The Woman's College of The University of North Carolina

LIBRARY

COLLEGE COLLECTION

Gift of

Natalie Cof(e>|

SOME CONFUSIONS IN PUNCTfl. TION !NL . IZATIOH

■.«:

Lie Coi'fey

HORTi: CAROLINA COLL OttW

GKBTJSRORQ, NORT . !1A

J X- *>

3DBKI[

DUC: ION

CAROLIR/ COL OK^l

JBLT 20, 1929

:

_5jM»-~/£&*&».,, or Profrsoor

Inor Ptofie or

' I ruction

TAB!,*1 0? CONT"

Ini an of the Study

■at 1 D in : I:

P

I

Our aid Boa They V.

Chapter II t 0 U loyed Torn I ■ •■ Prcaont Pi

12-19

/

bar III Slail ■->

IV Incor P i,ss 24-74

Cbaptar V Incorrect The 5craicolon The Co'-on

(Continu j 55-48

Chapter VI Incorr J sas and Their C —(Contin ) Quotation Harks Th ropha The Hjrp

Chapter VII Inco* a I 1 . I

VIII Raoon and .ions

laces ity for Un< L a Lion ir. F: 0 N^ Pr ctj.ee

for Dei'ini Re of Rui

BibliOj r

44-50

-(Coniin

7-64

• R 3

CTL

I nc - o

II i D o ^ Als 8

III find IV Sin 0 ir o

Incoi-v

Tabl-- .1 Incor 0 oion Page 26

La VIZ Xftoorrec Go .on

Tablp Till In: ropho ? ;" 47

I Sn« »o i '" ■•*« P L- 44

Incorr-c Re8 on: to

!

—-!-

-L-

mmaamwsum im JMOTUWIQI « •• < - ,■ :KM

Mm of tha omdy

This study sooka to prtunt the confuelona arlalng in punctu-

ntion •ad capitalisation, to find tha oaueee for treee oonfuelono, aaa

M presant aaaaa of aliaimtting t\m dl:fioultieo. \a a preparation for

ibe aetunl investigation it will atate tba praaant etutt** of ;. «»otu-

stiom and ahow Ha necealty for aaanuarda. It will aiao ahow nowoatand*

arda oay Da obtained* awing established theae fiets, it will sot forth

;he onrks raoat oonaonly eaployed today and tba function* -Bai^ned to onch.

a ita reel problaa it will eot forth tiio roaulta or aar ii.vea-

tlejatiaa of two objectiwe toata. In tba firat taet an axaolnotion of toe

corraet reactions will show tha consistency with which the aaua inconect

raa.-onaa ia ciwen ta a certain a it nation. * comparison of Msj incorrect

ros.>o..se with tha oorract ona aiU rswaal tha oauaa of Hi oonf a.on.

.ha fact that tbara ia a d»nsr*l tende oy to ro-iot incorroctiy to j.**-

icOar aituatlona aili ba senullshed by ihe eiisckin,- of tha a.acifio

res-its of ona task with tha general rea-lta in tha other, t study of

aovaral of tha ooet reliable taata and annual* will ahosvw)«*ber or not

tha difficulty liaa I., tba atiteoant of the rate or in tha confusion of

ona ruia with * other- rtecoaaendetione for r» adylng tha j-reeont situe-

tian will eloaa the dieauealon.

II

■ DM IK imor

Mm of tha ji,udy

This study aooka to praaant tha confualona arising in punctu-

ation and ca,Utilization, to find tha oauasa for tnaoe confualona, ind

40 praaant netna of aliiimting ti* lilsfioultioa. * a reparation lor

.:ta actual invoatij itioo it will atata tba praaant atitujp l u-

ation aad abaar u« nae.eaity fur ananuarda. It will alao ahow tiowuatand-

orua Jay ba obtainao. fcving aatabliahad thaaa f tcta, it will aat forth

;ha uarta <aoat con-ionly aaployad today and tba funetiona <iaiunad to oach.

a lta raal problaa It will aot forth tt» roa.lta •* aar invaa-

ti«atioB of two objaotiaa toeta. In tha fir«t toot an axawlnation of i.-v

corraot raactions will aliow tha conaiatanoy with wtuch tlia aaua incortac*

raa, onaa la 0i»an to a oart »in aituatioa. * ooaparlaoo of tta inoorraot

r«e.>a*a alth tha eorract ono wlU ravaal tba oauaa of lta. oonf a.on.

ha fact that thara ia a ^noral tande:.oy to react ineorractly to pair-

icOar citiiitiona will ba cat luliahad by it* a-ackin^ of tha a.acifia

raa-lta of ona teat with tha ganaral raa-lta In tha ot:»ar. t etudy of

aovaral of tba coat roiiibla taate nnd aanunle will ahoavw)«tbar or not

tha difficulty liaa la tba atntaoont of tba <uia or in tha cor.fuolon of

ona ruia with i othar. *«>coofi»ndationo for ra adying tba praaant aitua-

tlan -ill cloaa tna diaouaaiou.

Material. U«ed in the Investigation

Testa

The two teat. u.ed in the lnveatigation are the"North Carolina

Grammar and Compoaition T.at for High Schoola and Oollagoa" and tho

"Pr.aaoy (and othor.) Dlagnoatie Te.t in Afcgliah Ccmpoaitin for Gradea

7 to 12, For. 3. Tba North Carolina toat deal* with grammar and aenteaee

atructur. a. -11 a. .ith punctuation, but only the latter will b. diecu.a.d.

.'he flrat of th.ee teata waa formulated after a atudy had been made of

1.5UO theme, aubmitted by repreBent at 1v. Itorth Carolina high 8ehool atud.nt.

raging from the eighth through the eleventh grade. The actuation u.od

in the theme, wa- carefully noted with a view to preparing a f •* on

m mark, which tb. papeR .bowed high aohool atudenta had been uaing

and ahould hav. been uaing. It ia the purpoa. of thi. teat to locate

the diffioultie. .till prea.nt when atud.nta reach college. The teat thu.

drawn up wa. given to axl the student, who entered the North Carolina

College for Ml in the f .11 of ItM. For thin two hundred paper, .or.

.elected. Fifty of the.e r.pre.ent.d the highest .core, maue, fifty, the

lowe.t .oore. made, and on. hundred, the .core. mad. by .tud.nt. .elected

«t random. K ehart of the incorrect re^penae. wee made and aludi.d. *

oopy of this t..t with the direction, accompanying it follow..

_■ _

Nt)RTH ;U'.JLIN\ GKVJiUR \ND 0 'TON

TalST KOK HIGH SCI100L3 \ND COUJC'

Part I. Teat for rWWrveiQU and CV.IT UJZU10N

-1. at Veatfell lived Sabot to'a godmother the noble jtogliob lady with

nor two daughters.

-2 I will not eee hi nor will I permit you to do so.

-3 \a we staggered an up tnw duety highway, the sun waa intensely hot

and the land burned through the ehoee of the eoldiora.

-4 Line aekecl where he lived*

-5 During hie four years in college he found hie moat interesting aub-

jecta to be Knglieh, iiietory, and iipan-sh.

-6 He cried out querulously ".'toy can't I?"

-7 Down into the baeement all through the h ,11 up into the attic and

out of the window poured the a.aoke.

-8 i'ho curve waa eeen too late all that co Id be done waa to ahut down

on the throttle and take a chanoo.

-9 Tho Mating waa attended by ax-preeident \uime.

-1§ This boat, laid ho, ia not aeiworthyj it will bo a,ngoroua to board her.

-11 Didn't you aay, "I will never anawer that"?

-12 He entered the High School ub September of tie year following hia

severe illneaa.

-13 I don'* call that unpleaeant in f ict, i think it ia charming.

-14 Jharlee who wa~ absent tho day before hod not loard tho instructions

gives by the teacher.

-15. These Druid* ■ysterioue Seitis priests Imkmm 4orvehen.e.

-16. I *i»lre a peraoa «ho hM «eod habits "hioh he ntt cultivated

-II.

i

- ■

-.4*.

fearly every boy has MM desire to see the asst.

•a, lauies hats eere bloen quite aeny eben the I eliere

began ts sttlri*

-II Ml Jr. th« »orid b*ca'* divtosd bsteeen the two classes, the

Mg,., tbs scattered fee, and tha vast auitituda oi men, ...stlyfools.

here the iron leap •onload swin^infi .1th redoubled lalasai and

t,he fri^tened naif started froa his seat.

state of Ohio has 0lven to o»4- geveranent oanjr pro.reesive

/resioonte.

these my friend are ay reasons for supporting the wm ■ o, oee,

dthoofih this doss aat aee. possible shere they have mm eight

•oatbs la tbs year yet theas fruits really groe »■ J *■» assortbed

tbeta to you.

Tea oust re-eabsr llliytiN you are told abo.t Mil otfconries you

will bs ©oasiaered ienor-snt.

Vhe title of this UM ■•••*■. I tias. »*■. from fhii Course.

i*ar iilr Inoloeed pleas. T%M m sM *

Grange to s y, ti» three mwrntm periods in fefllai litoraturs

coincide bit* the rei«- of three cj-an. nanely. ai.mb.tl,, *.» .

and Victoria*

ua June 7 188V be started overland,

hen John a*, the error U the p. «- orH* out, - *y did you do

HMftf"

1

-30.

-„l.

-.v..

-Ma

-40.

- J.

- . .

Ht axpreaaau th« wish that tha wholo r-«o* oit;ht b* irifiod by

fir* -ind fa ot•

Ha oi.ly fo rt an nilaa to :oarna>, thera aa aan atoc* u...

R»aauaa ha had raiotlnad <i poar ann ITtf, i>ia swny taraa na ant*

conaldarad on honoat Jaggs*

e said that bit aort ane ao ftoivy he would ..ot a abia to sttand

tna eaarciaoa*

it foaterad iaanla a; ion rovod i oivin^ ia-iven in corruption of

social Ufa but it aaa wo cold, IntalloctvU, -UKJ oelf-aonawrad to

ra&*nar-Ks aocioty.

Air tiaa boin^, short aa uid not visit tha rauaauu.

In tha roar of laaj !; uao, anaro «UJ old aaaal n«d stood, aaa a

ilowar . x«ian»

b «•*» fro* tha ooa hundred and taanty first ei:iptar»

Young Jarry who h*d only mada » foiflB" of undreaain,, ahon ho want

to bod an* not Ion,; after hla fat Mar,

to eallad to^athar tna srnat MttaHA of Ma connaoiora *w» aakaa

tuair advioo*

■Ml ,MOt>la urafar tha a. ■ *•«*• to "I •**■•* ■*•«•««•

Vbe antor which aac teautlfal and aparaXii*laoyao tha aidaa of tha

boat*

J&aas raiuaad baca-aa aa kn#aw what t«a naxt atap would oa.

a had aa ajuraaaly bad b.oiti ha navar croaoaa hia w J".

DV Janaaaa, a hifcjily aducatad aan, tsnchaa tha class.

Has rain oaaoanoad, awl ***»• =*•»• •*" ■*» ■*■ »*•••

BUtaaaj aro.a \ Tala of :*o Citioa.

-47. Jinoe it waa airaafly ge.to.ng very lata we aid not atop.

-%o. i'o arr ia human to forgive aiviue.

-4y. It waa a oark cold gray clieerleaa afternoon*

•50a (*» -uay not know it. but the boya know that ha ia pl«

eurpriee them.

, I directione 2 or

and OVlr\LlZ\TI0N

ooma of tne following aantonoea lack iuarks of

Punctuation and

Capitalisation.

1. Correct a<;ntence.

.. 00.1a contain arrora in capitalization! 2. One cot*a».

!■ ao ,e oaaet a capital it incorrectly uaad, am* in 3. iwo CO.WM.

otnera a oa.it d ia needed. Baoli eentence •hould be 4. Here tnan two cootoaa,

ngmtmt aa one aentence. xamine the liat at tne 5. K aemicclon.

t| toon read each aentenoa on the teat aheat rind 6. Oolon.

place at its left tne nuaber indicating what it needi 7. rarloa.

ajfca bJM eenttnce correct. If it la correct aa it 8. \ hyphen,

.da, place by it tne number Indicating a correct 9. station marka.

il. Capital. aenbeuce.

..,, y Ha not only wianad to go but be want. 12. aakall latter,

iruth enobiea a man learning adorna hi-U. v.otropha.

rreeeey (and othere, Diagnoatic Teata in dngliah

Ooeipoaition for uraoea f to 12* r'ora 3.

'ibe rYeieey ^and otnera; Diagnoatic Teata in Knglieh Coapoai-

tiom for (Jrade. 7 to 12, i-or» 3" i. baaed on a caroful analytiaU atud,

-7-

of the beat OMfja In cm: t as. ;n*vt pipers, and social lettere.

\M ,, , ptjaT .oia of thiB '.- - the frequency of te..uei:ciee to error.

I division doaii ■ tnirty aenter.cea which

rke sxcept lb* period tt tb« end of the sentence. The pupil*

•<9d to g I e pun«t ition. In the division Joaiing with

ilis*ti*a 'cl1 l*ck»d only puaetaatieai wre

u0teed. The pwplll tal t *t wore aeVed to dr*.w . line under eaefc

I should be on ' * teat was administered M part

of t>*e Fourth rfetJ on-wide ''.urvey to student a In grades •8"eri to eleven

-oi-y state In the bfeiaa i »▼»■*,• ftUM . results

were ...nbliahed. Tfceae tablt-e wnre ueed in connection with *|e reeulte

I the^North Carolina Bri—r and Gomooaition Vert" in order tints

i ci -'ona for this invc -n -ii|;ht be drawn. Tfcs specific

■ncorroct ros-ionsea were examine, in the -Worth TarcHna ind

>09i'.:on Teat", mi the general enency to error me cl.uckod by a

rison with parallel caeea in VM» oth-r teat.

Text a and M&nuals

The texte uaed rrer "Tl.ene-Bullding" by .art, HA adition» ,

"New Practical -ingliah fo .chooli, Second Course" by Lewis and

Hoaic, 1927 editioni and "Self-Uds" by ...'Hour*., 1MT edition. The

nmnuala are. "Conetructive *&*** by Ball, 1923 edition; "College

Handbook of Joupositlon" by Vooley ■* Scott, 1928 edition; .and"Modern

-actuation" by iuramoy, 1919 edition. For the diaoua.ion ol the present

1. conditions .ard's " .hat la Sr.^liaht" was axanined. For the discuaeion

2. of aL-K.aarda Barrett endail'a "i£n&li8h Composition" was consulted.

3. . ijauay'a azpjriaenta wars uaod in connection with tha texts mentioned

union to a--iblish what Marks are used and how -hey are used.

1. ard, C.H. «fft«t Is flu.llah?". pp.211-226

2. endsll, Barrett "English Composition", pp, 20-28

3. Preaeey asport. in tha Jn/U.h Journal Uay 1924 po3

-©-

i

Jtand-irda

tha road For .i--md'irua

:1a a* act af tha flolu of ooi-voaltion iroao-.ta aa ..ich con-

fusion •»» doaa tha anttar of ,>unctuatioB« tany intallaotual pao.-la

y La tha aup.-oaad f-ict th.t thay ara oot laaparad by % •t-t'-i.-u'disad

But of rulaa -u*; elaiia tr.at t, dr o<.ly ^ulda m pfltaataf ii tbair faalirg*

If Itetfl ^ractiaa of alloaicg tha sootion to dietata , ■14 ba

iy followed, t.'.a .-robia43 aould bo aol»«d la ao tyr na Mi Ma-.ure writar

ia coiioornad* /hla i>ractloa, i.oao»ar, cannot ba roliad a, on. -ha ro-tcar

ill not hava in aind tha ooda uaod by tha author ha ia ra«dii.£l oonaa-

quantly aa mil loaa tha fiat Ciati ction ..lado by the arlter* :-» will

not co.^raband tha aaaningf for, aa Jard eiy», *m -«rk oar. fa ivo aagr a*u»-

ing in any aaa p-raon'a aindf bacauav BBaatag aivaya involvaL iwa*at 1*

oataaan at least tao jMupia"*

\nd »na if ti>a adueatad arl-ora could iUaaMM aith rulaa, ■M»

of tha atudant who ia loarnieg to «rlt«2 llov ahtU aa tmk* »lm haaa tha

foaling Tor .**nctuatloa) that tha ■Maaaltaaai writar has. juoh a tiak

aould ba i.... oaalbla witbo t a ayataai. The ttaft aohool c*ild wanta a dofi .lta

(.uida| ha can follow no ©thar. t ia only by conaiatontly following a

i. mi, c.ri. ■—> H fcgllaWa pp.*i* "iB*1 •

■ufflatently rit,lii ft *ndard tftat be ou dovelop#/tbe abiUty tc punetu-

i&e correctly. 1* ha. not bun jteen a sufficiently deficit, etVM)ITU|

w.a.^01 oolte* teaeher. fca would lite to Covote t.eir tiue to

iritloa and appreciation <euat u* «d*n ti-ee».l*ee, t*lr sutaje*, and

r students by a const u.t drill to ai- ulicat. noeie out- - If prta»

1*8 abiob be*, own ioarned, to ln«U.o*t« otber. w».lcfc * »•

bac w, ■* to otear w§ •MtfHftflM IW»"l *"" vl* ta*cl l'* of

l_lTirWi I» i» «tM.olutely neeeswuy •** .a* .* *om of

■ sboulu bj

Our ■ t .adores sj.d .to* BHf -^l *

Hut MW arc - to *t out standar... te ou; ri, t-

| elate that «*ny different prt ci.^lo. aro alloyed *«J Met the

roller, of each «y«U» c, idcr t aas.lw. ri, t. ft* can irutb-

flOly at tea* m •»•* * a*tre.*ly ooitfuste* •* tt»y «•»«

yrova teat a» ba*« o st u* uvs.

It te true t..at ■». urlUe ls» rr-neh, bar* no aci

ruxes ae «.«U folio.; but a 1 ■■ *ritor, It if to lay

Barrett cnaall,l'b- «• « *» «• • ~*» f0r "

rdlng te .-dell *>od S~» .beuld be o»r «tand»d. "*»- ..*. .

,„. ene.ll. '—t b. rep-tabte, national. an- pr.s«nt% U repatabte

ft. -«- ,nytblr.g that te -d by ~ny -I—i -»-•• ** ** »+

oca „od erUer use. . -art ,ln styl. *~ Ml »*. M *t,te r.pa-bte,

—rt.i. u-o bv iaaa» aat »bitef*>d antnor. dote but —uiuifrsuss te a certain «wv,» "t "*****

1. eodell. liarratt, OH^oaltlon* pi>. 2w--u

_:li

-1U

Uituta a r put able practioa. By national andall asvlalua that ha

aw JW aueh practioaa aa art a^xoyad, Ml by uavrieana aloaa, but by

tna whala .r.,_Iish apeaki.ig raoa* In dieeuaitig praaant ua-»^a ha racognitaa

;i id-ioas citings and ur&aa tha aooe^tnnea oi' opa'a auvioai

"Ba not the first by whoa tha naw are triad 1.

or yat tha lust to lay tha old aaida.'

in detornln&ag what la rj.,utabla, ., itioa*!, and praaant wa nay

rafar ta Uarratt .andall and ta -CM. ard. :ard «aya •••»<• tha baat

uaa;a can ba datanained by an axaainatioa of tha baat binaboofca ana texta*

in adda that poriodicala furnish a . ood wnana of aha at I aa .aodarn uaa<js.

a eontanda that thaaa show, not what should ba uaad, bui what is actuilly

yad today* V chackir.- of Iba uai^a in tha ,iariixiicala a*, alnat I

in :na .-aanuala and taxte afford a, acoor ta axccllant ldaa of ■a

is rjputabla. national, and pra .ctiaa»

1* andail Barratt. "iflnajftiah Coa^oaitioa". pi}20-28

■ -rd, c.n. ",3hat la En.llahT". pp22<W26

J

.. II

.

iferk. iavloyed

Before this study can be pursuaU, it will to neceastry te

riieeover what mark, of punctuation are u.ed today. S.B. Preaaey and

I km in an article in fcafl ":in0liah Journal", May It**, ralata

UMi La order to uatermina the marke uiO.t fraquantly aa-

,d by ekllif.il writer, of tooay. Thay ■—lull one hum-rei. buaiiawa

are an* fifty prafaa Letter, received by one of t e writer..

The rarioue punctuation mark, uaed, aaaayt la kaa ..,liaan-

.1«M, aaw carefully noted and ivataaaftlaallv taaalatad. •-hen

,r.e ieaue e.cb of 1 *•*% *.;oriW.", tha •atalwaU. onthly",

the -ft* U ,ublie" M considered. Vhe tenth page of each aflUiaa

u.ed. Th. ■WHIIH furni.hed the next information. *e cony .acb

o 3tat. Mntl*. the "Columbu. i-i.patch", tie - laftaa i

itao.uirar% anu la. -»- M Via.." wae coneiderod. Only the fir.t pa*

waa uBed. kfala the re.ult. fare tabulated- -*•** wae claaaifieo

according to th. .a.t generallyacoopt.d handbook., and th. reeult. for

each group ware axprea.ed in tan. of the «•*•* af oe.ea of lk«l uaago

per ten thousand.

Th. follo,L >, t ble Unai worked out by :Y.way and Mae uhlan 1.

1 .how the <*axke no.t fMaaeotly usud.

-_.„ ,n the cUiKli.h Journal, way 1^*4 pp32b-331 1. irea.ey, O.H. and Kuhlen, Helen. ia tna ■»»«

i--«cy of Use of Various H-xks

-18-

!top»

Ion K rks

Vbm ->int£

,;lntMlfmr

8

JttL

HI 6 6

15

_J£ =.

Ji&

14

3

gto g HdL. 054 _ 483 6_Z

16

M.

u Mi.

LI __»_._J4-.

i\aal'- an* "f t»i« !!arka

I ax.-rl.ant juat diec-iaaad ahoaa eleirly tt* aartt of

|M |fed m iont frailly aaad Mfi •■ ttuoy "*t» mo

< ionau in tha * axauination of reaaay'a oon-

BM «1U ttl*a tha owat reputabla uaitfa mU*** t*a* irk. M iolloa-

| ■ lr tha raault of eueh * etudy.

1. ' rlod

;.aa a parioai

a. U tba •no of »*-ry oaaUrativa and layaxatlva ■•■••■«■

b. Iftef -*bbr«Tlitio»a«

c. vft r Inltiila.

■ XClAWtiOO Potato

Uaa an axeiiaatlon ;inti

a* \ftar an excitatory a ntsnca.

b« \ftar »n axciaaatof} alaanr.t in » e«nt<»n«a.

.uaation art

.»• « nation Baft aftor avary intarro6aalM aoaaaaMo

• IHHB1

■n a 8pawn

a. To awt off >

U; orua in diroct aduraaa

(2) Xtasaa in ottat tnii ■n-.-raaaaa

(3) Mo«r«atricti»a clauaaa wM pftMNfl

14) tyranthatical axoraaeiono

b. «afora i e;,ort Ufut—1 «•

c» o o«paritoi

Vly 9994M ••*

(2) K eariea of aujaativoa preMdlng a noun.

(t) Tba «aa)b»ra of a coupound aunt-.nca Mm la

.la axpraeaad.

a. To follow*

(1) \n intoduoiory cliuae or phriao.

(2) Vho tolnfeatloa of » friendly lot .or.

ipliownt-ury slOM of any loUar.

i on

Usa atT tno aa.aic.lonj

a. Batman olauaaa of <i <<d aantanca not. JAned by a

conjunction.

. latae-n tba oeabora of i coa^ound MtttaaM »i»»i by

a aLa.'la conjunction*

o. aotasaa tba ala^ota of -nd ■■■»—■ Jolnad by a

,U iaaj—flit— *nan sitbar aia.oaut Mart Lot ■ M

. ;olon

Uaa a aoloni

a* Beforai

(lj \ li»t of ita-aa or axaaplaa

lo«y fonaol ^uotitioa

. Mtam tba aalutation af a fl—■ *•" r

c. Uataaan figuraa denoting the tloa of d-,y.

7 • \i>oatrouio

Uaa tha apoat.opha

a. To abow poaraaeion.

_..',_

b. I'O imita*ta MM o ieaian v>f lattwre*

a* To font the -lural of lct.ter«, vynbolc, abort,

8* .uot -tion JJbrke

Uee quotation mrkt;

a. To inoioM i direct uotattjn.

b. i'o I 8ta -R the luotc-d titles of ti.eaee, a siiort story,

* aagnzina, a poets, a play* or i puci . Lit . art:.

c. i'o call attenLi../; to teaJMtiaa&f f«C*lgH| M i aiiont,

9. iff pri«m

Uae n ny.nanr

■ Between tne elei.wnts of n co.i <ound eord.

- .i/teeen (no eyl.-MJi-.-r »f ■ . ..a line*

LU. HBO

lid* IM dasbs

a* To indicate a break la - -.ght.

b. »o a^S off Hitl*.ly paiePtiieiiJcAl expreat. one.

o* a»fore an afCex tltuu^nt*

<J» Defora a auouariting «tnu wntt 1.

y'llourko ALt.UdA» 183* ediUon# LB via Ai.u "noTlc .^^ .. Btioai Ji^li.«.'i lor x. SI adiiloa

ill Iruclive jiLtiah, 1983 edit ion, ,j,:ii3- •coiuy '.'.u- cVtV * *--■,;'■' i»W.bwk of Jw ..->■.'tiun, 1928 aiiltlon^p, 184 UiUKiay ^oini ■unqtaulon. lJlvedition, entire b k. roceey and ,ai!.leu rfi,:li-h .Tourna,!. Uay 19M*

-":7-

i'-ruaont iTictioaa in . -am wninn

Preaaey haa iaadu an aduiti wal atuoy to determine pro_ent

UBH iplt tlization. Ha uuud one iaaua each of tba folx

i-id'a ..oik", 'Saturday•». . uat", tba ''North American .evieu",

ami "Scribnira"* lb ilao exauiued one iat.ua oaoh of tlie follow.i.^ nowa-

rai tiie "Ohio ^tate Journal", Ooliuabua Diapatch", v4 'Clnaianail

• v". \gam letters WJTO ueed. TNIB tiaf <»n wat eacured

■ hi.nared and '.wonty bnainaaa lottoi .ifty profaaaional lettara.

Unly tne toi.th patje of ovoi.' fliu^azino waa uaei ,

of every .iewn^aper. Heauin, i ry cloaea ■ i'roin

. ■ tagi I dica-ad In ■ * tag M eey ia 1.

d OJtOD frequu-.cy .»r 1*000 wordn.

1. r-rcacey, aftgllah Journal. r »S4, W.T27-

-18-

tyun

Fiwywey of U Capj

- - r.

inolns of uovi?l«i

1 6

I

M

r nsaa

I

Lltjr, r-oe. 41

feao of org-tal - lion -i"

«- >

Data 17

~»ee to ft; , lowma *v: ■

I 85

ii_ 11 ■ ■ n.

MI

154

II

M

M

c

I

42

S7

7_

m '■*

5 19

Li

; | 18

7 7

47

ao. 8 £

e 01

7

40

l B

M 44

_fia

-V-

\ n>,udy of the table will giye * clo .r ldoi in to w'-uoh uses

of the M -it'll* are of -neat iar>ortance, Other uses hloli did not oeeur

in the table except in the mieoellaneoua group nrei capital, for nouns

denoting aectioni 01 the chantry Last*! of air«otvj ca..it-il for the first

in every lin» poetry, and a capital for the "0"»

.11

Similarity in ..oeuitt of the Xco texts/

Gbn investigation of MM fe«a taxte/'lha Mirth Carolina

| it for ; Li O.UJ ^oHegaa" a;. r——f

others) Hiagnostie i'sei in English Oocaposition for <r idee 7 to 12,

I v.ill show • strikingly /irdiol siftsatlSBa Tne r-suite of the

. - >et indicate the tendencies preeeat in the student Js«t ..storing

L«f»| for fear North Carolina cchool aav« twelve gred««« 1'he remits

of t.ie Vcsaey Teet Out*, but* on tbs tenuaneiee of thu tv..ifth (.cade

. Cfesj eiaiiirity of the resuite will establish the b*l»t.

revealed by the 'orth .>woliiia teat aru prevalent ;ver t.te

, mr the results o; reesey's -oj-k represent tne responsec af the

ruugtaout tba United -itniae. •llu conclusion will . , the

-ijd; i-rors In the North Carolina teat as represent it laa of

ditions ano will uphold the I Llltj of the result*.

Itf?

■ § c+ O

It

te

c I*. ■ ►

5 o (9

•

w

8

*0

1 CO ■

«-3

o i o ►i ca

u I O (0

ft o

<D

8-

I o ►t)

ft ■ & 5

o P.

Hi O

•

: B a I

o

IJ

n

■

. -

<o

I if

?

■

<x> co

■

M C

£

0>

o o

o

a-1 to B o ■

8

to

8

■

:•

?

o

•-s

II

-

.1 though a atudy oi u. i»o tvilaa ravaala a eloaa alailaritf

in nott MMI» thara *r* tcj» ..ce«. iKaea avty h* ax.uar.ac. or

, t'.ke tr* oaae of UM uuot tlon a-irk. Yha teat by .Jte«y o ...t-ii a

n 06. *;.oe in ehlah j/unat nation it r>quirac for a tachnlaal * .. . i«

.-.too «na adaaad by aovonty-f cent of ttm teaiftb fcr*Je atuder.ta.

M 0O!;t nacaetnrtiy ri»od Its* ganoral on* Mil

or atudy In r»< \ni t ■ a*rka. rollna taat

i uuen a eentar.oei coeiae«|U«»iitly • diro i la

• U a aid* d#/ar. a«ea in the caea of c Ita

,, .,;, be -jccsuotad for. The Jfcrti. Jaro Ina teat ueeflLtco af

. • «lffic-lty 11. fcha oae of eaptta* lettora. otaa eentonaea

vitaiisation; ot.-iora have it -Hu net. ftM

. i ■ ■ tint fifty-two pa* cent bad dWfic^iy. ilia mt «»

-aovor, .y a r.l oont error. > 01 .;* rea earn *.o

•j aillaafta tM ftuUt ••»• °'-°« ;- ;- J,ii •f**Me«i

with tba 24 par er.t art rooaay toJt.

-r4-

.

W

Incorrt off

It is no-, enoug.., hovoAir, 'o know what narks occ nion nost

t, -*nd to nake u our aind

iOToruin^ these marks. I is noons- .leteraine what sensed these

*»ees. je eonfusion of one n > nno'ber caneei

Ion. «s should know, a*»f -.mfuand

and seek to rifady he trouble. Often the difficulty ie In the state-

ment of too r. i. is doe to -

' to ''h ■■-:■ ■ . oausec of Lfflee

-

4 in teak to sh of con-

fusion sod to rove tbr.t tb dif.leil y Is ftdnly row&lent. ?ho in-

•mi roe the V.- * shows whpt

■ in r ch ease and bow often

aooonal'ition of incorrect roe onsaa an er confusion.

Laftoa I 3 «ron, . the eorr<-c* or oint

sourc o co usns enow the eonsistenoy

appearance errors in e ch ease. Oft n .-< arellel t old not

found la '.he ?r-'S3py --a:/ la MM *n is M/mk.

figures given unor the Pressej tent co'-uen are averages! whereas

Me fron the lorth Cam in reea *.3 of t -cii"ic o c-ov,.

- _

The Period, the TScclamation Point, nd t <e Question M rk

According to Pressey, the period difftcu'tipg do not arise

from a misunderstanding of tho ;>rinciole of punctu tion but fro* a

of sentefne s«msoj consequently they will not be dLMDSl d here.

The question Bark ind oxclanation point do no y often and

are *o restricted in us" that there is lit i for a discussion

of these.

- -

1 • -1

3.53*11 ■ •• •■ .■ '

OOP.

•4 ra 8 M

o

en rn . | • • .- I O

CD

en O 01

en ©

6o.£ • • • • Cn «n en O

• • en en

o

o

a • • • en o o o

b

%8 i § I - a -1 s

I;. U

C in en

,.

> • • 7. o o

• o

••a e* • • en en

• « • no en

• I-* • o

M • • 1

o o o

en

en en en

'

» • • en O tn

o

M

r;i

s O C

»

en H

oi B

v.,:

en

• • O en

a> o

8J 8N

o V -3

o

m

3 T o ■

I?

c?

8 I

■

•»

I

■«4

;?

I :/ ! ~

3

I

-

•;'

I

P

s

J j -11

ftstta

OIUlC

2 • • • . »-• (>

• » • • UOttOI

o ;

M • • en o

i'<

u

I In *

3 5,

If

8

,

?

i o

y -3

«4

Q C

-:«-

Apposltives-— In the table the use of the comma with the ap-

lositive comes first. An examination of the two sentenc-is in v.hich the

03itive accurs reveals the fact that there is a strong tendency on

part of the students to use one comma instead of two. In 'he first

Baataao* £.5 percent of the 200 students wishod to use only one comma.

In the fifteenth sentence 6.5 percent preferred this usage. In the first

Ma 5.5 percent preferred morn than two commas. In th other c

7.5 perpent added a superfluous comma. In the last sentences there was ^u~

indioa-fcian to mark the usage correct. Other rrs onses were no* i -

1': enough to justify treatment.

The preference for one comma is prob bly due to the st tement

of the rule for apoositives. Most ofthe texts and manualsnise the bam

off", but two do noT Some of those using the term do not em-

phasize the fact that the ten means to use a comaa on both sides.

A restating of the rule v.ith the use of the t'-rm "set off" and an explan-

ation of thesame would help clear away the difficulty. T|e tendency to

nore than two commas may be attributed in the fir:: case to the I

of a prepositional p.-x»se at the beginning and in the second ease to the

t two adjectives pr ceded the same noun. (See test)

1. Vard—Tbaaa Bui .ding. 1924 edition, p,515 O'Rourke—Self-Aids. 1927 edition, p. 169 Ball— Constructiv: Irtish, 1923 .dition. p. 320 Boolley and s™t.t—Bolloge Handbook of ComooztLop. 1926 edition p,188

2. Lewis and oser— Mew Practical :-h ■:i.-:. -or i h Scnool. 1927 edition p. 52

Summey—Modern unctu . :ion. 19]q edition, p.86

Dntee and Addresses— to entfdaation <

^oce SB the nee of coasts E 4ta itrtis In dates *nd ad reases reveals

ically the sane situation. There Is only one sent^ee r- '*>-

ctuatlon or ibis kind. Of lie N pKWBt ho niss-d

,prc | ad tint one caoB we nr •

rav. :# uae the tern •f»1 ofi'"t M sps'san «

haslae the Beaming of the van. O'Rourke5 m aWhls rule very definite.

; Q*» DO . 90 Cl r 3D h» SBbJ-,-. -«•

•sepenW and ■>!»#. It «*■» «** a ■■■«•*■■ "^ ■*

difficulties.

BordB in ddr^ea— In :hr c n of voc

Acuity presente I , Oftfthr . oroent *ho air

M .,A»t «uad ona o-n. *

mm i . Bta-t ■"

-.era -set of:'. I § docs not i . lM*

sed Is fairly cor

m8r be in an Uade-^te uexlerstaadin •*••

It —ess th« use of wo COMBS SOOBM «• -«-

— I!B» 19"« oditon, p.515 "J»d

I/wle *«d loale L.^ rr ".1- ahoola. 19^ edition,

P-575 Z. O'Ttottrko-JasnUe^^j*^^ ^di 1», pl»0

.

. Li..' . ,-'

-ro-

, by

-

firm ■ 0tlw to

— :. • «»• I Of

wet of the 3>nd-7' . ,

.,

on ■ ■ . Of

•< * J: 1

1.

■ o "in

ia nea 4 o ■",»

-■

-.1-

Ilo:i-r - ■ nao_

i. ;

» ;°r

» 9' tJ tO

As far rm "nan- '

• -

aritivfl tf.tun.tion*

howe^r. dorv . s she

....

•••

is -

L i • •tell

Buiidi g. 19?* oditlon, > .518,514,

«U Cons .^ Jii, litlOB,pS»

2. 0»Rourke Self Aldfl. Ltion, p.170 ■ ." - » P ,

osic -» l527

.rke S. If .'i ■ ■ B»ll Cons' rao i ■!•-. '' ^'ioc » P - ° yool^\£d 3co - ~ ■ . -re d Handbook of Com oai ion, Utio. p,Ub-89

iy ^ni i>»n<pi-.-.ion , 1919 edition p, 86

4.

<S. O'Rouike MLiida* lt27 «**-*« P

- 8-

This sight have «oro meaning for the student. Two authorities 'make

i.selves rery a r a moaning of the ten. ci« meet nd

rstfaiding o. ^

Com ouud i f i . Conjunction. The

Lo indicates tl chiog mdencies of ,0

semicolon or to mark t m Me |n, in

once 2 fc e tendency was to use • L< ..on. In t :4s ( con-

tction "nor" is u^ed. Th ■ ROt

ample 4»:.Junction. It ll

lid occur, for au. i do not ■ ■ 2

ords ted"0±»ple conjunctions •". 0 ority

t> Anmi ' .i;d","or",and "nor".

/-; • d "conjuctioi o*r •

I is mifc- i . ootl 4.

June ionji "or,^"norj"i'o-r", -.nd "bit". O'Rour'c <y 5.

Ljrps of conjunction requilfi ig a cora i, '

.-•' B uxfce'a. He me* . oonjuni ■ i •". Be

■ay be pr cjdeu -y coamn, a aaadooltn, or . ■

co _on la correct. "The Cell* ibook" n m - 3ix con; • not •i

i"," jut","-or","or"f r"f ind"norn. «;on—

junctions. The tax* "gramm deal" oorreaponde !.o ; 'TO " ".

commends toe use comma with Lone* Accord—

bo 4iim bhese ro "and", "fait", "or", "tor", nd "nor". 8ent< u<

lentS the same difficulty. 20 shows 6.5 ;

studantd v.*re inclined to the seiaico on.

1. Sonaey Modern PuncLu \ ion. L919 edition, p.86 22 Ward Theme Building. ld£4 edition, p.512

is and Hosic N vv Practic-.i n iish lo ■'- ■ ■.'-:'. 7 dltion,p.51t ?. O'Rourko Self Aids. 1927 edition, p.169 ... Ball Con3tructiva rahii3u ition, .

5. V.ooley and Sooti Co ... :: >■■ -ok oi Com ■Q,,ij.-.;n. ion torn j _Hj 1919 edition p.

— —

..; . Xa

C M

t*o coK!t*» ic.>re B"«d»d. Ir *

cijpisct. Ont , ,

M ' ■ •:

I - i"

son for it

• .-;■■■

::

•.

In ' nrT*

L. V.--

: rac,

rodoetny : ' Ml7

' ■ rke B^li1 JU-dJ,^- ' i don, P. 169

...

1. ory

■ ■ .

Ifl

1. -.'• it and HOBIC II ■ ■ . .":■■/ , . ^

• -nd Scoft Co ■:- . . ' . ■ ..■...■ u, ... . . »

KP. V

Incorrect Hm» onse oir Causes (Con'*)

Import nc of the Semicolon nd Colon

The semicolon and colon in no ua d so frequently period

end ■ comma, but thoy do r.ppc r more o-'t, n an many of tba mirks.

Mortals coal r uses ascrib «, '-nd of

to . r • n B in ion of th • dil nd

isions found in aaMMtlaa »lth itym,

The Simicolon

A study of tba table given will confusion:; rising

ttaapts touso the romicolon.

-"•_

i R u © a

i.

' o • to •

CO U3

o CM r-i

w 10 o • • ■i

o

3

uj

O

lO

CM

O

H

• « « ■* CM Oi

BIOOO

m

IO

H H

I •

SB

- 7-

u -

uae of n SODICOJOO ly< mo the BOBXT:

t has no e jf «*JBO

■Mt un iv , . |; .. .

larsta* riscl-

aajori rvtr ^ ->

' - 3 ware inc < uao a oot. u—

. In D»«i ooco: 46 . .

- 3 cntanon 46. In .. o , aarrt

ndcnc . ,

'

to. 1»

-•<n rt a cosana ir . .In

1— r»- ">.•: ding, i- - ditlon, " — v r c-lc -_= .

O'ftaurto— 3fflf Aide. », pJ71

- • —

-I*.

fcfat atbart but aartlMH sane rare c rim rn—. nay

l*N in Uinac MMI| ho it ir. c t| »o me

. I Is better not o v ry t. rr. t

"ney to orror.

Compound ".onteneea Joined by t .unction r:Gain-

ing Internal Punctuation— • Bartl) Caroline tost M ssateM

of ' . ±- was a tendency In nark nut ree oorv it

ood. This res.ionse was s»ci by M Mat of ;i. irrc-

M contains the conjunction "and** QM first lndepandefl c

MM students nay h v* bad in rind the rale concomin;;

claus e and the influence of t. t -ength u on con; o-md

DM in which the conjunction "■•nd" ants ra. Run-or 54 con-

conjunction "Vut". Only r:S pur e ■ '■-

nd they aay h tm been influenced by the: san . re,

.erf the clauses are longer.

Tthe statennnt of the voles aaj h • ^>ar in o do *ith the

•nding of this ,.ri:.ci.<le. O'Pourke U do nov discuss

t|ls r-.ctice. The other authorities1 rcOOOBend the usefuIne.-B of Lhe

eolon in thin case, hat they do no' paj i • ** should

■ '.. he rules should bo phrr.sed »siti ely ossible.

•o— Tnaae Bui .ding. :.9*tt ■-diti i-, :n^T";n,fk j ^!-Li::r. lor coolij, Iff? ^t'ion,

p 520 oolley and Soott— College ■ k °f Con -ositlor.. IMi salt***,

-:-■-

SflBtor.ee 34 reveals another tendency which i3 mor* ;-roainent

ON one |Mt discussed. Ben J.3.S Be* cer. nts wi.sh-?d

to use two cooKPS. ■ resmcf of ■ ml tive ci.

ieuity. "his clnuse, bo evor, is restrictive. . iu

itta ^r d^-tln ruish b non-r^s'ric " -lotvie

ele»ente.

llaaely— The en trace Ki of etud-

B i3 nun ier ?lm This sen - c '•d incorr^c 30 «r

cent of those tost«d. I contiioe the axpressi-n "nnnoly". I ie

taken fro« i'anners*""'wCor: ositi ■ M inn«»r

uses a e<m colon. An ex-Jain tion of (be m ■ for the us<=

^gsiona ell b OOBber "ir. od tba sent^n- .

- no' * : d aeon;: tb—eelvee. lard1 s.-s, "D. c

3h{-,befor NM a cow* (or a colon) site* Met in rod* .-"ds n«

"Hnd "that is'". Levds and o-ic2 say no-Jiiog of tfM natter in

ir new ook. O'Rourke also omits ■ discussion. Ball' B- a

comma (not a colon or dash) b-fore •Bae.ely' • " i '' (vn-

IOB '• bftt ls«'i3 folio.nd by ■ ;.r.lnci use vhen it ir ueunlly

by a semicolon.- Woolley Ml to* S«*j "In in MMl !•

or ■ I aation vltb onn 6f tho M] N«MM*MMfty", v« Iz'," * .%

• in"-nd "le'i ap 1/ tba -'olio in.

1. «~ ?h/r* Building. 1924 -diti n, p-527

(a) The expression should b- fallowed b;-a e comma. (b) When the expression introduce a sentence or u rincioal clause, the expression should be preceded by a period or a semicolon.

(c) "ben the expression in roduces a merely ■ ve member, or >ral cues, fho expression should led by a semicolon,

by a dash, or by a colon."

oy says th t the mor.t logical way to pBBetoate Mb ■ sentence

is to place a coama before the term end no m rk after it. Ha snys the

of text book authority ctaA;; fnaafthe use of • comma or d

nd ^Sfflrntfaandt^.e says : colon is going out of usee

no tender, t-en, th.- rt students find difficulty in pa

tenc ining these term3. If tl nritil ar~ so vide t]

in their conception of corredt usage, what fteadl «d can an experienced

r have?

The Coion

■ colon has few uses, but the*e are important. Although they

are highly restricted, these «Mi cove gre t difficulty.

la su ported by the fact th-1 51 i>er cant of those taking the Earth 0 r-

olina teat found trouble in using this m rk. In the Pressey teat 41

cent failed to respond corr-ctly.

The following table .ill show the rong responses given to

sentences containing colons.

L. « r-u^n ^ct-nUon. 1919 edition, pp.N and 99

-41-

>

*li I ,

I

I

- •A If

I 51

a

■

o tf

o * •

to

•

o

•

•

n

>

' 1-1 • •

• •

m

o • o . «»

•

'.-'-•

■

ii ■

.: ■',;.'■ .

-4 -

lion— Ono ■Mltlfl in tin D ted a colon

before an cnumer- tion. bis sentence :;na missed by 68 per cen ose

5f OM ?9 p T cent, r-id vie MntenC B coreect. This r^ ction

he result of the fct that a conma pr ced«d the enumeration in-

oolon. The n:.udent r.-\ bad in mint- rules

concprningV|nar. ■ d BO] oeed that lief ca3e.

The next grc test, number of erro -sented by the 18

cent v.ho washed to use a semicolon. Again the state of confusion concern-

ing '■•namely*1 and like words may he .e caused the rise of this raisv nd-

The rules on this us go are n >t an, hi I ic lly Bta I

osic and Olr,.ourlce have nothing to say or . 6t« ru his

rule in the Imperative. Ball and Tfoolley and Scott advoc tc the use

of a colon in suci 3itu tions. KM latter is more definite than Ball.

4!oes not require the use of the colon every tiaa, .es

very clc rly wbst ca3cs usually need such punc'u tion.

Aftrr the Salutation of a Business Let er— The sentence

needing a colon aft r the salutation of a busi- tter does not reveal

ny 01 JinE confusion. The incorrect rel ans n ar mow less Metterai.

L. . rd_ T eae Suilding. 1924 -dition, p,52G Z. Ml- <W.t.r.!CtlvC "mdish. 1925 edition, pp. 5.6 and 327 3. Trnnlli. " .-] -in-, ™ -r"-"^1' Qf Condition. 1928 , p. 2.1 4. Ar »^r— Knrinrn Punctuation. 1919 edition, p.195

Id Ml ■EWK'il MM COMM dlirtslor:.

MMtt did noi, dli'ir ui io»

W : " friendly . of

p» «is"3 Indie ' - id color. ■ Mid .Bo

o ■■ , ;• ' -on for

rul«*o la Id M?eattM to oonfuaioB. Only on?*

--itjr dooe not. s~jit« thr.t 6 colon ■MMM' fUtoo; ion of

M >tter. ?hls on© is MUU to MlMM >f a en—a

•■ -.'.! Ml«t tiona, for « iv.yo h-y rt« all MM - *Uiil«i-

-'jjltmln" of saat«nee8 noc »»

■ .

_ y^_ rfrgllMi. IS'-: edition,

Incorrect R©3 oosea and Lt ZauttB ( *,

ion M-rkf

trc taent of • by tb*> Borth C-rolin

1B »--ry inadequate. !*•*• is onl/ ono mtflM MM • ■ dir

quo?.- tion ind only one coot iniag a quo

MM t*o 8fletcne«9 en no tx» wry tan if

ions W.rkB. A ,

MB1 HM d an aqplmBtiOB o y indie

d.

is i

•s M

w m

(.-:

•

-

I I

I

i a f I

a ^ p

<♦ •

• - i

M H

'■

LM— Laa or..y one Mntenc' lllattrtt-

Ml Jn'' off o . . ;. • onft r»- T- i vlth

■»! iioncy to lx ic confusion. . rror

-i'-. MM . bring

«N iii Le ue o»t-

Loa MM 0 Ion o: ■ dll «V Lflft* he

, n eo«=», tnl L ir- not.

-Stuff-- students mi m sentence any ag*in M ttri • > at

rurteent of authorities1 end tint deflnl .moot q rait* .

1. 0'f.o'B**— »-Lf Aids. IP -58

i— C m • -uc-1 ■■ T Use. 18 ~- ■ 1 Itet^ ?f <** option. 1

■n:<? - Lon. 1919 edition, p. 148

-47-

m Horth C'IIXJII^ t r: con

wta '

uso of :ila test la 44 par c© . al*

r~o?. " ■ c;o-,o agw MB an raaolti indie tea a igb

■ ^ bd it-.- la

laomi c' r ■ onses P- ronounr Iracy to mnrk *'>« rvsiteo-

•o-

M uso of this n rk crur ocofuslon i; of

■ Hf Ofi'^ion ir w

l.,n r fl ***•

I , 1.0. 'if~

. In oo '

. 0,tw -d. An in-. I .ion of

' i | ■ l

,, **■ of this m k in " ord«-

I aaphaois on o v.hors.

-48-

«"o;

(0

K-.

o

o

o

cn

O

in

I

en

b

ST? 2?

P

a Ol

en

« O

Cn

O

Ci

M

o

cn

I I

en

-o

cn

O

8; o

SB t»

?

u

*.°3 ^asfc a

B

a

oagb »B analysti a

e nc mine tbe UD- of a O , 1

.

i :

:■• - dy n-.lo. ' ■

mm - tijg 9

of one MM.

waning tlan -f the •«• - v is f- » »

doos not cone ^giaii:. *»toooe oad is not BOD- r 1*9

in . dlfrieu '■»*• *r '**

j bo end an tn i i o '»■«* •

--odaocy o n- rfc s -

■lsood the MBtcoM^ A^aln MM 7 ■ eocv . An

nin-Mon of llM M ■ ■

oducod by

oducto «3■B'',

w - hM mMm mt mm

r. Only 4.: I • ■ Lt

, :, ■*»*■ iir L«, .«•■«!

- «s for ■< ■ ■ "* ■»

- -

il authorities consulted. I. . y every oa is

d fini tely ■ d.

The My ben

In the then is only or requiring n yphen. |P

l it all. Tb- ' is A

-ral, for 54 :;er cent of

IBM in the No -ilina test mr e»rr ct.

is one between the aeaberfl of co#.>»V o.-d. S ine bsndemy

to disregard the mark is very noticeable, it M should

fill to i -' ain

f

n-rrowly defir »••

1. •■•rd— ^di^, 1924 -dition, PP.40O and 481 •osic-Hc T 1 .for .af-, Sc ool^ 1927 edition,

p . ,528 and 529 O'Rourke— fr-lf Aids. 1927 edition, pp dS* and 158 ijfn— r^trueM,* ^:Uoh- 1927 edition,, pp. 557 nd 4o7 fcollr n* -1 ",- -r™* °f Condition. 192e edition,

ppOO.6 and TJ.7 Sununey- Mod«.-n ^unCu tion, 1919 edition, ■ , 0 and 171

-51-

(Bl •.•'. ri

Ii:c rr ct oaponaM a. Cause.

'-

?h u : - hondl ivrly

tjy the fl»rth Caroli i to t «7

I ft ; f

thi .1

Thi

- -

en

ST en

en

•

-a o

• • o

• • 1

-0 • o

Oi Cn

W Cl

• • o o

5? 2

£

,-:

■

I

»

01

b

ft

o a

en

Iff **■

u C5 • o • o •

O

• en

• en

• en

OI en

en

8 s • • en t'l

tn <D

.M ■ O

o

■I

, 0

r

o if

M

I

M ■

f

. ■ I -i

■i m *o £

KB «< » r» a U H°s •1

>

t-4

- -

Tiy .jcr-orol rr r vi.h N Wd t oa Itol IM t BM* laa

:■ ct; c : r

octJ ha< nay - • nay wai

have tb J»t nd

v

• ■

;

, c. f ra oertaia tb ,

ail «h*» '

■r

I

I—

.. for Mi r •

*

tb t • Boan- f * -

oae lay aa OR tMI* W

. ,y ., n ,| i mirT - — ia <-- 4 "*18**

Xitl ■ alt: . ootoaor a titlo uo«: wltt a pro;

no»-s The tit rked c :rj

ised ao>2 T^MO th...- ah .hi «ay

and oai;. .

. -hroc

Bl ■ ' . .

do »d fix baf ' ' • ■ M

> llaod onloti it c oo al .

lb' th r ro . aw n&.v idont mr"

C ! .

,. .1 , till . ' I:

Itl

>

\gf ■#> nc IT . ■ •

■•»'•• '

't'» CO .. il t OBTi- •

aajr haw arlaoo ft- •

tudont vo Ice i - tt -" aa3r

■M %,■ -tc., • if

th latta* aao« oanaad the rrr r. Ihreo autl:

T»* -'t

1. • ,-. .>■■- Ball ■- ■■ , ««. US ' *

V "■ -• I-' fc ■■ 1 1 • *

-. Dftll --,.■/—. LIM -r ,. -^- » —

Woolloy and ,c tt C9I" - -: J--.i>;.k : o -IT...-, i.iai, 19L8 edition, p.

b c ntar. t thi am» td oplogaont of •

f r . ar«

: aarfco It cr ct,

I

liove boon viy ouch r#

Titl • »

f c . f th ,:t» These

th

■

auth

vary. * •

lb nays thnt artl« Itt otl

Th^ M t papa] -w

student , lailwlM hrt ■ M f th •

Anfeth :• ~ -Jtod t&'

f , : BUT, mat 1M»V- .in

, .

• "'-ii '■■■' ■■ : •»<:: •■? „». ; ■> k -

* --tec ,. ,-..- ,» i :

Inc n-«tB«3 f 6a..'i

mat c . t*j b taAwt . I « tain tb :- ." •evcr-Ai ~-ub eta

r now > .. f tb

■nbai t. ■. c c ■ . •..

1 bad the r al err r

lat: ■ ^ .

'

I

■*■»« it

• '.

...

• . |

. All h . . •. •

iAIl -' !•• •

utudants I Iflwot

- 7-

OUPTBR VIII

Roc «wai«U.<aj

7b h.-oehL utcoo© --c»: .

ftc lar c nab r f ^ao«o«

loasotn «oi' I ■- *1 ■*■

u.*e- m ii. > • .ill

<«t t r - •

planter b :ltl

»

. "M»y f -aw

ffeUi

ch pune tDBtndaotJ wV *»*»

ntaaM-MPC U Ilk ■* I* i- «n W

fto. A - •!«•* w

Vr-lf ■* *» -; •!« ■"* V^;;W *" '-■ "**" *»*«"" "Bt *

flrat «c«rta obnl^ * rrC0 ?lis8 3c:

1. ar u • . I * W"» . Ibid

-"-

If thoy d "1 defer MhJ ■ h *

-titanc treinin .

my t tuooh ' tib^aoct oeaae «il tb»t 1 •

•tlfl ,'

•■

LI h to oa the part

• -

b graacwr.

■or - her

>

the

inr

- U o |

. I

.. o

9K tern - - -rictive" c • --

be • " 1

, f r » tendency t -«lt part

i r in.:. II i ciiffa

Mk. tlv- neaain oloar. fl» toeaher can, I , - U » *« «»t

th, team * ■ -hat tbe !**•■•*! fc» the ©4lnne een bo

•M - r-f- * • lte

her paint. T«o .enten.ee *eald nefee < ■* F * *•«

-59-

ahe Bliit \ flhich M beautiful end jparklln , lapped the

it." The cml-r, t

ahanea tb ■ ani f Hi no . If, h ,•••. . h : Is

Kant I JO

ifl auafe r ,

t Be* Prac ' s J

±i. .'. Bti * :>' .

led.

o;5 fr act the in

!

.

-i-ti.il a reoment an-si-, aufc » it

the •

allop a lifaid—1

. Part . • i, tui I

c apeaa - •

How can a chile: t 1 ah

-so-

«r how can a aatur

. ...

I .

L necessarily vmy In

vea

t. what c •

fjicili r -

-

1

ca. ..-• oa

1

-

•I Tilth h. ■ •

f

ti nod G

..,■'.

-

__, 1319 adit , - ■ MM I ' ' '

1* • \.nr.csy . Le.ri ic ft,

^-- -•,4i ■-, . Ball ■■ V-^ , .

_. j,-',, •■-- ■■• r. ^ j. • - - 1 i-f-.J-I ■ I

-*1-

Restati

Many i -hat a lack of clearnc. in the

>tati • Iv- •* * of thi,i

this paper in olo tag will aeck forth ■ al LCh

of the r -/od in this test.

iv 11 will

not .

.

It .aid that t tf ;e

- ' L '

1. 0 e ■ MBM b :

v - » -tv ":ie

. .1 C BM

a p' ri • x .

the

flN. 1

C. "

mm un! -

f 1 ( ~ '

bloo mark, )#

. nl. in dir ct .If tk «ord in direct address

it U f U«wd by I ■«*

punotuati

e. 4»« ( LU ;1

th a ;ht and could l } *

,ny, fliowir ' ;ind

f. 2 I Ltloal

ini

.

a. The weak

a, "f r',

.

oocjuncti e J»

.

. Intr uct r

b. Ir.>

.

i .

OOBBB 1

/

1. QJ* a m1ft 1 — bot*< daw c.«poun *h«

n • c

: "•- • «

1 -rile

"via,'1 "i. .. • •

- 5-

LOB

ls U.« a eolco

.

batlon In1 y

! .

1.

*•

-ftor til

. -

1. D m a hykiir*i boim n t *

• hyph

. • <1

-■■■■■-

(kfdtall.ut \

! i lntrc&icorl \g a .xx

i

. .. .

; . ,

■

Am »»•-->

-65-

Conpsny, Jonton, B«' York, ,, Umuon, •o.

: B. i,

.

»"

- . E lah Jouyc , .-si -1^5-

1

■

■__-. _;i __, i ,

■ ___ ' ,

ork.

__^_. , . .

A