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By definition, medicine is the science of diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease and

damage to the body or mind. A medical invention would be any instrument, machine, im-

plant, or similar article that is useful in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease,

for example:

Hele 2. verdenskrig passerte uten at munn-til-munn metoden (M2M) ble

anbefalt.

Anaesthetists in the 1940s, such as Ralph Waters, Robert Dripps, and the pair, Robert Macintosh

and William Mushin, described the usefulness of M2M, and James Elam was “re-discovering”it.

Following World War II, “Cold War” concerns stimulated research at the Edgewood Medical Labo-

ratories in Maryland in the United States into the possibilities of M2M, and Elam et al confirmed

and expanded on brief experiments at Oxford (United Kingdom) on the efficacy of mouth-to-tube

EAV. Studies, 1957-9, by Archer Gordon, Elam and especially Peter Safar resulted in the resolu-

tion of previous airway problems, established the primacy of MMV,

Ready adoption of MMV in the US was followed by worldwide spread, especially after endorse-

ment from the 1962 international symposium at Stavanger in Norway.

Andre metoder var derimot i bruk

TOBACCO SMOKE ENEMA

"Tobacco smoke enemas". Lawrence, Ghislaine. The Lancet 2002; 359 (9315): 1442

In 1745, Richard Mead was among the first Western scholars to recommend tobacco

smoke enemas to resuscitate victims of drowning.

One of the earliest reports of resuscitation by rectally applied tobacco smoke dates

from 1746, when a seemingly drowned woman is reported as being successfully

revived after, on the advice of a passing sailor, the stem of the sailor's pipe was

inserted into her rectum and air was blown into the pipe's bowl through a piece of

perforated paper.

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To physicians of the time, the appropriate treatment for "apparent death" was warmth

and stimulation. For this purpose, artificial respiration and the blowing of smoke into

the lungs or the rectum were thought to be interchangeably useful. The smoke enema

was considered the most potent method, however, due to the warming and

stimulating properties associated with tobacco in the pharmacopoeia of the period.

At the turn of the 19th century, tobacco smoke enemas had become an established

practice in Western medicine, considered by Humane Societies to be as important as

artificial respiration.

Resuscitation kits

In the 1780s, the Royal Humane Society installed resuscitation kits, including smoke enemas, at various points along the Thames. (Humane Societies were devoted to re-suscitating the victims of drowning or other mishap).

Richard Mead (1673–1754) had recommended tobacco clysters in cases of “iatro-

genic” drowning, caused by immersion therapy for hydrophobia and mania.

Resuscitation involved the gymnastics of external body compression systems, not to

be replaced by mouth to mouth techniques until 1959.

Øverst: med munnstykke Nederst: med svineblære (ja, jeg har sendt noen til Furuset slakteri for å hente svineblære. Han er nå ansatt på zoologisk institutt)

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Doubts about the credibility of tobacco enemas led to the popular phrase “blow smoke up one’s ass.”

the Society for Recovery of Drowned Persons (Amsterdam 1767) (på 1700-tallet var drukning det vanligste “plutselige dødsfall” i en havneby som Amsterdam): de hadde med: Tickling the victim's throat, og Bloodletting (de hadde ihvertfall gått bort fra religion som eneste måte å redde liv på) Cary RJ, A brief history of the methods of resuscitation of the apparently drowned. Journal of Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 270 (1918):243-251

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MUNN-TIL-MUNN METODEN

Munn-til-munn metoden er ganske utførlig beskrevet, f.eks. her:

Artificial resuscitation of mourning doves: Journal of Wildlife Management vol 26,

no 2, 1962: Kossack C.W.

To randomiserte studier på svin: Two randomized, controlled swine investigations using models of bystander CPR (hjerte-lunge-redning ved tilfeldig forbipasserende:bystander)

Role of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscita-

tion for asphyxial cardiac arrest Berg, R.A. Critical Care Medicine: November 2000

- Volume 28 - Issue 11 - pp N193-N195

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EN HISTORISK GJENNOMGANG AV HJERTE-LUNGE

REDNING

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Sylvester metoden

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Brannmenn øver på gjenoppliving

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Dyreforsøk: “smother a dog … ”

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1. Scoop lizard from pool. 2. Shake out lizard. 3. Massage lizards torso, applying on and off pressure, directly behind frontal

legs. 4. Apply mouth mouth resuscitation to lizards mouth, breathing slowly and

forcefully.