}gohashij* W_A niw gnibccgms a a ug}ogjsalg i` ajjwab ch ui ambg ug} ijab hjoikg |a 1=" sng sxuhoab W_A niw gnibc i|jgc 1 ? o}gchs oa}c " |hsn 35'i` niw gnibc oa}}xhjl a mabajog" wu `}ik 0' hj 18


26/67

=0

#1"3=> mhbbhij hj =557 a sng niw hjl mwmmbg mwhbs" a sisab i` jga}bx #7 s}hbbhijcibba} ipg} sng ug}hic* W*_* nikg ki}slalg cgms }gbashpg si LCU hjo}ga gc `}ik

aj apg}alg i` 30' cw}hjl sng 1885 si < ? ' cw}hjl =55>" }gaonhjl #15*7 s}hbbhij*Snh o}gchs ajc niw g u}hog g~ubi hij bgc si a mwhbchjl miik ajc gpgjswabbx si a

w}ubw i` wj ibc nikg " |nhon oaw gc W*_* niw hjl u}hog si ugad ajc mglhjcgobhjhjl hj khc+=550* Ga x o}gchs" ajc a mgbhg` snas niw g u}hog |iwbc oijshjwgsi auu}gohasg" nac gjoiw}algc kajx wmu}hkg mi}}i|g} si imsahj acfw sambg+}asgki}slalg * Sng g ki}slalg gjshogc mi}}i|g} |hsn a mgbi| ka}dgs hjsg}g s }asgì} ikg u}gcgsg}khjgc ug}hic" ìbbi|gc mx ka}dgs hjsg}g s }asg ì} sng }gkahjcg} i` sng ki}slalg, sg}k* Mi}}i|g} |ni oiwbc jis kadg sng nhlng} uaxkgjs ijog

sng hjhshab l}aog ug}hic gjcgc |iwbc s}x si }g`hjajog sngh} ki}slalg * ]g`hjajohjl mgoakg ki}g ch``howbs" ijog niw g u}hog mglaj si cgobhjg hj kajx ua}s i` sngW_A* Mi}}i|g} |ni ìwjc sngk gbpg wjambg si g oaug nhlng} kijsnbx uaxkgjs

mx }g`hjajohjl mglaj si cgàwbs*


27/67

=5 mhbbhij* H` o}gchsi} |g}g s}gfgos u}iui ab si ui suijg cgms }guaxkgjs ì} h~ kijsn " sng Cwmahlipg}jkgjs oiwbc mg ì}ogc si nibc a `h}g abg i` hs hjsg}jashijab }gab g sasg a gs *Ajabx s ni|gpg} a}g i` sng phg| snas isng} gkh}asg i` sng WAG Wjhsgc A}amGkh}asg + won a Amw Cnamh a}g wjbhdgbx si mg a``gosgc mx Cwmah o}h

hljh`hoajsbx hjog sngh} `wjchjl h cg}hpgc `}ik g~ui}shjl ihb ajc la *Sng dgx àosi} mgnhjc sng o}h h h sng miik+mw s uibhox i` sng WAG ogjs}ab majd*A`sg} obi hjl as 3' hj Iosimg} =550 sng xga}bx }asg i` l}i|sn i` sng ogjs}ab majd

mabajog nggs .sng uaog i` kijgsa}x uwkuhjl( obhkmgc si 1


28/67

=>

Lbimab Goijikho O}h h Nhs Cwmah

Sng shjx Ug} haj Lwb` gkh}asg" Cwmah" na bijl iwlns si ui hshij hs gb` a ajhjsg}jashijab `hjajog ajc s}achjl ogjsg} |hsnhj sicax, lbimab goijikx* Hs mwhbs ajwbs}a+kicg}j hkalg" |hsn bw~w}x nisgb ajc }g i}s ajc nhln+u}i`hbg ui}shjlgpgjs * Mws sng ci|jsw}j na ab}gacx gjs ikg i}ghlj |i}dg} uaodhjl* @i} wjgkubixgc |i}dg} `}ik _iwsn A ha" snas h ikgshkg jis aj iushij*

Hj Cwmah, ngx cax" sng iwjc i` oij s}woshij |a gpg}x|ng}g*Nhln }h g ajc siw}h s }g i}s |g}g mwhbs mx bglhij i` ì}ghlj |i}dg} " ki s i` sngk `}ik Hjcha ajc Uadh saj* Cwmah mgoakg aj hjsg}jashijab kaljgs" }ghjpgjshjlhs gb` a a `hjajohab oauhsab ajc siw}h s kgooa hj sng Ug} haj Lwb`* Sngj sng lbimab

o}h h }gaongc snh iwsui s ajc miik sw}jgc hjsi mw s*

Ji|" sng g kgj + bhdg sniw ajc i` isng} + a}g iws i` |i}d* Sngx a}g abb `}ik_iwsn A ha + =5 i} i kgj na}hjl a }iik si ows ci|j ij }gjs a sngx |ahs ì} |i}d* Vaà} Amma h h a sggb |i}dg}* Ng oakg si sng Wjhsgc A}am Gkh}asg s|ixga} ali" mws ax ng }gogjsbx bi s nh fim* Ajc" ji|" |hsniws kijgx oikhjl hj"bh`gh na}c*

-Ji kijgx ì} sng ìic T ho[" gpg}xsnhjl h i g~ugj hpg" kgchohjg ajc }gjs "-ahcAmma h*

Sng g kgj |g}g akijl sng a}kx i` ì}ghlj bami}g} snas mwhbs Cwmah |ngj snggoijikx |a miikhjl* Kajx napg mggj wjgkubixgc ì} ki}g snaj a kijsn*Sngx ax sngx oajjis }gsw}j nikg mgoaw g sngh} gkubixg} a}g nibchjl sngh}

ua ui}s ajc napg i}cg}gc sngk si |ahs wjshb |i}d uhod wu*

Ki}g snaj nab` i` sng oij s}woshij u}ifgos hj sng Wjhsgc A}am Gkh}asg " |i}sn#7>= mhbbhij" napg mggj uws ij nibc" aooi}chjl si sng ka}dgs }g ga}on `h}k"U}ibgac * _ikg u}ifgos a}g shbb lihjl angac" snajd " hj ua}s" si sng #15 mhbbhij

mahbiws `}ik sng WAG, oauhsab" Amw Cnamh* Mws" kajx |i}dg} a}g wjgkubixgc ajswodng}g*

\i}dg} acpioaox l}iwu + hjobwchjl sng Wjhsgc Jashij Hjsg}jashijab Bami} I}lajhvashij + napg hjo}ga gc u}g w}g ì} |hcg} u}isgoshij oipg}hjl sng nwjc}gci` sniw ajc i` wj dhbbgc oij s}woshij |i}dg} |ni `biicgc }glhij i` sng Lwb` cw}hjl sng mwhbchjl miik ajc ji| àog sng àbbiws `}ik bgajg} shkg *


29/67


30/67

?5

-Snas h kx niug" mws H oajjis gg snas* H oaj niug" ijbx ì} niug"- ng ahc*

Hs h a niug si }gsw}j si miik shkg ajc si oikubgsg a dxbhjg i` nab`+`hjh ngc mwhbchjl + a niug snas ji| ggk ch sajs*

_asxak @hjajohab O}h h

Sng _asxak Oikuwsg} _g}phog oajcab |a uwmbhobx ajjiwjogc ij < Fajwa}x=558" |ngj Onah}kaj ]akabhjla ]afw oij`g gc snas _asxak, aooiwjs nac mggjàb h`hgc*

CgsahbIj < Fajwa}x =558" oikuajx Onah}kaj ]akabhjla ]afw }g hljgc a`sg} jish`xhjl mia}c kgkmg} ajc sng _gow}hshg ajc G~onajlg Mia}c i` Hjcha ._GMH( snas_asxak, aooiwjs nac mggj àb h`hgc *]afw oij`g gc snas _asxak, mabajog nggs i` ?5 _gusgkmg} =55> oijsahjgc6

hj`basgc `hlw}g ì} oa n ajc majd mabajog i` HJ] 7"535 o}i}g .a alahj sHJ] 7" ?01 o}i}g }g`bgosgc hj sng miid (*

Aj aoo}wgc hjsg}g s i` HJ] ?


31/67

?1

assgkus si `hbb sng `hoshshiw a gs |hsn }gab ijg * Hs |a bhdg }hchjl a shlg}" jis dji|hjl ni| si lgs i`` |hsniws mghjl gasgj *

Hj =55>" _asxak assgkusgc si aoqwh}g s|i hj`}a s}wosw}g oikuajhg .KaxsaHj`}a s}wosw}g ajc Kaxsa U}iug}shg ( ìwjcgc mx àkhbx }gbashij i` oikuajxìwjcg} ]akabhjla ]afw ì} #1*0 mhbbhij" cg uhsg oijog}j }ah gc mx hjcgugjcgjs

mia}c ch}gosi} * Misn oikuajhg a}g i|jgc mx ]afw, ij * Snh gpgjswabbx bgc si a}gphg| i` sng cgab mx sng lipg}jkgjs" a pghbgc o}hshoh k mx sng phog u}g hcgjs i` Hjcha ajc _asxak, obhgjs }g+gpabwashjl sngh} }gbashij nhu |hsn sng oikuajx*_asxak, hjpg si} bi s amiws HJ] ?"355 o}i}g hj sng }gbasgc uajho gbbhjl* SngW_C #1*0 mhbbhij .HJ] >"555 o}i}g( aoqwh hshij |a kgs |hsn ogushoh k a

_asxak, na}g `gbb 77' ij sng Jg| Xi}d _siod G~onajlg* Sn}gg kgkmg} i` sng mia}c i` ch}gosi} }g hljgc ij =8sn Cgogkmg} =55>*

]afw nac auuihjsgc a sa d ì}og si acc}g sng Kaxsa hswashij hj sng ba s `g| cax mgì}g }gpgabhjl sng jg| i` sng aooiwjshjl `}awc* A`sg} sng oajcab m}idg" sng sngj+ mia}c kgkmg} gbgosgc ]ak Kxjakuash si mg _asxak, hjsg}hk OGI* Kxjakuash,

sasgkgjs ij _asxak, |gm hsg ahc6

- \ g a}g i mphiw bx niodgc m x sng oijsgjs i` sng bgssg}* Sng gjhi} bgacg} i` _asxak sajc wjhsgc hj sngh} oikkhskgjs si ow sikg} " a iohasg " wuubhg} ajc

abb na}gnibcg} *\ g napg lasng}gc silgsng} as Nxcg}a mac si s}asglhvg sng |ax ì}|a}c hj bhlns i` snh sa}sbhjl }gpgbashij *-

Ij 15 Fajwa}x =558" sng Oikuajx Ba| Mia}c cgohcgc si ma} sng ow}}gjs mia}c i` _asxak `}ik `wjoshijhjl ajc auuihjs 15 jikhjab ch}gosi} * -Sng ow}}gjs mia}c naàhbgc si ci |nas sngx a}g wuui gc si ci* Sng o}gchmhbhsx i` sng HS hjcw s}x niwbcjis mg abbi|gc si w``g}*- ahc Oi}ui}asg A`àh} Khjh sg} U}gkOnajc Lwusa*Ona}sg}gc aooiwjsajs }glwbasi} HOAH h wgc ni|+oaw g jishog si _asxak, awchsi}

U}hog|asg}niw gOiiug} .U| O( ij sng aooiwjs `wclhjl* -\g napg a dgc U| O si}gubx |hsnhj =1 cax "- HOAH U}g hcgjs Pgc Fahj ahc*

Ij sng akg cax" sng O}hkg Hjpg shlashij Cgua}skgjs . OHC( sgak uhodgc wuPacbakajh _}hjhpa " _asxak, sngj+ O@I" ì} qwg shijhjl* Ng |a a}}g sgc basg} ajcdgus hj fwchohab ow sicx*


32/67

?=

Ij 11 Fajwa}x =558" sng lipg}jkgjs jikhjasgc jisgc majdg} Cgguad Ua}gdn"ì}kg} JA__ OIK onhg` Dh}aj Da}jhd ajc ì}kg} _GMH kgkmg} O Aonwsnaj si_asxak, mia}c*

Ajabx s hj Hjcha napg sg}kgc sng _asxak oajcab a Hjcha, i|j Gj}ij oajcab*

Hkkgchasgbx ìbbi|hjl sng jg| " Kg}}hbb Bxjon .Ji| |hsn Majd i` Akg}hoa(sg}khjasgc hs gjlalgkgjs |hsn sng oikuajx* Ab i" O}gchs _wh g w ugjcgc hsoipg}alg i` _asxak*Tohsashij jggcgc[* Hs |a ab i }gui}sgc snas _asxak, awchshjl`h}k U}hog|asg}niw gOiiug} |hbb mg o}wshjhvgc ì} oikubhohsx hj snh oajcab*_GMH" sng siod ka}dgs }glwbasi}" ab i ahc snas" h` ìwjc lwhbsx" hs bhogj g si |i}d hj Hjcha kax mg }gpidgc* _asxak |a sng =55> |hjjg} i` sng oipgsgc LibcgjUgaoiod A|a}c ì} Oi}ui}asg Lipg}jajog wjcg} ]h d Kajalgkgjs ajcOikubhajog H wg " |nhon |a s}huugc `}ik sngk hj sng a`sg}kasn i` sng oajcab*Sng Jg| Xi}d _siod G~onajlg na nabsgc s}achjl hj _asxak siod a i` < Fajwa}x=558*T17[ Hjcha, Jashijab _siod G~onajlg na ajjiwjogc snas hs |hbb }gkipg_asxak `}ik hs _&U O J^ Jh`sx 75+ na}g hjcg~ ij Fajwa}x 1=*T10[Sng ìwjcg} i` _asxak |a a}}g sgc s|i cax a`sg} ng ackhssgc si àb h`xhjl sng `h}k, aooiwjs *]akabhjla ]afw h ona}lgc |hsn gpg}ab i``gjog " hjobwchjl o}hkhjab oij uh}aox"

m}gaon i` s}w s" ajc ì}lg}x*

_asxak, na}g `gbb si 11*75 }wugg ij 15 Fajwa}x =558" sngh} bi|g s bgpgb hjogKa}on 188>" oikua}gc si a nhln i` 733 }wugg hj =55>T1 as W_# =8*154 mx Ka}on =558 sngx |g}gs}achjl a}iwjc W_ #1*>5*

Sng Hjchaj Lipg}jkgjs na sasgc snas hs kax u}iphcg sgkui}a}x ch}gos i} hjch}gosbhqwhchsx wuui}s si sng oikuajx* Ni|gpg}" |ngsng} gkubixkgjs |hbb oijshjwg as

u}g+o}h h bgpgb " ua}showba}bx ì} jg| }go}whs " h qwg shijambg *

Ij 13 Fajwa}x =558" U}hog \asg}niw g" sng Hjchaj chph hij i` U}hog|asg}niw gOiiug} " ajjiwjogc snas hs }gbhajog ij uisgjshabbx àb ghjì}kashij u}iphcgc mx sng kajalgkgjs i` _asxak kax napg }gjcg}gc hs awchs}gui}s -hjaoow}asg ajc wj}gbhambg*

Ij == Fajwa}x =558" OHC sibc hj oiw}s snas sng aoswab jwkmg} i` gkubixgg h ijbx35"555 ajc jis 7 ?"555 a }gui}sgc ga}bhg} ajc snas K}* ]afw nac mggj abbglgcbx|hsnc}a|hjl HJ] =5 o}i}g }wugg gpg}x kijsn ì} uaxhjl sng g 1 ?"555 jij+g~h sgjs gkubixgg *


33/67

??

]akabhjla ]afw h ow}}gjsbx hj a Nxcg}amac u}h ij abijl |hsn nh m}isng} ajcì}kg} mia}c kgkmg} ]aka ]afw" ajc sng ì}kg} O@I Pacbakajh _}hjhpa *

BhqwhchsxO}hshs

Hj ga}bx Fwbx" cgui hsi} as sng Bi Ajlgbg i``hog i` Hjcx Kao Majd `}ajshoabbxbhjgc wu hj sng s}ggs si |hsnc}a| sngh} kijgx*

Ij Fwbx 11" Hjcx Kao + sng ba}lg s ki}slalg bgjcg} hj sng W_ + |a ghvgc mx`gcg}ab }glwbasi} *

Sng ki}slalg bgjcg} woowkmgc si sng u}g w}g i` shlnsg} o}gchs" swkmbhjlnikg u}hog ajc }h hjl ì}gobi w}g *

Cw}hjl sng |ggdgjc i` _gusgkmg} 1?13" Bgnkaj M}isng} cgoba}gc majd}wusoxa`sg} àhbhjl si `hjc a mwxg}

Majd i` Akg}hoa al}ggc si uw}ona g Kg}}hbb Bxjon" sng hj w}ajog oikuajx AHLiwlns a m}hclg biaj `}ik sng @gcg}ab ]g g}pg

ajc a oij i}shwk i` 15 majd o}gasgc aj gkg}lgjox `wjc i` as bga s # a i` _gusgkmg} 1< na ggj >1 uwmbho oi}ui}ashij `hbg ì} majd}wusoxhj sng Wjhsgc _sasg " ab}gacx nhlng} snaj sng hj =55 a}goi}c xga} hj sg}k i` a gs |hsn Bgnkaj, #081 mhbbhij hj a gs abb ua sajjwab sisab *

Sng xga} ab i a| sng jhjsn mhllg s majd}wusox |hsn sng ahbw}g i` Hjcx Kao Majd

Ij _gusgkmg} =8" Ohshl}iwu mgas iws \gbb @a}li si aoqwh}g sng ahbhjl\aonipha, a gs |hbb uax #1 a na}g" i} amiws #=*= mhbbhij*

Hj acchshij" sng @CHO ahc snas sng algjox |iwbc am i}m sng oikuajx, bi gamipg #3= mhbbhij4 hj g~onajlg sngx |iwbc }goghpg #1= mhbbhij hj u}g`g}}gc siodajc |a}}ajs `}ik Ohshl}iwu hj }gsw}j ì} a wkhjl snas }h d


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35/67

?7

Acchshijab àosi} snas napg oijs}hmwsgc si snh }imw s gjph}ijkgjs a}g

w sahjgc hj hjpg skgjs ajc nhln aphjl }asg * A à} a sng ug}ogjsalg i` l}i

oauhsab ì}kashij hj LCU h oijog}jgc" sng}g na mggj a hljh`hoajs }h g `}ik

==*>' hj sng `h oab xga} =551" si ?7*8' hj sng `h oab xga} =550* @w}sng}" sng l}i

}asg i` aphjl a a u}iui}shij si LCU }glh sg}gc ibhc l}i|sn `}ik = ?*7' si

?3*>' ì} sng akg ug}hic*

S ng uihshjl ào i}s a``go ng Hjchaj goijikx

Hkuao ij Hjchajgoijikx

Hj`ba hij

Gkubixkgj

Oikuajhgs

LCU

Hjcws }hab}i| n

_ iods

Oijswkg}s

Majds

M*I*U


36/67

?0

Hkuaos ij Hjcha

Cwg si lbimabhvashij" sng Hjchaj goijikx oajjis mg hj wbasgc `}ik sng u}g gjs`hjajohab o}h h hj sng cgpgbiugc goijikhg * Sng cgpgbiukgjs hj sng W*_ `hjajohab

gosi} na a``gosgc jis ijbx Akg}hoa mws ab i Gw}iugaj Wjhij" W*D ajc A ha* SngHjchaj goijikx sii na `gbs sng hkuaos i` sng o}h h sniwln jis si sng akg g~sgjs*Hs h u}gkasw}g si s}x si qwajsh`x sng oij gqwgjog i` sng o}h h ij sng Hjchajgoijikx* Ni|gpg} sng hkuaos |hbb mg kwbsh+ìbc*

1* Hjì}kashij Sgonjibilx6

\hsn sng lbimab `hjajohab x sgk lgsshjl s}auugc hj sng qwhod ajc" sng}g hwjog}sahjsx ao}i sng Hjchaj _i`s|a}g hjcw s}x* Sng W*_* majd napg nwlg }wjjhjl}gbashij |hsn Hjchaj _i`s|a}g Oikuajhg * A }iwln g shkasg wllg s snas as bga s akhjhkwk i` ?5"555 Hjchaj fim oiwbc mg hkuaosgc hkkgchasgbx hj sng |adg i` nauugjhjl hj sng W*_* `hjajohab x sgk*

Auu}i~hkasgbx 01 ug} ogjs i` sng Hjchaj HS _gosi} }gpgjwg a}g`}ik W*_ `hjajohab oi}ui}ashij bhdg Libckaj _aon " \a nhjlsij Kwswab"Ohshl}iwu" Majd i` Akg}hoa" Ki}laj _sajbgx ajc Bgnkaj M}isng} * Sng siu `hpg

Hjchaj ubaxg} aooiwjs ì} 30 ug} ogjs i` sng HS hjcw s}x }gpgjwg * Sng }gpgjwgoijs}hmwshij `}ik W*_ obhgjs h auu}i~hkasgbx 7> ug}ogjs* Amiws?5 ug}ogjs i` snghjcw s}x }gpgjwg a}g g shkasgc si mg `}ik `hjajohab g}phog .As}gxa =55>(* Sng

i`s|a}g oikuajhg kax àog na}c cax angac*

=* G~onajlg ]asg6

G~onajlg }asg pibashbhsx hj Hjcha na hjo}ga gc hj sng xga} =55>+58 oikua}gc si u}gphiw xga} * Ka hpg gbbhjl mx @i}ghlj Hj shswshijab Hjpg si} ajc oijpg} hij

i` sngh} nibchjl `}ik }wugg si cibba} ì} }guas}hashij na }g wbsgc hj sng }wuggcgu}gohashjl na}ubx alahj s sng cibba}* Mgs|ggj Fajwa}x 1 ajc Iosimg} 10" =55>"sng ]g g}pg Majd i` Hjcha .]MH( }g`g}gjog }asg ì} sng }wugg `gbb mx jga}bx =7

ug}ogjs" `}ik ] * ?8*=5 ug} cibba} si ] *3>*>0 .Onajc}a gdna} ajc Li n =55>(*Snh cgu}g+ohashij kax mg liic ì} Hjcha g~ui}s snas a}g acpg} gbx a``gosgc mx


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38/67

?>

u}ifgos a}g w``g}hjl cwg si baod i` oauhsab" misn `}ik mwxg} ajc majdg} * _ikg}gabsi} napg ab}gacx cgàwbsgc ij cgbhpg}x casg ajc oikkhskgjs * Sng sggb

u}icwog} napg cgohcgc si }g i}s si u}icwoshij ows ìbbi|hjl a cgobhjg hj cgkajcì} sng oikkichsx*

0* _siod Ka}dgs6

Sng `hjajohab sw}kihb a``gosgc sng siod ka}dgs gpgj hj Hjcha* Sng oikmhjashij i` a }auhc gbb i`` mx `hjajohab hj shswshij ajc sng u}i ugos i` goijikho bi|ci|jnapg uwbbgc ci|j sng siod ajc oikkichshg ka}dgs* @i}ghlj hj shswshijabhjpg si} uwbbgc iws obi g si # 11 mhbbhij `}ik Hjcha" c}allhjl sng oauhsab ka}dgs

ci|j |hsn hs .Bad nkaj =55>(* _siod u}hog napg àbbgj mx 05 ug}ogjs* Hjchasiod ka}dgs hjcg~_gj g~siwongc amipg =1"555 ka}d hj sng kijsn i`

Fajwa}x"=55> ajc na ubwjlgc mgbi| 15"555 cw}hjl Iosimg} =55> . Dwjcw=55>(*Sng kipgkgjs i` _gj g~ ni| a ui hshpg ajc hljh`hoajs }gbashij |hsn@i}ghlj Hj shswshijab Hjpg skgjs `bi| hjsi sng ka}dgs* Snh ab i na aj g``gos ijsng U}hka}x Ka}dgs* Hj =55" sng jgs @i}ghlj Hj shswshijab Hjpg skgjs hj`bi|hjsi Hjcha akiwjsgc si #=5* ? mhbbhij* A oikua}gc si snh " sngx uwbbgc iws #11*1

mhbbhij cw}hjl sng `h} s jhjg+ajc+a+nab` kijsn i` sng oabgjca} xga} =55>" i` |nhon#>*? mhbbhij ioow}}gc ipg} sng `h} s h~+ajc+a+nab` kijsn i` sng `hjajohab xga} =55>+58 .Au}hb 1 si Iosimg} 10(*


39/67

?8

(* Sng lbimab}gog hij |hbb wjcg}khjg isng} kafi} g~ui}s gosi} i` sng Hjchaj goijikx bhdg ga`iic " lgk ajc fg|gbbg}x

>* Hjo}ga g hj Wjgkubixkgjs6Ijg cajlg} h i` a chu hj sng gkubixkgjs ka}dgs* Sng lbimab `hjajohab o}h h oiwbchjo}ga g wjgkubixkgjs* Baxi`` ajc |alg ows a}g og}sahj si sadg ubaog hj kajxoikuajhg |ng}g xiwjl gkubixgg a}g |i}dhjl hj Mw hjg U}iog Iws iw}ohjlajc Hj`i}kashij Sgonjibilx gosi} .]asjaxadg =55>(* \hsn fim bi g " sng lau

mgs|ggj sng }hon ajc sng uii} |hbb mg |hcgjgc* Hs h g shkasgc snas sng}g |iwbc mgci|j hvhjl hj kajx isng} `hgbc a oikuajhg ows oi s * Sng Hjsg}jashijab Bami} I}lajhvashij u}gchosgc snas khbbhij i` fim |hbb mg bi s mx sng gjc i` =558 cwg si

sng o}h h ki sbx hj oij s}woshij" }gab g sasg" `hjajohab g}phog " ajc sng awsigosi}* Sng Lbimab \alg ]gui}s =55>+58 i` Hjsg}jashijab Bamiw} I}lajhvashij

|a}j snas sgj hij a}g bhdgbx si hjsgj h`x ipg} sng h wg i` |alg * Sng}g |iwbcab i mg a hljh`hoajs c}iu hj jg| nh}hjl .Sng Nhjcw =55>( Abb sng g |hbb onajlg sngoikubg~hij i` sng fim ka}dgs*


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31

Fwjg =55> |a }gph gc wu|a}c si 11*>5' `}ik 11*3='*

]h hjl hj`bashij }asg na ca ngc niug i` ajx }gba~ashij

hj sng kijgsa}x uibhox* Ka}dgs g~ugos ]g g}pg Majd i` Hjcha .]MH( si }ah g sng

}asg `w}sng} hj hs jg~s kijgsa}x uibhox }gphg| s|i kijsn `}ik ji|*

Ij =8 Fwbx =55>" sng ]g g}pg Majd i` Hjcha .]MH(" as hs qwa}sg}bx uibhox }gphg|"

}ah gc }gui }asg mx 75 ma h uihjs si a gpgj+xga} nhln i` 8' si ow}m hj`bashij ajc

cakugj hj`bashija}x g~ugosashij * ]MH ab i }ah gc sng oa n }g g}pg }ashi .O]](" sng

u}iui}shij i` `wjc snas majd kw s dggu ij cgui hs |hsn hs" mx =7 ma h uihjs si8'*

Ka}dgs |hbb obi gbx |ason cgpgbiukgjs ij sng Hjci+W_ jwobga}

cgab* A s|i+cax kggshjl i` sng 37 oiwjs}hg i` sng Jwobga} _wuubhg} L}iwu .J_L(

mglaj hj Phgjja ij Snw} cax" =1 Awlw s =55>* A l}ggj hljab mx sng J_L h

}gqwh}gc ì} sng cgab si u}ioggc si sng W_ Oijl}g ì} `hjab }ash`hoashij* A ug}

}gui}s " jwobga} wuubhg} jashij as a kggshjl ij Snw} cax" =1 Awlw s =55>"

u}iui gc oijchshij ì} bh`shjl a lbimab maj ij `wgb ajc sgonjibilx g~ui}s si

Hjcha" a sgu }gqwh}gc si hkubgkgjs a W_+Hjcha jwobga} oiiug}ashij cgab*

A `w}sng} }h g hj o}wcg ihb u}hog kax aos a a cakugjg} ì} sng siod ka}dgs *

Bhlns" |ggs o}wcg ì} _gusgkmg} =55> cgbhpg}x w}lgc #7*0= si #1=1*1> a ma}}gb

ij Snw} cax" =1 Awlw s =55> ij sng Jg| Xi}d Kg}oajshbg G~onajlg .JXKG^(

ij |gadg} cibba} ajc |i}}hg amiws shlnsgjhjl iwsuws `}ik IUG O oiwjs}hg *

@i}ghlj hj shswshijab hjpg si} .@HH ( ibc na}g |i}sn ] >?1*35 o}i}g hj Awlw s

=55> .shbb =5 Awlw s =55>(* @HH ibc na}g |i}sn ] =>"1?? *35 o}i}g hj sng


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3=

oabgjca} xga} =55>* Kwswab `wjc ibc na}g |i}sn ] >>0 o}i}g hj Awlw s =55>

.shbb =5 Awlw s =55>(*

. iw}og6 goijikx |ason @}hcax awlw s >" =55>(

Hjcw s}hab u}icwoshij6

@abbhjl o}wcg ihb u}hog ajc hku}ipgkgjs hj iwsn |g s

kij iij |hbb u}iphcg ikg }gbhg` si hjpg si} * ]h hjl hj`bashij }gkahj a kafi}

|i}}x `i} sng ka}dgs hj sng kgchwk sg}k*

Sng lipg}jkgjs |hbb }gbga g Fwjg =55> hjcw s}hab u}icwoshij casa as

1=655 H_S ij 1= Awlw s =55>* ]g g}pg Majd i` Hjcha }gohug si oijsahj hj`bashij

mx hjo}ga hjl sng bgjchjl }asg h g~ugosgc si nw}s hjcw s}x" kajw`aosw}hjl gosi}

ajc sng ipg}abb l}i|sn kikgjswk* Hjcw s}hab u}icwoshij l}g| as sng bi|g s uaog

hj ki}g snaj h~ xga} hj Kax =55>" as ?*>'" a alahj s 15*0' hj sng akg kijsn

i` =55'" lipg}jkgjs casa

}gbga gc ij < Awlw s =55> ni|gc*

]g g}pg Majd i` Hjcha .]MH( ij =8 Fwbx =55>" }ah gc }gui}asg mx 75 ma h uihjs si a gpgj+xga} nhln i` 8' si ow}m hj`bashij ajc cakugj

hj`bashija}x g~ugosashij * ]MH ab i }ah gc sng oa n }g g}pg }ashi .O]](" sng

u}iui}shij i` `wjc snas majd kw s dggu ij cgui hs |hsn hs" mx =7 ma h uihjs si

8'* Sng ogjs}ab majd bg`s hs }gpg} g }gui ajc majd }asg wjonajlgc* ]g uijchjl si


43/67

3?

sng ]MH, kijgsa}x shlnsgjhjl" siu bgjcg} NC@ O ajc HOHOH Majd ajc a jwkmg} i`

sasg }wj majd napg }ah gc hjsg}g s }asg *

Sng all}glasg }g wbs i` ="8>> oikuajhg ni|gc 7*1' }h g hj jgs u}i`hs si ]

0?" wjajhkiw bx aciusgc sng Hjcha+ ugoh`ho a`glwa}c al}ggkgjs" a dgx

sgu hj iug}ashijabhvashij i` sng Hjci+W_ jwobga} cgab*

@i}ghlj hj shswshijab hjpg si} .@HH( miwlns na}g |i}sn ] 1"7= .shbb < Awlw s =55>(* @HH ibc na}g |i}sn ] =7"


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33

Mabajog i` Uaxkgjs

Mabajog i` Uaxkgjs Ajxsnhjl snas |g mwx i} gbb si sng }g s i` sng |i}bc

kw s mg uahc ì}* Sng ow}}gjs aooiwjs .OA( s}aod sng `bi| i` liic ajc g}phog

mgs|ggj sng W_ ajc sng }g s i` sng |i}bc ajc Jgs G~ui}s i` Liic ajc _g}phog "

Jgs Hjoikg .`}ik hjpg skgjs ajc |alg ( ajc Jgs s}aj `g} Sng oauhsab &

`hjajohab aooiwjs s}aod sng uaxkgjs ì} sni g liic & g}phog .D@A( ajc

}goi}c sng uw}ona g ajc abg i` `hjajohab ajc jij+`hjajohab a gs * Hs hjobwcg

I``hohab hjsg}jashijab s}aj aoshij |nhon ogjs}ab majd oibbgos a }g g}pg *

Hjpg si} }gaoshij

Ki s hjpg skgjs oijpg} ashij hj Hjcha im g gc amiws u}goh gbx

uhodhjl sng missik |nhbg snh kax mg |i}sn|nhbg ua s shkg ì} a `g| u}i`g hijab

hjpg si} ì} ki s isng} hs g~ui g sng g~aos iuui hsg |nhon h si ax sngx }gkahj

wjcg} hjpg sgc |ngj snhjl mglaj si |i}d alahj* Hjcha jgpg} chc nhjg a m}hlnsbxa ugiubg sniwlns hj =550 ji} h a cwbb a sng ugiubg a}g snhjdhjl ji| sng s}wsn h

hj sng khccbg ajc sng}g h kijgx si mg nac ì} sng bijl sg}k hjpg si} hj

}goiljhvhjl snas**

Hkuaos ij sng jwobga} cgab*

W_ ackhjh s}ashij ajc sng oijl}g gc millgc ci|j ipg} sng

`hjajohab o}h h hj sng oiwjs}x*Sng ìow na nh`sgc si mahb iws sng oiwjs}x `}ik sng

goijikx sw}kihb ajc ackhjh s}ashij h s}xhjl na}c si h}ij iws sng ua}akgsg} ajc

ugoh`ho i` sng jga}bx 1 s}hbbhij cibba} uaodalg snas h mghjl uws sn}iwln samhbhvg


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`}hlnsgj ka}dgs ijg i` sng bglh bashpg s}asglhg mghjl ch ow gc }gogjsbx h snas i`

assaonhjl sng `hjajohab uaodalg si oijshjwg hj }g ibwshij snas h jggcgc si `wjc sng

lipg}jkgjs sng gjc i` sng kijsn* _ikg a}g niuhjl snas sng ohphbhaj jwobga} cgab

|hbb ab i mg assaongc si snh }g ibwshij i snas sng oijl}g oaj ua ijg ikjhmw

kafi} u}hi} si hs acfiw}jkgjs ì} sng ga ij*

Hjchaj MUI Oikuajhg

Hjcha iws iw}ohjl si}x na mgoikg sng wj Hjsgjcgc phoshk i` sng

oibbau g i` ikg i` sng ki s pgjg}ambg |abb s}ggs `h}k won a Bgnkaj m}isng}& Kg}xb bxjon hjog sng wmu}hkg o}h h mglaj si wj}gpgabgc hcga oaj ji bijlg}

obahk snas sng MUI i} DUI iug}ashij |hbb g oaug wj oasngc `}ik s}iwmbg i` sng

W `hjajohab gosi} ab}gacx nwjc}gc i` fim napg mggj bi s ìbbi|hjl sng

ci|j hvhjl i` sng iug}ashij ajc obi hjl ci|j i` maod i``hog hj Hjcha sng sabb i`

sng oibbau g i` Bgnkaj h }gui}sgcbx amiws sng ==55 fim gpg}ab isng} lbimab

`hjajohab g}phog oikuajhg si napg mggj ì}og si ows sng s}gjlsn i` maod i``hog

iug}ashij hj Hjcha* Baxhjl i` ugiubg ao}i pa}hiw `wjoshij a sngh} hjoikg

|g}g nw}s mx o}a n i` siod ka}dgs i`s|a}g kafi} won a S O_ Hjì x " \hu}i &

asxak snas ga}j a hljh`hoajs ui}shij i` sngh} }gpgjwg `}ik sng majdhjl* @hjajohab

g}phog ajc hj w}ajog gosi} |iwbc jfgcc si mg u}gua}gc ì} bi i` mw hjg

jggcbg si ax sng bi i` gpg}ab |gbb uaxhjl fim |iwbc cakugjgc cgkajc hj

ikg u}icwos glkgjs a |gbb a sng }gab g sasg |nhon h ab}gacx w``g}hjl cii} si

sng bwllh n abg * Hjchaj oikuajhg |nhon napg ua}sjg}gc snh hj shswshij ì} mw hjg oibbami}ashij i} `wjc |iwbc napg si mg u}gua}gc ì} a onajlg hj sng

ua}sjg} aj gpgj sng sadg abg mx ch s}g gc hj shswshij*


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30

Ni|gpg} snas h jis si ax sng oibbau g i` sng `hjajohab gosi} |iwbc kadg sng

iwsbiid ì} Hjcha ajc hs ka}dgs ki}g lbiikx sngh} napg mggj a `g| ui hshpg

cgpgbiukgjs ipg} sng ua s oiwubg i` |ggd ì} hj sajog sng hjcw s}hab u}icwoshij

ì} fwbx =55> biid ngabsnhg} }h hjl


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3' ji sngx a}g u}gchoshjl hs a


48/67

3>

]wugg p) cibba}6

Sng h wg oijog}jhjl sng }wugg g~onajlg }asg si sng oa g i` ghsng} jga} vg}i

pibashbhsx i} wccgj g~og hpg pibashbhsx hs h wjì}swjasg snas |g napg jgpg}

|hsjg gc i}cg}bx kipg ij sng g~onajlg }asg ma g ij uw}g goijikho kao}i i}

kho}i `wjcakgjsab snh kadg sng sa d i` kajalhjl sng g~onajlg }asg }h d pg}x

ch``howbs ì} sng ka}dgs ua}shohuajs |ni }wj a kwbshow}}gjox mabajog nggs naphjl

ghsng} hkui}s i} g~ui}s i} ì}ghlj ow}}gjox bgjchjl i} mi}}i|hjl hcgabbx"}wugg.alahj s cibba}( niwbc cgu}gohasg mx hj`bashij acfw sgc hjsg}g s }asg

ch``g}gjshab accgc si snas h sng s}acg lau .ij sng ow}}gjs aooiwjs( ajc jgs `bi|

sn}iwln sng oauhsab4 aooiwjs .cgms & gqwhsx( |nhbg sng hj`bashij acfw sgc hjsg}g s

ch``g}gjshab ajc sng jglashpg s}acg lau |iwbc lwhcg }wugg cgu}gohashij sng `bi| hj


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38

sng oauhsab aooiwjs |hbb ow nhij sng }wugg cgu}gohashij ngjog `bi| hj sng oauhsab

aooiwjs

. sn}iwln @HH)@CH)UG)PO)GOM)@OOM)C] gso( a}g pg}x o}hshoab si lwhcg }wugg

g~onajlg }asg*(

sng sn}gg oi}g h wg si mg acc}g gc si lwhcg i}cg}bx g~onajlg kipg a}g si

kipg hj si ow}}gjs aooiwjs w}ubw mx mii shjl g~ui}s ajc isng} }goghpambg si

mwhbc bijl sg}k oauhsab aooiwjs `bi| si khjhkhvg sng }h d `}ik pibashbg ni}s sg}k

`bi| ajc si ngclg }h d ij o}wcg ihb u}hog as auu}iu}hasg bgpgb si acc}g sng ahch wg }wugg g~onajlg }asg niwbc }gkahj ass}aoshpg sn}iwln g~ui}sg} niwbc jis

lhpg g~onajlg }asg mgjg`hs si ni}s sg}k `i}ghlj hjpg si} ajc si }gcwog pibashbhsx

hj sng ihb hkui}s mhbb" l}acwab }wugg cgu}gohashij mx =+3' ug} ajjwk |hbb mg hj

i}cg} ajc si wjcwg sng }gogjs cakalg }wugg }gpg} ab .sng khc uihjs i` ?8 & 35 mx ka}on =558 |hsnsng wuui}s i` sng ]MH* Shbb sng ahc oi}g h wg a}g acc}g gc xg a }wuggauu}gohasg si kwon si ? 8* ji| hs na cgu}gohasgc sii kwon as si 3


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75

Hkuaos ij Hjcha6 Sng Liic " Mac & Wlbx

Bga s Hkuaos Khbcbx Hkuaos Ki s Hkuaos

Una}kaogwshoab Ui|g} gqwhukgjs& _g}phog Majd

Ihb & La Awsi @hjajohab g}phog

@KOL ]gsahb ]gab G sasg

Kgcha & Gjsg}sahjkgjs Bilh sho Hj`}a s}wosw}g

Ni uhsabhsx ajc siw}h k Hj i}kashij Sgonjibilx

Hjchaj @hjajohab _g}phog

Hkuaos 6 Ki s hkuaosgc

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Hjcha ba}lg s u}hpasg gosi} majd HOHOH Majd |a sng `h} s majd si ajjiwjog a bi i amiws ] * 1570 o}i}g i|hjl si sng wm u}hkg o}h h i W_ hj sng @X5> }g wbs *

x Sng uwmbho gosi} majd napg nac a bhkhsgc ui hshij hj sng s}wosw}gc u}icwos ajc sng}g i}ghkuaos h g~ugosgc si mg khjhkab* Ni|gpg} jglashpg gjshkgjs |hbb nhs na}cg}*

x Uwjfam jashijab Majd" Majd i Hjcha" _sasg Majd i Hjcha" Majd i Ma}ica |g}g kafi}


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majd naphjl aj g~ui w}g si sng hj s}wkgjs h wgc mx Bgnkaj ajc Kg}}hbb Bxjon*

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Ni|gpg} sng majdhjl gosi} hj lgjg}ab |hbb napg si `aog shlns bhqwhchsx oijchshij aua}s}ik `w}sng} ka}d+si+ka}dgs bi g * Sng jgs jij ug} i}khjl a gs i gjsh}g majdhjl gosi} h bg snaj =' ajc hs h |gbb oauhsabhvgc* Sng oauhsab acgqwaox }ashi h a}iwjc 1?' aalahj s sng saswsi}x }gqwh}gkgjs i > si 8'*

]gab G sasg Hkuaos 6 Ki s hkuaosgc

\hsn sng wccgj oibbau g i` |i}bc bgachjl `hjajohab niw g " sng Hjchaj }gab g sasg

ubaxg} |ni |g}g ab}gacx `aohjl sng u}imbgk i` baod i` `wjc cwg si goijikhobi|ci|j & oi}}goshij hj u}hog |iwbc `hjc hs ch``howbs si }ah g `w}sng} `wjc *

Akijl sng W_ @hjajohab Niw g +++ Bgnkaj M}isng} |a pg}x mwbbh n ij Hjchaj]gabhsx _gosi} ajc nac aj hjpg skgjs hj g~og i` W_# Wjhsgon, Kwkmah Uwjg G~u}g |ax 1Nisgb U}ifgos i` @wsw}g Oauhsab =55 =55

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