general informatics - prajyothi niketan collegeprajyotiniketan.edu.in/files/content/general...
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General InformaticsGeneral Informatics
Dr Binu P ChackoAssociate Professor
Department of Computer ScienceDepartment of Computer SciencePrajyoti Niketan College, Pudukad, Thrissur
Information TechnologyInformation Technology• Informa on←informa que (French) & informatika (Russian)• IT is a science of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting
information• IT is in scientific, technological and engineering disciples and
management techniques (UNESCO)management techniques (UNESCO)• The value of information lies in its ability to affect behaviour,
decision or outcome• A piece of information is valueless if things remain unchanged• A piece of information is valueless, if things remain unchanged• Identification of information needs is essential for the design of any
information system• Information needs arises from the lack of self sufficiency to carryInformation needs arises from the lack of self sufficiency to carry
out day‐to‐day activities• A need is specific and time bound• Adopt various information gathering tools/methodsp g g /
Information NeedInformation NeedFour levels• Conscious and unconscious need for information – ideal question• Conscious mental description of ill‐defined area in decision. Talk
someone else in the field to get an answerh f l f h• A researcher forms rational statement of his question
• The questions as presented to the information systemDepends on• Work activity• Disciple/field/area of interest• Availability of facilities• Hierarchical position of individuals• Motivation factors for information needs• Need to take a decision, seek new ideas, validate correct ones,
make professional contributions, establish priority for discovery, etc.
Cont…Cont…
Step‐by‐step procedure to studyp y p p y• Study of subjects of interest to the organisation/users
• Study of organisation and its environment• Study of immediate environment of usersSt d f th• Study of the users
• Formal interview• Identification and recording of information needs• Identification and recording of information needs• Analysis and refinement of identified information needs
Major TechnologiesMajor Technologies
• Processor, memory and IO channelsProcessor, memory and IO channels• Micro, mini and large scale computers• Mass storage technologies• Mass storage technologies• Data communication, networking and distributed processingdistributed processing
• Data entry, display respondS ft• Software
These technologies are grouped into three…..
Major AreasMajor AreasComputer technology• Developments in this field include mini, micro, personnel, portable
and super computers, robots, microchip technology, AI, software developments, CD‐ROM technology, machine readable database, etcetc.
Communication technology• Audio technology: AM receivers/FM receivers• Audio‐Visual technology: motion pictures television video disc• Audio‐Visual technology: motion pictures, television, video disc• Video disc technology offers high quality storage, image stability
and speed• Fax: boosted by the methods of data compressionFax: boosted by the methods of data compression• Technology based on micro facsimile‐satellite communication and
fiber optics increased the speed• E‐mail
Cont…Cont…Reprographic, micrographic and printing technologies• Reprographic machines provide photocopy of documents• Micro forms: microfilm, microfiche, ultra fiche, micro
opaque, cardsopaque, cards• Microfilm (100 feet roll with 35mm width): A continuous
strip of film with images arranged in sequence• Microfiche: flat film having large number of images• Microfiche: flat film having large number of images
arranged in rows and columns. 4”x6” microfiche accommodate 98 pages
• Printing technology: line printer dot matrix printer laser• Printing technology: line printer, dot matrix printer, laser printer
InternetInternet • Exponential growth of Internet users and services provided• Significant effect on how, when, where and why people
work• Influence on educated, skilled and ambitious peopleInfluence on educated, skilled and ambitious people• Structuring orgnisation and providing new possibilities for
performing work• Offers knowledge and skills• Offers knowledge and skills• Offers access to latest scientific and technological
innovationsS h bl d t b f b ili• Searchable database of web pages, newsgroups, mailing lists, online courses, forums, etc.
• Use of intranet as internal information system of a company
ARPANETDec 1969
#2 #4
SDS 940
#2SRI
#4UTAH
IBM 360
#3 UCSB
PDP10
#1UCLA
Sigma7
Internet 1999Internet 1999
Internet 2008Internet 2008
542 Million Hosts542 Million Hosts(ISC Jan 2008)
1,464 Million Users(InternetWorldStats.com,(InternetWorldStats.com,
June 30, 2008)
(approx. 3.5 B mobiles and 1 Billion PCs)
Internet 2012Internet 2012
IT ApplicationsIT Applications• ICT for faster and better communication, efficient storage,
retrieval and processing of data, and exchange and utilization of information to its users
• Growing computerization and increasing Internet connectivity
Use of ICT for Govt. agencies:• Exchange of information with citizens, businesses, or otherExchange of information with citizens, businesses, or other
Govt. Dept.• Efficient and quick delivery of public services• Improve quality of service and internal efficiency• Improve quality of service and internal efficiency• Reduce cost and increase revenue• Restructuring of administrative processes
E‐GovernanceE Governance• Application of ICT (WAN, Internet and mobile computing) to the
f G t f ti iprocesses of Govt. functioning• Connected with the development of computer technology,
networking of computers and communication systems• Less corruption increased transparency greater convenience• Less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience,
improve citizen‐Govt. interactions• Performance of governance via electronic mediumStagesStages• Computerization: word processing, data processing• Networking• Online presence: websites contained information about• Online presence: websites contained information about
organization structure, contact details, reports and publications, objectives and vision statement
• Online interactivity: communication channel between Govt. entities yand citizens, civil society organizations, etc.
Types of InteractionsTypes of Interactions• G2G: ICT is used to restructure Govt. processes and to increase the
fl f i f ti d i ithi d b t diff tflow of information and services within and between different entities
• This interaction can be both horizontal (between different Govt. agencies) or vertical (between national provisional and local Govtagencies) or vertical (between national, provisional and local Govt. agencies)
• G2C: Enables the citizens to benefit from efficient delivery of a large range of public services
• When, where and how to interact with the Govt. by citizens• G2B: Objective is to cut red tape, save time, reduce operational
costs and to create a more transparent business environment• G2B initiatives can be transactional (licensing, permits,
procurement and revenue collection), and promotional and facilitative (trade, tourism and investment)
• G2E ICT tools are used for fast and efficient interaction with the• G2E: ICT tools are used for fast and efficient interaction with the employees and to increase their level of satisfaction
BenefitsBenefits • Better access to information and quality services for citizens: Timely
d li bl i f ti i t f (fand reliable information on various aspects of governance (forms, laws, rules, procedures, reports, public database, decision making processes)
• Online and one‐point accessibility of public services – savings inOnline and one point accessibility of public services savings in time, effort and money
• Simplicity, efficiency and accountability in the Govt.: Simplification of complicated processes, avoiding of unwanted processes, simplification in structures and changes in statues and regulations, enhanced productivity and decision making capabilities, and increased efficiency across Govt.
• Expanded reach of governance: Expansion of telephone network• Expanded reach of governance: Expansion of telephone network, rapid strides in mobile telephony, spread of internet and strengthening of other communication infrastructure would facilitate delivery of a large number of services provided by the Govt.
E‐Governance InitiativesE Governance Initiatives• FRIENDS (part of Kerala State IT Mission): Fast, Reliable, Instant,
Effi i t N t k f Di b t f S i h dl 1000 tEfficient Network for Disbursement of Services handle 1000 types of bill payments (electricity, water, revenue taxes, license fees, motor vehicle taxes, university fees, etc.)
• BHOOMI: designed by NIC BangaloreBHOOMI: designed by NIC, Bangalore• Dept. of Revenue (Karnataka) has computerized 20 million records
of land ownership. Now RTC is available in land records kiosks• E‐seva: launched on 25/8/2001 (Andra Predesh)E seva: launched on 25/8/2001 (Andra Predesh)• 118 services – payment of bills/taxes, registration of birth/death,
application for passport, issue of birth/death certificates, filing of sales tax return, trade licenses of MCH, payments of Tata T l i R li l f Ai l M i dTeleservices, Reliance, sale of Airtel Magic cards
• CARD (Andra Pradesh, 1998): Computer‐aided Administration of Registration Dept. is designed for electronic delivery of all registration servicesregistration services
• Great benefit for rural farming community
Cont…Cont…• Gyandoot (Madhya Pradesh, 2000): low cost, self sustainable, and
it d l I t t tcommunity owned rural Intranet system• User interface in Hindi• Services – agricultural information, market information, health,
education women’s issues applications for serviceseducation, women s issues, applications for services• Vidya Vahini: Provides facilities for content development, content
deployment and collaboration • provides opportunity for schools teachers and students all across• provides opportunity for schools, teachers and students all across
the nation to express and share their creative and academic potential via internet
• TARAhaat (.com): A commercial model for bringing relevant ( ) g ginformation, products and services via internet to the rural market of India
• Units: TARAdhaba, TARAbazar, TARAvan, TARAdak, TARAguru, TARAvendor TARAcard TARAscouts/TARAreporterTARAvendor, TARAcard, TARAscouts/TARAreporter
Cont…Cont…• DRISHTEE (connecting India village by village): Provides information
b t d t d ti d h lth i k t dabout and access to education and health services, market, and private information exchange and transactions
• An organizational platform for developing IT enabled services• Facilitates communication and information interchange within a• Facilitates communication and information interchange within a
localized intranet between villages and a district centre• Aim: Window to world for Indian villagers• 50000 Drishtee kiosks provide employment opportunities and help• 50000 Drishtee kiosks provide employment opportunities and help
in rural‐urban migration• Services: Avedan, land records, Gram Daak, Gram Haat (Virtual
market place), Vaivahiki, Shikayat (online grievance redressal), p ), , y ( g ),Mandi information system
• Akshaya: e‐centres (with internet connectivity) for e‐literacy campaign
IT for National Integration• IT is a tool through which development and progress can take place …..
and thereby national integration• Administration uses the power of IT for the betterment of citizens keeping
the national objectives• LAN, WAN and internet connection are useful for speedy and cost effective
transfer of informationtransfer of information• IT helps the Govt. for speedier and better decision making• Improve the quality of citizen‐Govt. interface by introducing administrative
reforms integrated with IT• Create a knowledge based society through the use of IT• IT will be used to increase quality, reduce cost and improve overall
efficiency and effectiveness in Govt.P it t h l f i f ti ith t th t i t f• Permits access to huge volume of information without the constraints of time and distance
• The use of email will help in the transition to e‐Govt.• Accountability: Design the information systems with a view to asses the y g y
performance of each functionary• Ensure computer literacy in all Govt. recruitments• NIC is an IT organization for informatics development and networking in
Govt organizationsGovt. organizations• Working in ground level planning, monitoring, transfer of files and
information• Developed databases in various subjects
IT for Health CareIT for Health Care• To improve quality, safety and efficiency in health care• Electronics health record (EHR): An e‐file cabinet for patient data• Integrating text, voice, images, handwritten notes, etc.• Computerized provider order entry (CPOE): A medication ordering
d f lf lland fulfillment system• Also include lab orders, radiology studies, procedures, discharges,
transfers, and referralsCli i l d i i t t (CDSS) id l ti• Clinical decision support system (CDSS): provides real time diagnostic and treatment recommendations to physicians and nurses
• May be used as part of CPOE and EHRMay be used as part of CPOE and EHR• Picture archiving and communications system (PACS): Captures and
integrates diagnostic and radiological images from various devices (X‐ray, MRI, CT scan), stores them, and disseminates them to a medical record, a clinical data repository, or other points of care
Cont…Cont…• Bar coding: An optical scanner is used to electronically capture
i f ti d d d tinformation encoded on a product• Radio frequency identification (RFID): Tracks patients throughout
the hospital, and links lab and medication tracking through a wireless communications systemwireless communications system
• Automated dispensing machine (ADM): Distributes medication doses
• Electronic materials management (EMM): To track and manageElectronic materials management (EMM): To track and manage inventory of medical supplies, pharmaceuticals, and other materials
• Interoperability: Refers to electronic communication among organizations so that the data in one IT system can be incorporated i hinto another
• Focus on development of standards for content and messaging, and development of adequate security and privacy safeguards
IT ApplicationsIT Applications• Stock control: place orders electronically once production schedules
h b t f th t i dhave been set for the next period• Able to check stock levels on a real time basis• CAD/CAM: Designing and virtual testing of products (3D images) on
computerscomputers• Benefits: improved quality, reduced wastage, faster production, less
reliance on labour• Project management: Project planning software (Microsoft Project)• Project management: Project planning software (Microsoft Project)
will produce an optimized work schedule and regular reports for project managers
• MRP/ERP: computer systems that manage the whole company and / p y g p ydraw together all aspects of its operations and administration
• Integrate existing systems to allow them to talk to one another by exchanging data
Electronic Data Interchange• Electronic exchange of business documents (invoice purchase• Electronic exchange of business documents (invoice, purchase
order) in a standard, computer processable, and universally accepted format between trading partners
• Exchange business information cheaply, faster and accuratelyc a ge bus ess o at o c eap y, aste a d accu ate y• Used in manufacturing, shopping, warehousing, pharmaceuticals,
constructions, petroleum, banking, insurance, retailing, Govt. etc.• ASC: developed standards for American businessp• UN/EDIFACT: a standard for international tradeBenefits• Cost of processing EDI documents is less than that of paper p g p p
documents• Customer relations are improved through better quality and speed
of service• Business relations with trading partners can be maintained and
improved• Information system can be managed more efficiently and effectively
D i d l h d i i i d h• Data is entered only at the source, and it is transmitted to other computers
• EDI permits faster and accurate filling and exchange of orders
DrawbacksDrawbacks
• Costly to develop and operate• Limited accessibility: EDI applications don’t allow consumers to
communicate and transact with suppliers in an easy and direct wayd h hl d l d /• Rigid requirements: highly structured protocols and s/w
• Rigid agreements about the structure and meaning of data. These agreements are time consuming to negotiate, rigid, and difficult to follow This restricts new and small companies to experiment EDIfollow. This restricts new and small companies to experiment EDI
• Suggest only partial solutions in transacting process if there is a time gap between placing order for products and final settlement of bills
• The scope of EDI applications is very limited, whereas www is easier for organizations to enter into open web related market place
Mobile ComputingMobile Computing• Laptop, notebook, palmtop, PDA, tabletTypes of wireless access• WiFi: uses radio waves to broadcast an Internet signal from a
wireless router to the immediate surrounding area“h ” bl l• To create “hotspots” in public places
• Cellular broadband provides Internet access to cell phones and PDAsWiM (Wi l I t bilit f Mi A )• WiMax (Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access) can transmit data up to a distance of 48 km
• Provides high band width and data security• Provides service in both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non Line of Sight• Provides service in both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non‐Line of Sight
(NLOS)• Supports several communication protocols• Satellite based networking provides wireless connectivity anywhereSatellite based networking provides wireless connectivity anywhere
in the world
ApplicationsApplications • Emergency services: Information regarding address, type
and other details of an incident can be dispatched quickly• Useful to executives: Access latest market share
information• Stock information collation/control: Access databases to
know about the stock• Credit card verification: Verify the card usage quickly andCredit card verification: Verify the card usage quickly and
securely over cellular channels• For legal purpose: Real time access to online legal database
servicesservices• For real estate agents• Taxi/Truck dispatch
E il/P i• E‐mail/Paging
Short message service (SMS)Short message service (SMS)• SMS stores in a central short message centre (SMC)• 160 charactersApplications• Exchange small messages, balance enquiry, mobile chatting• Any message in the user email is converted to short message and
delivered to the mobileS d il i SMS• Send email messages via SMS
• Information services like news, weather, entertainment, stock prices, etc.• Notify users regarding new voice‐mail or fax messages• Alternative to paging services• Alternative to paging services• SIM‐toolkit, Internet email alerts, download ring tonesLimitations• Send only text messagesy g• Messages are limited by size• Uncomfortable due to the limitations of input mechanisms in mobile
devices• Need to implement different interfaces due to the use of many proprietary
protocols• Low data rate and high latency
Multimedia message service (MMS)Multimedia message service (MMS)
• Delivers messages containing text, image, audio and video• Unlimited size• View MMS through Internet• Animations and graphic presentations of stock quotes, sports news,
hweather reports, etc.Mobile streams• General Packet Radio Services (GPRS): MMS is similar to PPT• 3G network to enable streaming videoEnhanced messaging service (EMS)• An intermediate technology with capability in between SMS and
MMSMMS• Unlike MMS, EMS does not require upgrades to network
infrastructures
Cloud computingCloud computing
• Ability to use website services from mobileAbility to use website services from mobile computers
• Allows consumers and businesses to useAllows consumers and businesses to use applications without installation, and access their personal files at any computer with Internet access
• User system needs to run only the interface software (web browser)
• E.g. Yahoo, Gmail
DNA computingDNA computing• DNA computers (nanocomputers) are next generation
computers made up of genes building blocks• Introduced by Leonard Adleman in 1994• Similar to parallel computing – different molecules of DNASimilar to parallel computing different molecules of DNA
try different possibilities at once• Work through the use of DNA based logic gates (use DNA
codes as inputs)codes as inputs)• Uses DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology• Capable of solving complex mathematical equations and
large storage capacitylarge storage capacity• Low power consumption (Fuel: Adenosine Triphosphate)• Faster and smaller computer
Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages• Perform millions of operations simultaneously• Generate solutions and conduct large parallel searches• Handle large amounts of memory• Use of a distinct memory block that encodes bits• Use of a distinct memory block that encodes bits• Allows us to use the compliment of a memory block as
another memory block – doubling storage capacityI i it i d f bi l i l t i l• Inexpensive as it is made up of biological materials
• Generating solution sets may require large amounts of memory
• Many empirical uncertainties. For every correct answer there are millions of incorrect paths generated
• They are not programmabley p g
Wireless applicationsWireless applications• Transmitting signals over invisible radio waves• Door opener, TV remote, codeless Keyboard and mouse• Make phone call, get information from an ERP application• Sensors and embedded wireless controllers are used in appliances and
applicationsB fitBenefits• Remain connected with others regardless of location and without plugging
into anything• Save time and moneySave time and money• Conduct daily chores effortlessly via PDABluetooth• Herald Bluetooth was a king of Demark about 1000 years ago• Use of low power communications to wirelessly link phones, computers
and other network devices over short distances (up to 10m and speed less than 1MB/s)
• Piconet (PAN) Bluetooth network topology contain 2 to 8 BluetoothPiconet (PAN), Bluetooth network topology, contain 2 to 8 Bluetooth devices
• Slower, limited range, supports fewer devices
Infrared communicationInfrared communication
• Communicate via short range (up to 5m)Communicate via short range (up to 5m) wireless signals
• Mobile phone PDA notebook computer• Mobile phone, PDA, notebook computer• Computers transfer digital data bidirectionally( k d b h i d i(network adapters both transmit and receive data)
• Work only in direct “line of sight”
Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning System• Satellite based navigation system• Used for survey, routing, charting, mapping , time distribution, identify
weather condition national boarders vegetation areas and habitats trackweather condition, national boarders, vegetation areas and habitats, track vehicular traffic (using AVLS) and irrigation aspects, tourism, harvesting
• GPS is mainly integrated with GSM data network protocol to locate and update the data
• Distance measurement from different satellites to the receiver will give the user position
• GPS satellites are power by solar energy and backup battery• Transmission signals (L1 and L2) from GPS satellites are received at base• Transmission signals (L1 and L2) from GPS satellites are received at base
stations• Signals contain pseudo random code (ID of the satellite), ephemeris data,
and almanac data• Ephemeris data contain information about the status of satellite, current
date and time. Essential to determine the position• Almanac data contain orbital information about all satellites in the system• GPS equipment manufactures: ASPL HAL BEL PTPL• GPS equipment manufactures: ASPL, HAL, BEL, PTPL• Enhancement of GPS technology is supported by DOE, DOS, DRDO,
Ministry of Civil Aviation
Smart CardSmart Card• Stores and transacts (via reader) data between users• Greatly improve convenience and security of any
transaction• Used is health care, banking, entertainment, creditUsed is health care, banking, entertainment, credit
purchase and transportation• Loyalty and stored value: more convenient and safer than
cash. Centrally locate and track all datacash. Centrally locate and track all data• Securing information and physical assets: Achieve greater
security of services and equipment. E‐mail, digital video, and PC can be locked with smart cardsand PC can be locked with smart cards
• E‐commerce: smart cards for purchase, manage and control expenditures with automatic limits and reporting. Paying nominal costs without transaction feesnominal costs without transaction fees
ExitData
ExitInformation
Knowledge
Vision
9/4/2013 8:16 AM ASC, Kannur 37
Subject directoriesSubject directories
• List of websites organised by subjectList of websites organised by subject• Provide search capabilityO i j 6 li k d• Open Directory Project: 4.6 M links and 5,90,000 subject categories
Types• Academic and professional directory: p yINFOMINE of University of California
• Commercial portal: Yahoo!Commercial portal: Yahoo!
WIKISWIKIS
• A wiki is a collaborate website of manyA wiki is a collaborate website of many authors
• The first wiki is created by Ward Cunnigham in• The first wiki is created by Ward Cunnigham in 1995All di d l dif h• Allows anyone to edit, delete or modify the content
• E.g: Wikipedia ‐> online encyclopedia
Instant MessagingInstant Messaging
• IM is a collection of technologies used for real gtime communication between two or more participants over Internet or other networks
• View talk and send message• View, talk and send message• Save text conversation• Yahoo! Google and MSN provide IM services• Yahoo!, Google, and MSN provide IM services• Features of IM programs: IM, chat, web links (share links), Video (send and view video), images ( ), ( ), g(view the image stored on your friend’s computer), sounds (play sounds for your friends), files (share files)files (share files)
PodcastsPodcasts
• A show broken up into episodes (audio orA show broken up into episodes (audio or video clip) and broadcast over the web
• Accessible in iPod iPhone and computers• Accessible in iPod, iPhone and computers• News, comedy show, music, sports• Allows individuals to publish (podcast) radio shows
• Procedure: Install Apple’s iTunes and download podcasts in iTunesp
WebcastWebcast
• Distribution of media files (live or recorded) st but o o ed a es ( e o eco ded)through Internet (like TV broadcasting)
• Transmission of audio and video content, but cannot download
• World Service of BBC (live), Fox television of USA (on‐demand: users can choose from a server)
• News, weather, seminar, product launches, t i itraining
• Users can upload their own webcasts
WeblogWeblog
• It is a blog (publically accessible personal journal)g (p y p j )• Interactive• slashdot.org: Discussion on money, Quake ( )(game), Netscape, Sun Microsystems, hardware, and Linux
• Robot Wisdom Log (daily highlights from other• Robot Wisdom Log (daily highlights from other websites), librarian.net
• Video blog: A video blog postg g p• Create a video, upload it to Internet and publish it within a post on your blog
Academic WebsitesAcademic Websites• Central university, state university, deemed university, national
i tit t t t i tit t h i tit tinstitute, state institute, research institute• UGC (1956): directs higher education in India• An autonomous advisory organisation for the promotion and
coordination of university education and maintenance of standardscoordination of university education and maintenance of standards• Financial assistance from UGC• citeulike.org: everyone’s library
h l l• scholar.google.com• academicearth.org: free access to video courses and academic
lectures• sciencedirect com• sciencedirect.com• iitkgp.ernet.in• iitd.ernet.in• annamalai ac in• annamalai.ac.in
Cont…Cont…• infomine.ucr.edu: electronic journals and books• plato.stanford.edu: encyclopedia of philosophy• doaj.org: directory of open access journals• jstor.org: multidiscipline journal articles• ignou.ac.in• iisc.ernet.in• iitk.ac.in• isibang.ac.in: Statistical Quality Control unit (1956), Documentation
Research and training Centre (1962), and ISI by Mahalanobis• du.ac.in: University of Delhi• amu.ac.in: Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College (1875) ‐> affiliated
to Calcutta University ‐> Allahabad University (1885) ‐> AMU (1920), Central University
• 5 High Schools + 2 HSS• 5 High Schools + 2 HSS
PLAGIARISMPLAGIARISM
• Unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and theauthor and the representation of them as one’s own original work
• Using others ideas and words without clearly acknowledging (citing) theacknowledging (citing) the source of that information
81 DISCRETE CURVE EVOLUTION BASED SKELETON PRUNING FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITION doesn't shrink the remaining branches. Further, it completely eliminated all unimportant branches and still preserve all main structure. Moreover, the skeletons produced are in accordance with human perception. TItismethod is easy to implement and can be computed efficiently. REFERENCESREFERENCES [1] Robi Polikar, "Pattern Recognition", http:// users.rowan.edu!‐polikar. r2] Rafael C. Gonzalez, and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Pearson Education, India, 2003. [3] Xiang Bai, Longin Jan Latecki, and Wen‐Yu Liu, "Skeleton Pruning by Contour Partioning with Discrete Curve Evolution", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society 449‐461 March 2007Computer Society, 449 461, March 2007. [4] Simon Marinai, Marco Gori, and Giovanni Soda, "Artificial Neural Networks for Document Analysis and Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society, J 200January 2005. [5] C. K. Lee, and S. P. Wong, "A Mathematical Morphological Approach for Segmenting Heavily Noise Corrupted Images", Pattern Recognition, 1996. [6] Peter I. Rockett, "An Improved Rotation‐Invariant Thinning Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Pattem Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society, October 2005.
Use of IT in Teaching and Learning• Replace labs/practical with virtual lab• Learn, analyse, synthesize new information, and solve problems and
ktasks• IT is derived from mathematics, logic, linguistics, psychology, computer
technology, graphic arts, management, …IT i li t l i ti i l i t t k t llit• IT implies telecommunication involving computers, networks, satellite, telephone, radio, TV, …
Technology in education encompasses…• Media and audio visual communication: Radio educational TV (Gyan• Media and audio visual communication: Radio, educational TV (Gyan
Darshan)• Vocational training tools: Computer based training, CAD• Computer based systems: Computer Assisted InstructionComputer based systems: Computer Assisted Instruction• Internet/web based education• Smart institutions use IT to integrate senses and thoughts with feelings
and actionsand actions• The use of IT can engage learners in the four step process – watching,
thinking, feeling, doing• Virtual classroom is a learning environment created in the virtual spaceg p• The objective is to improve access to advanced educational experiences
by allowing students and instructors to participate in remote learning communities using computers
ApplicationsApplications• Digital devices: camera, scanner, digital black board, electronic pen,
touch screenl l b h l l d• Online materials: Database – intschool‐leipzig.com, discovery.com,
nationalgeographic.com• Journals: rsc.org, journals.cambridge,org, ieee.org, springerlink.com
S ft lib i Di it l lib i b k i t ti CD• Software libraries or Digital libraries: e‐books, interactive CDs, teaching tools
• chemsoc.org, library.thinkquest.org, iisc.ernet.in, Nalanda• Interaction patterns: Teacher Parent interaction Teacher Teacher• Interaction patterns: Teacher‐Parent interaction, Teacher‐Teacher
interaction (yahoo.com, teachingideas.com, innovativeteaching.com), Teacher‐Student interaction, Student‐Student interaction
• Website: College website, Distance education• Role of a teacher is changed from an instructor to a facilitator and
creator of a learning environment• Audio‐visuals and animations: video conferencing, VR, slides,
samples, films, transparencies, video tapes, tape recordings, demonstrations, course guides, course maps, web pages, CD ROM
Cont…Cont…• Multimedia: animation, interactive simulation, VR, and web serving• Display images/data in the form of diagrams, photographs, video,
audioaudio• LCD presentation• PDA: wireless device used as e‐learning tool
A i f ti ti h• Access information anytime, anywhere• Online testing• Community resources: Asynchronous communication – exchange
take place in a delayed format presentation discussion peertake place in a delayed format – presentation, discussion, peer review, debates, seminar, message board, bulletin board, e‐mail, listing server, simulation, feedback on assignments, forums
• Synchronous interactive environment – exchange take place in real y g ptime – instant messengers, chat rooms, MOO, online lectures, live demonstrations
• Individualised instruction: Programmed instruction models are f l t l t th i l d i i di t f db kuseful to learn at their own place and give immediate feedback
Educational SoftwareEducational Software• For teaching or self learning• Online education, test preparation softwareObjectives• Strengthening subject matter competence• Provide drill and practice activities• Provide drill and practice activities• Enhancing logical thinking and problem solving skills• Enrich research and writing activities• Simulate complex or dangerous processesSimulate complex or dangerous processes• Learning beyond the scope of classroom activitiesThe effectiveness of educational software depends on its …• Value: Evaluation results, awards won, testimonials from users, ,• Viability: Software is used by many people for a long time, and they feel
that the investment is justifiable• Make interest on next generation of the software
S A f h i l bl d i bl b id d• Success: A software that is valuable and viable can be considered successful
Academic ServicesAcademic Services• NICNET: satellite based nation wide computer
communication network setup by NICcommunication network setup by NIC• NIC provides solution to information management and
decision support requirements of Govt. and Corporate tsector
• NICENET: nicenet.org• ICT approach to communication among class groups or for
subjects and topics• Teachers provide reading materials, annotated links to
selected websites, and information about assignments, gseminars
• Students can submit the homework and links to the web• Everyone can participate in discussion forumsEveryone can participate in discussion forums• BRNET: website for biological and bio‐resource information
Cont…Cont…
• INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network): ( y )1996, an autonomous interuniversity centre of UGC at Gujarat University, Ahamadabad
• Serves as information centre for transfer and• Serves as information centre for transfer and access of information, modernization of libraries, supporting scholarships
• Connecting libraries in 264 universities, colleges and R & D institutionsObj i i d bli h• Objective is to promote and establish communication facilities to improve capability in information access and transfer
FunctionsFunctions • Promote and implement computerisation of operations and
services in libraries and information centres of the country• Evolve standards and uniform guidelines in techniques methods• Evolve standards and uniform guidelines in techniques, methods,
procedures, computer hardware and software, services and promote their adoption in actual practice by all libraries
• Evolve a national network interconnecting various libraries andEvolve a national network interconnecting various libraries and information centres in the country and to improve capability in information handling and service
• Provide reliable access to document collection of libraries by i li i l f i l b k icreating online union catalogue of serials, books, manuscripts,
audio‐visuals, ...• Provide access to bibliographic information sources with citations,
abstractsabstracts, …• Develop new methods and techniques for archival of valuable
information available as manuscripts and information documents in different Indian languages
• Generate revenue by providing consultancies and information services
Cont…Cont…• Optimise information resource utilization through shared
cataloguing, interlibrary loan service, catalogue productionbl h h l h b k• Enable the users to have access to serials, theses, books, …
• Create databases of projects, institutions, specialists, …• Create and promote R&D and other facilities and technical positions• Encourage cooperation among libraries, documentation centres and
information centres in the country• Collaborate with institution, libraries, information centres and other
organisations in India and abroadorganisations in India and abroad• Train and develop human resource in computerised library
operation and networking• Facilitate academic communication among scientists engineers• Facilitate academic communication among scientists, engineers,
faculties, researchers, students, …• Undertake system design and studies in communication, computer
networking, information handling and managementg g g• Establish appropriate control and monitoring system for
communication network and organise maintenance