general informatics - prajyothi niketan collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/general...

55
General Informatics General Informatics Dr Binu P Chacko Associate Professor Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Prajyoti Niketan College, Pudukad, Thrissur

Upload: others

Post on 29-Mar-2020

5 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

General InformaticsGeneral Informatics

Dr Binu P ChackoAssociate Professor

Department of Computer ScienceDepartment of Computer SciencePrajyoti Niketan College, Pudukad, Thrissur

Page 2: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Information TechnologyInformation Technology• Informa on←informa que (French) & informatika (Russian)• IT is a science of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting 

information• IT is in scientific, technological and engineering disciples and 

management techniques (UNESCO)management techniques (UNESCO)• The value of information lies in its ability to affect behaviour, 

decision or outcome• A piece of information is valueless if things remain unchanged• A piece of information is valueless, if things remain unchanged• Identification of information needs is essential for the design of any 

information system• Information needs arises from the lack of self sufficiency to carryInformation needs arises from the lack of self sufficiency to carry 

out day‐to‐day activities• A need is specific and time bound• Adopt various information gathering tools/methodsp g g /

Page 3: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Information NeedInformation NeedFour levels• Conscious and unconscious need for information – ideal question• Conscious mental description of ill‐defined area in decision. Talk 

someone else in the field to get an answerh f l f h• A researcher forms rational statement of his question

• The questions as presented to the information systemDepends on• Work activity• Disciple/field/area of interest• Availability of facilities• Hierarchical position of individuals• Motivation factors for information needs• Need to take a decision, seek new ideas, validate correct ones, 

make professional contributions, establish priority for discovery, etc.

Page 4: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…

Step‐by‐step procedure to studyp y p p y• Study of subjects of interest to the organisation/users

• Study of organisation and its environment• Study of immediate environment of usersSt d f th• Study of the users

• Formal interview• Identification and recording of information needs• Identification and recording of information needs• Analysis and refinement of identified information needs

Page 5: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Major TechnologiesMajor Technologies

• Processor, memory and IO channelsProcessor, memory and IO channels• Micro, mini and large scale computers• Mass storage technologies• Mass storage technologies• Data communication, networking and distributed processingdistributed processing

• Data entry, display respondS ft• Software 

These technologies are grouped into three…..

Page 6: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Major AreasMajor AreasComputer technology• Developments in this field include mini, micro, personnel, portable 

and super computers, robots, microchip technology, AI, software developments, CD‐ROM technology, machine readable database, etcetc.

Communication technology• Audio technology: AM receivers/FM receivers• Audio‐Visual technology: motion pictures television video disc• Audio‐Visual technology: motion pictures, television, video disc• Video disc technology offers high quality storage, image stability 

and speed• Fax: boosted by the methods of data compressionFax: boosted by the methods of data compression• Technology based on micro facsimile‐satellite communication and 

fiber optics increased the speed• E‐mail

Page 7: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…Reprographic, micrographic and printing technologies• Reprographic machines provide photocopy of documents• Micro forms: microfilm, microfiche, ultra fiche, micro 

opaque, cardsopaque, cards• Microfilm (100 feet roll with 35mm width): A continuous 

strip of film with images arranged in sequence• Microfiche: flat film having large number of images• Microfiche: flat film having large number of images 

arranged in rows and columns. 4”x6” microfiche accommodate 98 pages

• Printing technology: line printer dot matrix printer laser• Printing technology: line printer, dot matrix printer, laser printer

Page 8: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

InternetInternet • Exponential growth of Internet users and services provided• Significant effect on how, when, where and why people 

work• Influence on educated, skilled and ambitious peopleInfluence on educated, skilled and ambitious people• Structuring orgnisation and providing new possibilities for 

performing work• Offers knowledge and skills• Offers knowledge and skills• Offers access to latest scientific and technological 

innovationsS h bl d t b f b ili• Searchable database of web pages, newsgroups, mailing lists, online courses, forums, etc.

• Use of intranet as internal information system of a company

Page 9: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

ARPANETDec 1969

#2 #4

SDS 940

#2SRI

#4UTAH

IBM 360

#3 UCSB

PDP10

#1UCLA

Sigma7

Page 10: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Internet 1999Internet 1999

Page 11: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Internet 2008Internet 2008

542 Million Hosts542 Million Hosts(ISC Jan 2008)

1,464 Million Users(InternetWorldStats.com,(InternetWorldStats.com, 

June 30, 2008)

(approx. 3.5 B mobiles and 1 Billion PCs)

Page 12: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Internet 2012Internet 2012

Page 13: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

IT ApplicationsIT Applications• ICT for faster and better communication, efficient storage, 

retrieval and processing of data, and exchange and utilization of information to its users

• Growing computerization and increasing Internet connectivity 

Use of ICT for Govt. agencies:• Exchange of information with citizens, businesses, or otherExchange of information with citizens, businesses, or other 

Govt. Dept.• Efficient and quick delivery of public services• Improve quality of service and internal efficiency• Improve quality of service and internal efficiency• Reduce cost and increase revenue• Restructuring of administrative processes

Page 14: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

E‐GovernanceE Governance• Application of ICT (WAN, Internet and mobile computing) to the 

f G t f ti iprocesses of Govt. functioning• Connected with the development of computer technology, 

networking of computers and communication systems• Less corruption increased transparency greater convenience• Less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, 

improve citizen‐Govt. interactions• Performance of governance via electronic mediumStagesStages• Computerization: word processing, data processing• Networking• Online presence: websites contained information about• Online presence: websites contained information about 

organization structure, contact details, reports and publications, objectives and vision statement

• Online interactivity: communication channel between Govt. entities yand citizens, civil society organizations, etc.

Page 15: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Types of InteractionsTypes of Interactions• G2G: ICT is used to restructure Govt. processes and to increase the 

fl f i f ti d i ithi d b t diff tflow of information and services within and between different entities

• This interaction can be both horizontal (between different Govt. agencies) or vertical (between national provisional and local Govtagencies) or vertical (between national, provisional and local Govt. agencies)

• G2C: Enables the citizens to benefit from efficient delivery of a large range of public services

• When, where and how to interact with the Govt. by citizens• G2B: Objective is to cut red tape, save time, reduce operational 

costs and to create a more transparent business environment• G2B initiatives can be transactional (licensing, permits, 

procurement and revenue collection), and promotional and facilitative (trade, tourism and investment)

• G2E ICT tools are used for fast and efficient interaction with the• G2E: ICT tools are used for fast and efficient interaction with the employees and to increase their level of satisfaction

Page 16: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

BenefitsBenefits • Better access to information and quality services for citizens: Timely 

d li bl i f ti i t f (fand reliable information on various aspects of governance (forms, laws, rules, procedures, reports, public database, decision making processes)

• Online and one‐point accessibility of public services – savings inOnline and one point accessibility of public services savings in time, effort and money

• Simplicity, efficiency and accountability in the Govt.: Simplification of complicated processes, avoiding of unwanted processes, simplification in structures and changes in statues and regulations, enhanced productivity and decision making capabilities, and increased efficiency across Govt.

• Expanded reach of governance: Expansion of telephone network• Expanded reach of governance: Expansion of telephone network, rapid strides in mobile telephony, spread of internet and strengthening of other communication infrastructure would facilitate delivery of a large number of services provided by the Govt.

Page 17: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

E‐Governance InitiativesE Governance Initiatives• FRIENDS (part of Kerala State IT Mission): Fast, Reliable, Instant, 

Effi i t N t k f Di b t f S i h dl 1000 tEfficient Network for Disbursement of Services handle 1000 types of bill payments (electricity, water, revenue taxes, license fees, motor vehicle taxes, university fees, etc.)

• BHOOMI: designed by NIC BangaloreBHOOMI: designed by NIC, Bangalore• Dept. of Revenue (Karnataka) has computerized 20 million records 

of land ownership. Now RTC is available in land records kiosks• E‐seva: launched on 25/8/2001 (Andra Predesh)E seva: launched on 25/8/2001 (Andra Predesh)• 118 services – payment of bills/taxes, registration of birth/death, 

application for passport, issue of birth/death certificates, filing of sales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata T l i R li l f Ai l M i dTeleservices, Reliance, sale of Airtel Magic cards

• CARD (Andra Pradesh, 1998): Computer‐aided Administration of Registration Dept. is designed for electronic delivery of all registration servicesregistration services

• Great benefit for rural farming community

Page 18: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…• Gyandoot (Madhya Pradesh, 2000): low cost, self sustainable, and 

it d l I t t tcommunity owned rural Intranet system• User interface in Hindi• Services – agricultural information, market information, health, 

education women’s issues applications for serviceseducation, women s issues, applications for services• Vidya Vahini: Provides facilities for content development, content 

deployment and collaboration • provides opportunity for schools teachers and students all across• provides opportunity for schools, teachers and students all across 

the nation to express and share their creative and academic potential via internet

• TARAhaat (.com): A commercial model for bringing relevant ( ) g ginformation, products and services via internet  to the rural market of India 

• Units: TARAdhaba, TARAbazar, TARAvan, TARAdak, TARAguru, TARAvendor TARAcard TARAscouts/TARAreporterTARAvendor, TARAcard, TARAscouts/TARAreporter

Page 19: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…• DRISHTEE (connecting India village by village): Provides information 

b t d t d ti d h lth i k t dabout and access to education and health services, market, and private information exchange and transactions

• An organizational platform for developing IT enabled services• Facilitates communication and information interchange within a• Facilitates communication and information interchange within a 

localized intranet between villages and a district centre• Aim: Window to world for Indian villagers• 50000 Drishtee kiosks provide employment opportunities and help• 50000 Drishtee kiosks provide employment opportunities and help 

in rural‐urban migration• Services: Avedan, land records, Gram Daak, Gram Haat (Virtual 

market place), Vaivahiki, Shikayat (online grievance redressal), p ), , y ( g ),Mandi information system

• Akshaya: e‐centres (with internet connectivity) for e‐literacy campaign

Page 20: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

IT for National Integration• IT is a tool through which development and progress can take place ….. 

and thereby national integration• Administration uses the power of IT for the betterment of citizens keeping 

the national objectives• LAN, WAN and internet connection are useful for speedy and cost effective 

transfer of informationtransfer of information• IT helps the Govt. for speedier and better decision making• Improve the quality of citizen‐Govt. interface by introducing administrative 

reforms integrated with IT• Create a knowledge based society through the use of IT• IT will be used to increase quality, reduce cost and improve overall 

efficiency and effectiveness in Govt.P it t h l f i f ti ith t th t i t f• Permits access to huge volume of information without the constraints of time and distance

• The use of email will help in the transition to e‐Govt.• Accountability: Design the information systems with a view to asses the y g y

performance of each functionary• Ensure computer literacy in all Govt. recruitments• NIC is an IT organization for informatics development and networking in 

Govt organizationsGovt. organizations• Working in ground level planning, monitoring, transfer of files and 

information• Developed databases in various subjects

Page 21: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

IT for Health CareIT for Health Care• To improve quality, safety and efficiency in health care• Electronics health record (EHR): An e‐file cabinet for patient data• Integrating text, voice, images, handwritten notes, etc.• Computerized provider order entry (CPOE): A medication ordering 

d f lf lland fulfillment system• Also include lab orders, radiology studies, procedures, discharges, 

transfers, and referralsCli i l d i i t t (CDSS) id l ti• Clinical decision support system (CDSS): provides real time diagnostic and treatment recommendations to physicians and nurses

• May be used as part of CPOE and EHRMay be used as part of CPOE and EHR• Picture archiving and communications system (PACS): Captures and 

integrates diagnostic and radiological images from various devices (X‐ray, MRI, CT scan), stores them, and disseminates them to a medical record, a clinical data repository, or other points of care

Page 22: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…• Bar coding: An optical scanner is used to electronically capture 

i f ti d d d tinformation encoded on a product• Radio frequency identification (RFID): Tracks patients throughout 

the hospital, and links lab and medication tracking through a wireless communications systemwireless communications system

• Automated dispensing machine (ADM): Distributes medication doses

• Electronic materials management (EMM): To track and manageElectronic materials management (EMM): To track and manage inventory of medical supplies, pharmaceuticals, and other materials

• Interoperability: Refers to electronic communication among organizations so that the data in one IT system can be incorporated i hinto another

• Focus on development of standards for content and messaging, and development of adequate security and privacy safeguards

Page 23: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

IT ApplicationsIT Applications• Stock control: place orders electronically once production schedules 

h b t f th t i dhave been set for the next period• Able to check stock levels on a real time basis• CAD/CAM: Designing and virtual testing of products (3D images) on 

computerscomputers• Benefits: improved quality, reduced wastage, faster production, less 

reliance on labour• Project management: Project planning software (Microsoft Project)• Project management: Project planning software (Microsoft Project) 

will produce an optimized work schedule and regular reports for project managers

• MRP/ERP: computer systems that manage the whole company and / p y g p ydraw together all aspects of its operations and administration

• Integrate existing systems to allow them to talk to one another by exchanging data

Page 24: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Electronic Data Interchange• Electronic exchange of business documents (invoice purchase• Electronic exchange of business documents (invoice, purchase 

order) in a standard, computer processable, and universally accepted format between trading partners

• Exchange business information cheaply, faster and accuratelyc a ge bus ess o at o c eap y, aste a d accu ate y• Used in manufacturing, shopping, warehousing, pharmaceuticals, 

constructions, petroleum, banking, insurance, retailing, Govt. etc.• ASC: developed standards for American businessp• UN/EDIFACT: a standard for international tradeBenefits• Cost of processing EDI documents is less than that of paper p g p p

documents• Customer relations are improved through better quality and speed 

of service• Business relations with trading partners can be maintained and 

improved• Information system can be managed more efficiently and effectively

D i d l h d i i i d h• Data is entered only at the source, and it is transmitted to other computers

• EDI permits faster and accurate filling and exchange of orders

Page 25: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

DrawbacksDrawbacks 

• Costly to develop and operate• Limited accessibility: EDI applications don’t allow consumers to 

communicate and transact with suppliers in an easy and direct wayd h hl d l d /• Rigid requirements: highly structured protocols and s/w

• Rigid agreements about the structure and meaning of data. These agreements are time consuming to negotiate, rigid, and difficult to follow This restricts new and small companies to experiment EDIfollow. This restricts new and small companies to experiment EDI

• Suggest only partial solutions in transacting process if there is a time gap between placing order for products and final settlement of bills

• The scope of EDI applications is very limited, whereas www is easier for organizations to enter into open web related market place

Page 26: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Mobile ComputingMobile Computing• Laptop, notebook, palmtop, PDA, tabletTypes of wireless access• WiFi: uses radio waves to broadcast an Internet signal from a 

wireless router to the immediate surrounding area“h ” bl l• To create “hotspots” in public places

• Cellular broadband provides Internet access to cell phones and PDAsWiM (Wi l I t bilit f Mi A )• WiMax (Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access) can transmit data up to a distance of 48 km

• Provides high band width and data security• Provides service in both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non Line of Sight• Provides service in both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non‐Line of Sight 

(NLOS)• Supports several communication protocols• Satellite based networking provides wireless connectivity anywhereSatellite based networking provides wireless connectivity anywhere 

in the world

Page 27: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

ApplicationsApplications • Emergency services: Information regarding address, type 

and other details of an incident can be dispatched quickly• Useful to executives: Access latest market share 

information• Stock information collation/control: Access databases to 

know about the stock• Credit card verification: Verify the card usage quickly andCredit card verification: Verify the card usage quickly and 

securely over cellular channels• For legal purpose: Real time access to online legal database 

servicesservices• For real estate agents• Taxi/Truck dispatch

E il/P i• E‐mail/Paging

Page 28: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Short message service (SMS)Short message service (SMS)• SMS stores in a central short message centre (SMC)• 160 charactersApplications• Exchange small messages, balance enquiry, mobile chatting• Any message in the user email is converted to short message and 

delivered to the mobileS d il i SMS• Send email messages via SMS

• Information services like news, weather, entertainment, stock prices, etc.• Notify users regarding new voice‐mail or fax messages• Alternative to paging services• Alternative to paging services• SIM‐toolkit, Internet email alerts, download ring tonesLimitations• Send only text messagesy g• Messages are limited by size• Uncomfortable due to the limitations of input mechanisms in mobile 

devices• Need to implement different interfaces due to the use of many proprietary 

protocols• Low data rate and high latency

Page 29: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Multimedia message service (MMS)Multimedia message service (MMS)

• Delivers messages containing text, image, audio and video• Unlimited size• View MMS through Internet• Animations and graphic presentations of stock quotes, sports news, 

hweather reports, etc.Mobile streams• General Packet Radio Services (GPRS): MMS is similar to PPT• 3G network to enable streaming videoEnhanced messaging service (EMS)• An intermediate technology with capability in between SMS and 

MMSMMS• Unlike MMS, EMS does not require upgrades to network 

infrastructures

Page 30: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cloud computingCloud computing

• Ability to use website services from mobileAbility to use website services from mobile computers

• Allows consumers and businesses to useAllows consumers and businesses to use applications without installation, and access their personal files at any computer with Internet access

• User system needs to run only the interface software (web browser)

• E.g. Yahoo, Gmail

Page 31: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

DNA computingDNA computing• DNA computers (nanocomputers) are next generation 

computers made up of genes building blocks• Introduced by Leonard Adleman in 1994• Similar to parallel computing – different molecules of DNASimilar to parallel computing  different molecules of DNA 

try different possibilities at once• Work through the use of DNA based logic gates (use DNA 

codes as inputs)codes as inputs)• Uses DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology• Capable of solving complex mathematical equations and 

large storage capacitylarge storage capacity• Low power consumption (Fuel: Adenosine Triphosphate)• Faster and smaller computer

Page 32: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages• Perform millions of operations simultaneously• Generate solutions and conduct large parallel searches• Handle large amounts of memory• Use of a distinct memory block that encodes bits• Use of a distinct memory block that encodes bits• Allows us to use the compliment of a memory block as 

another memory block – doubling storage capacityI i it i d f bi l i l t i l• Inexpensive as it is made up of biological materials

• Generating solution sets may require large amounts of memory

• Many empirical uncertainties. For every correct answer there are millions of incorrect paths generated

• They are not programmabley p g

Page 33: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Wireless applicationsWireless applications• Transmitting signals over invisible radio waves• Door opener, TV remote, codeless Keyboard and mouse• Make phone call, get information from an ERP application• Sensors and embedded wireless controllers are used in appliances and 

applicationsB fitBenefits• Remain connected with others regardless of location and without plugging 

into anything• Save time and moneySave time and money• Conduct daily chores effortlessly via PDABluetooth• Herald Bluetooth was a king of Demark about 1000 years ago• Use of low power communications to wirelessly link phones, computers 

and other network devices over short distances (up to 10m and speed less than 1MB/s)

• Piconet (PAN) Bluetooth network topology contain 2 to 8 BluetoothPiconet (PAN), Bluetooth network topology, contain 2 to 8 Bluetooth devices

• Slower, limited range, supports fewer devices

Page 34: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Infrared communicationInfrared communication

• Communicate via short range (up to 5m)Communicate via short range (up to 5m) wireless signals

• Mobile phone PDA notebook computer• Mobile phone, PDA, notebook computer• Computers transfer digital data bidirectionally( k d b h i d i(network adapters both transmit and receive data)

• Work only in direct “line of sight”

Page 35: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning System• Satellite based navigation system• Used for survey, routing, charting, mapping , time distribution, identify 

weather condition national boarders vegetation areas and habitats trackweather condition, national boarders, vegetation areas and habitats, track vehicular traffic (using AVLS) and irrigation aspects, tourism, harvesting

• GPS is mainly integrated with GSM data network protocol to locate and update the data

• Distance measurement from different satellites to the receiver will give the user position

• GPS satellites are power by solar energy and backup battery• Transmission signals (L1 and L2) from GPS satellites are received at base• Transmission signals (L1 and L2) from GPS satellites are received at base 

stations• Signals contain pseudo random code (ID of the satellite), ephemeris data, 

and almanac data• Ephemeris data contain information about the status of satellite, current 

date and time. Essential to determine the position• Almanac data contain orbital information about all satellites in the system• GPS equipment manufactures: ASPL HAL BEL PTPL• GPS equipment manufactures: ASPL, HAL, BEL, PTPL• Enhancement of GPS technology is supported by DOE, DOS, DRDO, 

Ministry of Civil Aviation

Page 36: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Smart CardSmart Card• Stores and transacts (via reader) data between users• Greatly improve convenience and security of any 

transaction• Used is health care, banking, entertainment, creditUsed is health care, banking, entertainment, credit 

purchase and transportation• Loyalty and stored value: more convenient and safer than 

cash. Centrally locate and track all datacash. Centrally locate and track all data• Securing information and physical assets: Achieve greater 

security of services and equipment. E‐mail, digital video, and PC can be locked with smart cardsand PC can be locked with smart cards

• E‐commerce: smart cards for purchase, manage and control expenditures with automatic limits and reporting. Paying nominal costs without transaction feesnominal costs without transaction fees

Page 37: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

ExitData

ExitInformation

Knowledge

Vision

9/4/2013 8:16 AM ASC, Kannur 37

Page 38: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Subject directoriesSubject directories

• List of websites organised by subjectList of websites organised by subject• Provide search capabilityO i j 6 li k d• Open Directory Project: 4.6 M links and 5,90,000 subject categories

Types• Academic and professional directory: p yINFOMINE of University of California

• Commercial portal: Yahoo!Commercial portal: Yahoo!

Page 39: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

WIKISWIKIS

• A wiki is a collaborate website of manyA wiki  is a collaborate website of many authors

• The first wiki is created by Ward Cunnigham in• The first wiki is created by Ward Cunnigham in 1995All di d l dif h• Allows anyone to edit, delete or modify the content

• E.g: Wikipedia ‐> online encyclopedia

Page 40: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Instant MessagingInstant Messaging

• IM is a collection of technologies used for real gtime communication between two or more participants over Internet or other networks

• View talk and send message• View, talk and send message• Save text conversation• Yahoo! Google and MSN provide IM services• Yahoo!, Google, and MSN provide IM services• Features of IM programs: IM, chat, web links (share links), Video (send and view video), images ( ), ( ), g(view the image stored on your friend’s computer), sounds (play sounds for your friends), files (share files)files (share files)

Page 41: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

PodcastsPodcasts 

• A show broken up into episodes (audio orA show broken up into episodes (audio or video clip) and broadcast over the web

• Accessible in iPod iPhone and computers• Accessible in iPod, iPhone and computers• News, comedy show, music, sports• Allows individuals to publish (podcast) radio shows

• Procedure: Install Apple’s iTunes and download podcasts in iTunesp

Page 42: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

WebcastWebcast 

• Distribution of media files (live or recorded) st but o o ed a es ( e o eco ded)through Internet (like TV broadcasting)

• Transmission of audio and video content, but cannot download

• World Service of BBC (live), Fox television of USA (on‐demand: users can choose from a server)

• News, weather, seminar, product launches, t i itraining

• Users can upload their own webcasts

Page 43: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

WeblogWeblog 

• It is a blog (publically accessible personal journal)g (p y p j )• Interactive• slashdot.org: Discussion on money, Quake ( )(game), Netscape, Sun Microsystems, hardware, and Linux

• Robot Wisdom Log (daily highlights from other• Robot Wisdom Log (daily highlights from other websites), librarian.net

• Video blog: A video blog postg g p• Create a video, upload it to Internet and publish it within a post on your blog

Page 44: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Academic WebsitesAcademic Websites• Central university, state university, deemed university, national 

i tit t t t i tit t h i tit tinstitute, state institute, research institute• UGC (1956): directs higher education in India• An autonomous advisory organisation for the promotion and 

coordination of university education and maintenance of standardscoordination of university education and maintenance of standards• Financial assistance from UGC• citeulike.org: everyone’s library

h l l• scholar.google.com• academicearth.org: free access to video courses and academic 

lectures• sciencedirect com• sciencedirect.com• iitkgp.ernet.in• iitd.ernet.in• annamalai ac in• annamalai.ac.in

Page 45: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…• infomine.ucr.edu: electronic journals and books• plato.stanford.edu: encyclopedia of philosophy• doaj.org: directory of open access journals• jstor.org: multidiscipline journal articles• ignou.ac.in• iisc.ernet.in• iitk.ac.in• isibang.ac.in: Statistical Quality Control unit (1956), Documentation 

Research and training Centre (1962), and ISI by Mahalanobis• du.ac.in: University of Delhi• amu.ac.in: Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College (1875) ‐> affiliated 

to Calcutta University ‐> Allahabad University (1885) ‐> AMU (1920), Central University

• 5 High Schools + 2 HSS• 5 High Schools + 2 HSS

Page 46: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

PLAGIARISMPLAGIARISM

• Unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and theauthor and the representation of them as one’s own original work

• Using others ideas and words without clearly acknowledging (citing) theacknowledging (citing) the source of that information

Page 47: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

81 DISCRETE CURVE EVOLUTION BASED SKELETON PRUNING FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITION doesn't shrink the remaining branches. Further, it completely eliminated all unimportant branches and still preserve all main structure. Moreover, the skeletons produced are in accordance with human perception. TItismethod is easy to implement and can be computed efficiently. REFERENCESREFERENCES [1] Robi Polikar, "Pattern Recognition", http:// users.rowan.edu!‐polikar. r2] Rafael C. Gonzalez, and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Pearson Education, India, 2003. [3] Xiang Bai, Longin Jan Latecki, and Wen‐Yu Liu, "Skeleton Pruning by Contour Partioning with Discrete Curve Evolution", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society 449‐461 March 2007Computer Society, 449 461, March 2007. [4] Simon Marinai, Marco Gori, and Giovanni Soda, "Artificial Neural Networks for Document Analysis and Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society, J 200January 2005. [5] C. K. Lee, and S. P. Wong, "A Mathematical Morphological Approach for Segmenting Heavily Noise Corrupted Images", Pattern Recognition, 1996. [6] Peter I. Rockett, "An Improved Rotation‐Invariant Thinning Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Pattem Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society, October 2005. 

Page 48: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Use of IT in Teaching and Learning• Replace labs/practical with virtual lab• Learn, analyse, synthesize new information, and solve problems and 

ktasks• IT is derived from mathematics, logic, linguistics, psychology, computer 

technology, graphic arts, management, …IT i li t l i ti i l i t t k t llit• IT implies telecommunication involving computers, networks, satellite, telephone, radio, TV, …

Technology in education encompasses…• Media and audio visual communication: Radio educational TV (Gyan• Media and audio visual communication: Radio, educational TV (Gyan

Darshan)• Vocational training tools: Computer based training, CAD• Computer based systems: Computer Assisted InstructionComputer based systems: Computer Assisted Instruction• Internet/web based education• Smart institutions use IT to integrate senses and thoughts with feelings 

and actionsand actions• The use of IT can engage learners in the four step process – watching, 

thinking, feeling, doing• Virtual classroom is a learning environment created in the virtual spaceg p• The objective is to improve access to advanced educational experiences 

by allowing students and instructors to participate in remote learning communities using computers

Page 49: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

ApplicationsApplications• Digital devices: camera, scanner, digital black board, electronic pen, 

touch screenl l b h l l d• Online materials: Database – intschool‐leipzig.com, discovery.com, 

nationalgeographic.com• Journals: rsc.org, journals.cambridge,org, ieee.org, springerlink.com

S ft lib i Di it l lib i b k i t ti CD• Software libraries or Digital libraries: e‐books, interactive CDs, teaching tools

• chemsoc.org, library.thinkquest.org, iisc.ernet.in, Nalanda• Interaction patterns: Teacher Parent interaction Teacher Teacher• Interaction patterns: Teacher‐Parent interaction, Teacher‐Teacher 

interaction (yahoo.com, teachingideas.com, innovativeteaching.com), Teacher‐Student interaction, Student‐Student interaction

• Website: College website, Distance education• Role of a teacher is changed from an instructor to a facilitator and 

creator of a learning environment• Audio‐visuals and animations: video conferencing, VR, slides, 

samples, films, transparencies, video tapes, tape recordings, demonstrations, course guides, course maps, web pages, CD ROM

Page 50: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…• Multimedia: animation, interactive simulation, VR, and web serving• Display images/data in the form of diagrams, photographs, video, 

audioaudio• LCD presentation• PDA: wireless device used as e‐learning tool

A i f ti ti h• Access information anytime, anywhere• Online testing• Community resources: Asynchronous communication – exchange 

take place in a delayed format presentation discussion peertake place in a delayed format – presentation, discussion, peer review, debates, seminar, message board, bulletin board, e‐mail, listing server, simulation, feedback on assignments, forums

• Synchronous interactive environment – exchange take place in real y g ptime – instant messengers, chat rooms, MOO, online lectures, live demonstrations

• Individualised instruction: Programmed instruction models are f l t l t th i l d i i di t f db kuseful to learn at their own place and give immediate feedback

Page 51: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Educational SoftwareEducational Software• For teaching or self learning• Online education, test preparation softwareObjectives• Strengthening subject matter competence• Provide drill and practice activities• Provide drill and practice activities• Enhancing logical thinking and problem solving skills• Enrich research and writing activities• Simulate complex or dangerous processesSimulate complex or dangerous processes• Learning beyond the scope of classroom activitiesThe effectiveness of educational software depends on its …• Value: Evaluation results, awards won, testimonials from users, ,• Viability: Software is used by many people for a long time, and they feel 

that the investment is justifiable• Make interest on next generation of the software

S A f h i l bl d i bl b id d• Success: A software that is valuable and viable can be considered successful

Page 52: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Academic ServicesAcademic Services• NICNET: satellite based nation wide computer 

communication network setup by NICcommunication network setup by NIC• NIC provides solution to information management and 

decision support requirements of Govt. and Corporate tsector

• NICENET: nicenet.org• ICT approach to communication among class groups or for 

subjects and topics• Teachers provide reading materials, annotated links to 

selected websites, and information about assignments, gseminars

• Students can submit the homework and links to the web• Everyone can participate in discussion forumsEveryone can participate in discussion forums• BRNET: website for biological and bio‐resource information

Page 53: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…

• INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network): ( y )1996, an autonomous interuniversity centre of UGC at Gujarat University, Ahamadabad

• Serves as information centre for transfer and• Serves as information centre for transfer and access of information, modernization of libraries, supporting scholarships

• Connecting libraries in 264 universities, colleges and R & D institutionsObj i i d bli h• Objective is to promote and establish communication facilities to improve capability in information access and transfer

Page 54: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

FunctionsFunctions • Promote and implement computerisation of operations and 

services in libraries and information centres of the country• Evolve standards and uniform guidelines in techniques methods• Evolve standards and uniform guidelines in techniques, methods, 

procedures, computer hardware and software, services and promote their adoption in actual practice by all libraries

• Evolve a national network interconnecting various libraries andEvolve a national network interconnecting various libraries and information centres in the country and to improve capability in information handling and service

• Provide reliable access to document collection of libraries by i li i l f i l b k icreating online union catalogue of serials, books, manuscripts, 

audio‐visuals, ...• Provide access to bibliographic information sources with citations, 

abstractsabstracts, …• Develop new methods and techniques for archival of valuable 

information available as manuscripts and information documents in different Indian languages

• Generate revenue by providing consultancies and information services

Page 55: General Informatics - Prajyothi Niketan Collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/General Informatics.pdfsales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata Tl iTeleservices,

Cont…Cont…• Optimise information resource utilization through shared 

cataloguing, interlibrary loan service, catalogue productionbl h h l h b k• Enable the users to have access to serials, theses, books, …

• Create databases of projects, institutions, specialists, …• Create and promote R&D and other facilities and technical positions• Encourage cooperation among libraries, documentation centres and 

information centres in the country• Collaborate with institution, libraries, information centres and other 

organisations in India and abroadorganisations in India and abroad• Train and develop human resource in computerised library 

operation and networking• Facilitate academic communication among scientists engineers• Facilitate academic communication among scientists, engineers, 

faculties, researchers, students, …• Undertake system design and studies in communication, computer 

networking, information handling and managementg g g• Establish appropriate control and monitoring system for 

communication network and organise maintenance