geology dep. cairo univ.scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=ahmedabdelhalim/files/rs-ppt1.pdf · 9 geology dep....
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1 Geology Dep. Cairo Univ. Remote sensing 1
2 Geology Dep. Cairo Univ. Remote sensing 1
• Pre master of Structural & Engineering Geology, University of Cairo
• Professional Master: Geomatics and Natural Resources Evaluation by the Istituto Agronomico per L’Oltremare, Florence, Italy
• Master degree of Structural and Engeneering Geology, Cairo University, Egypt
• PhD. Landscape Ecology Institute, Muenster University, Germany
Biography
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objective Lectures Laboratory
Introduction and
concept
What is RS and earth observations What is satellite images
The important of RS technique Google earth
History of RS in earth science Be familiar with software
Cartography Global georefernces Data preparing (subset)
electromagnetic Physical concept image rectification
Data acquisition Processes of data acquisition Image display (color, bands,…etc.)
Satellite sensors
Multispectral Types and cost of satellites data Image info and spatial resolution
Mid term Exam Exam
Digital image Raster, vector, histogram…etc
Spectral enhancement Image
enhancement
and processing
Spatial resolution
Spectral resolution
Classification techniques Supervised and unsupervised
Applications Mapping Classification of land cover
Geology Classification of rock cover
Project seminar Student presentations Revision
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Earth Observation (EO)
Cartography and Geodesy
Global Position System (GPS)
Electromagnetic
Content
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Earth observation
“is the measurement or acquisition of information
of some property of an object or phenomena by a
recording device that is not in physical or intimate
contact with the object or phenomena under study”
RS Sensor Image data Analysis
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• Includes geophysical tools (e.g. electromagnetic
induction, ground penetration radar,
aeromagnetic…etc.), aircraft, spacecraft, and satellite
sensors
• Products can be analog (e.g., photos) or digital
images
• Remotely sensed images need to be interpreted to
yield thematic information (roads, crop lands, etc.)
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Type Bands Resolution Max. mapping scale
m/pixel at full size view
Landsat
MSS 4 60 1:100,000
TM 7 30 1:70,000
ETM 9 15 1:50,000
ETM 11 15 1:50,000
Spot-4 (Panchromatic) 1 10 1:40,000
Spot-5 (Multi spectral) 4
10
5 1:20,000
2.5 1:10,000
GeoEye (Panchromatic) 1
2 upto o.5 up to 1:500
GeoEye (Multi spectral) 4 or 8
Quickbird (Panchromatic) 1
Quickbird (Multi spectral) 4 or 8
World wiew (Panchromatic) 1
World wiew (Multi spectral)
4 or 8
Most popular satellite images
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• Data without reference and coding is non-spatial or aspatial and would have no value at all within a geographic information system.
• Geocoding or (georefrencing) is the name commonly given to the process of converting object addresses to latitude and longitude, or some similarly universal coordinate system
• Geometry and projection the complex ways in which humans refer to specific locations on the planet, and how they measure locations.
Remote sensing 1
Cartography and Geodesy
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Map projection and coordinates: in order to see the
whole Earth with approximately equal detail it must
be distorted in some way, and it is most convenient to
make it flat in terms of x and y.
The conformal property, the shapes
of small features on the Earth’s
surface are preserved on the projection (X,Y).
The equal area property, areas on the map are in the
same proportion to areas on the Earth’s surface.
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There are three physical models
to identify the map projection:
• Cylindrical projections
• Azimuthal or planar
projections
• Conic projections
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Examples of some common map projections. The Mercator projection is a tangent cylindrical type, (cylinder wrapped around the Equator). The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is a secant conic type, (the surface was projected intersected the Earth along two lines of latitude: 20 North and 60 North.
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Global Position System (GPS)
The GPS is a satellite-based navigation system,
originally developed by the US Department of Defense.
GPS device Satellite system
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Properties of GPS survey:
• Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute the position of any point in three dimensions on the Earth's surface.
• Select the geographic datum and projection
• Select map unit
•Trace trajectory and field track
• Reduction of the position error (Accuracies) Low cost, single receiver: 10-30m Medium cost, differential receiver: 50 cm-5 m High cost, differential GPS: 1 mm to 1 cm.
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Electromagnetic radiation
Earth Surface
Sources
of Energy Sensing
Systems
• Energy sources and radiation principles (reflectance,
absorption, and refraction or scattering)
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Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features
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The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from the shorter
wavelengths (including gamma and x-rays) to the longer
wavelengths (including microwaves and broadcast radio waves).
Spectrum name Spectrum range Spectrum channel
Ultra violet >0.4 um UV, X, and Gamma rays
Visible 0.4 to 0.7 um Blue, Green, Red
Infrared 0.7 to 3 um Nir and IR
Thermal Infrared 3 to 100 um Thermal IR
Microwave 10 mm to 100 cm Microwave
Broadcast <100 cm TVand Radio
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Vis
ible
Lig
ht
near in
frare
d
mid
infra
red
therm
al in
frare
d
mic
row
ave
TV
and ra
dio
blu
e
red
UV near
infrared
1 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 104 103 102 10 107 106 105
wavelength (mm) wavelength (mm)
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 mm
• Different sensors measure different parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum
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Characteristic of electromagnetic waves and earth observation
Remote sensing data
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Remote sensing systems which measure energy that is naturally available are called passive sensors.
Active sensors, on the other hand, provide their own energy source for illumination.
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Digital image and digital number (DN) • Digital image composed of pixels
• Pixel contains geometric unit and didgiatl number
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Channel or band: The information from a narrow wavelength range is gathered and stored in a
channel, also sometimes referred to as a band.
Panchromatic Band combination
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Course materials Text books: {Remote sensing and image interpretation by
Thomas M. Lillesand and Ralph W. Kiefer} (from geology department library) {Geographical Information Systems and Science 2nd Edition} (online)
User manual: RS software
Online: http://www.itc.nl/ilwis/applications/ Google search
Selected papers: find copy in library of Geology Dep. Or online at the website http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=ahmedabdelhalim