global challenges and innovation in wastewater and sludge ... · critical challenges facing...
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Global Challenges and
Innovation in Wastewater and
Sludge Treatment
Critical Challenges Facing Wastewater Treatment:
Wastewater Treatment Intensification
CIWEM Technical Seminar, 4 December 2018
Professor Stephen R Smith
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Tel +44 20 75946051, Email [email protected]© Imperial College LondonPage 1
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In the 1850s the River Thames was polluted
and dangerous
- It was called the ‘Great Stink’!It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, A Tale of Two Cities,
1859, Charles Dickens
DIPHTHERIA SCROFULA CHOLERA
FATHER THAMES INTRODUCING HIS
OFFSPRING TO THE FAIR CITY OF LONDON
(A Design for a Fresco in the New Houses of Parliament)
A DROP OF LONDON WATER
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Sir Edward Frankland
© Imperial College LondonPage 3
1868 Sir Edward Frankland began a major
study of filtration performance on raw
London sewage in laboratory columns
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Ardern and Lockett
© Imperial College LondonPage 4
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The Value of Activated Sludge as an
Effective Fertilizer has been Understood for
a Long Time:
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N Fertilizer Response to Activated Sludge
(a) Ammonium nitrate (b) Activated sludge
Yie
ld g
/pla
nt F
W
Base
kg N/ha
Base
kg N/ha
Top
kg N/ha
Top
kg N/ha
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First Anaerobic Digester
© Imperial College LondonPage 7
First municipal treatment of wastewater in
septic tanks began in Exeter in 1897.
The methane gas was used for heating and
lighting at the treatment works
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Built in the 1930s
Serves 1.9m people
140 acre site
Upgraded 2013
Treats 1064mega L/d .
Mogden Sewage Treatment Works
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© Imperial College LondonPage 9
Climate Change
• ‘Greatest long-term
challenge facing the
world today’• IPPC Climate Change 2007
Synthesis Report
• IPPC Climate Change 2014
Synthesis Report, 2017 (5th)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) - http://ar5-
syr.ipcc.ch/topic_observedchanges.php
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© Imperial College LondonPage 10
DEHP
B rx B ry
23
4
5 6 6' 5'
4'
3'2'
O
PBDE
PCNs
PFCs
17 -ethinyloestradiol
Synthetic Musks (Tonalide)
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Resource Conservation and Recovery
Peak Phosphate Production
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© Imperial College LondonPage 12
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How to address the challenges of:
– Process intensification
– Resource recovery and efficiency
– Contaminant management
© Imperial College LondonPage 13
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Bioengineering Wastewater and Sludge
Treatment
© Imperial College LondonPage 14
Quorum Sensing (Microbial Signalling)
Biocatalysis
• Microvi MicroNiche Engineering technology
• Microenvironment of biological systems is
synthetically designed to enhance microbial
physiology and optimize enzymatic performance
• N and contaminant removal + other applications
eg bioethanol, biobutanol production
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Wastewater Treatment Intensification
© Imperial College LondonPage 15
Integrated Film/Hybrid AS Systems
Granular AS Systems Membranes
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Wastewater Treatment and Sludge AD - N
Balance
Increases to
~20% with
struvite
recovery
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International Research Output (by Year)
Results of Web-of-Science search: Activated AND Sludge AND Resource
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International Research Output (by Country
since 1950)
Results of Web-of-Science search: Activated AND Sludge AND Resource
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Bioenzyme Recovery from Activated Sludge
© Imperial College LondonPage 19
Global bioenzyme market >£3 billion in 2017
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Enzyme quality similar to commercial
products
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0 5 10 15 20
Specific
Activity(
U/g
VS
S,μ
mol/m
in/g
VS
S)
duration (min)
Extracted enzyme activities
α-amylase Protease Cellulase
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
0 20 40 60 80 100S
pecific
Activity(U
/gV
SS
,μm
ol/m
in/g
VS
S)
Amplitude(%)
Extracted enzyme activities
α-amylase Protease Cellulase
1. Duration:
@ 10min
2. Energy intensity-Amplitude:
@ 40%
Enzyme assays
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It is hard to imagine a future without AD
© Imperial College LondonPage 21
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AD Big Data: Average Site Specific Biogas Yield
Overview of the conventional MAD dataset
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Integrated Functional Model for AD Management
© Imperial College LondonPage 23
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AD Big Data - Multiple Regression Model
All data integrated models – Conventional MAD natural logarithm with interaction
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Rela
tive c
hanges o
f B
Y (
m3/ tD
S)
HRT (days)
HRT vs relative changes of BY
1% DS
2% DS
3% DS
5% DS
7% DS
9% DS
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
0 5 10 15
Rela
tive c
hanges o
f B
Y
(m3/t D
S)
DS feed (%)
DS vs relative changes of BY
5 days HRT
10 days HRT
15 days HRT
20 days HRT
25 days HRT
30 days HRT
35 days HRT
40 days HRT
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
25 30 35 40 45
Rela
tive c
hanges o
f B
Y (
m3/t D
S)
Temperature (oC)
Temperature vs relative changes of BY
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Statistical Big Data AD Model Validation
All data integrated conventional MAD model monthly average
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Conclusions
• Bioengineering WW and sludge treatment
• Rhetro fit technologies
• Develop and apply operational models for
decision support and intensity optimisation
• Adopt a resource management strategy:
– Technological opportunities leading to greater diversity,
resilience and revenue streams
© Imperial College LondonPage 26