GENERAL CARGO VESSEL

-P.PALANI RAJESHWARM.TECH NA&OE

1604202008

TYPES OF CARGO• Break Bulk : It refers to packed goods in crates,

bags etc. For e.g. Rice bag, Grain bags etc.• Neo Bulk : It refers to pre packaged goods that are

counted as they are loaded and unloaded on ships that include heavy machinery.

STOWAGE FACTOR•  It indicates how many cubic meters one metric ton of a particular

type of cargo occupies in a hold.• The stowage factor also depends on the type of packaging, being the

lowest for unpackaged bulk cargo.• It’s unit is m3/t. Stowage factor of some of the cargo is as follows

CARGO STOWAGE FACTOR(m3/t)

FORM

Cement 2.85 Bag

Cotton Cloth 5.14 Case

Machinery 1.42 Crated

Spices 1.47 Bags

Tea 3.43 Case

STOWAGE/STORAGE ARRANGEMENTS ON SHIP

• Separation in vertical direction leads to arrangement of at least one tween deck .In earlier days ships employed in liner service would have more than one tween deck. But this leads to increased investment.

• Separation in longitudinal direction means subdivision into number of cargo holds. Today medium and large ships have three to five number of holds.

• For accessing the hold or tween deck spaces for loading and unloading cargo hatch openings are provided on all decks.

Fig 1:Tween Deck

TYPES OF HATCH COVERSSingle folding type/Multi folding type Hatch Cover: It is a pair consisting of two panels and is driven by a hydraulic cylinder. When the cylinder pushes the panels through the end hinge arm, the hatch cover is folded and moves along the rail at the same time and opened fully. The major advantage with this design is the large size of covers which means less panels are required. 

Fig 2:Multi Folding type Hatch Cover

TYPES OF HATCH COVERS

Multi Panel Lift away hatch cover type : It comprises several separate panels for each hatch opening. The  lift-away panels are operated  vessel’s cranes or shore side container cranes. The hatch cover panels can be stowed on top of adjacent covers which are placed on the quay or the ship’s deck. 

Fig 3:Multi Panel Lift Away type Hatch Cover

TWEEN DECK HATCH COVER

Fig 4:Folding Hatch cover

Fig 5:Lift Away Hatch cover

CARGO HANDLING ARRANGEMENT

• Generally vertical loading and unloading is adopted in general cargo vessels.• Some vessels do have

horizontal loading/unloading which is done by a forklift truck. The ship’s side doors must be above load waterline and must open such that the forklift truck should be able to move in and out of the ship freely.

Fig 6:Vessel Crane located on the side

CARGO HANDLING ARRANGEMENTS Contd..

• Mostly the cranes will be located along general cargo vessel’s centreline.• The crane boom should be of such length that it should

have an outreach of 4-5m beyond the ship side to pick up or unload cargo from quay side.• Fixed single slewing crane with twin arrangements

operated singly or coupled offer most flexibility in handling of cargo of widely varying weight.• A minimum arrangement would be one single crane for

two hatches.

POSITION OF CRANE

Fig 7:Crane located along ship’s centreline

Fig 8:Side arrangement of crane

SECURING OF CARGO ONBOARD OF SHIP

• Lashing: Items used for lashing include ropes, cables etc. These items are anchored to the deck and tensioned against the cargo.• D Ring: A D-ring is an item of hardware, usually

a tie-down metal ring shaped like the letter D used primarily as a lashing point.• Strapping: It is the process of applying a strap to

an item to combine, stabilize, hold, reinforce, or fasten it. The strap material can be steel, polypropylene, polyester etc.

SECURING OF CARGO ONBOARD OF SHIP

Fig 9:Softgoods strapped in bale

Fig 10:D Ring is used to secure cargo

Fig 11:Polyester lashing of cargo

MID SHIP SECTION OF GENERAL CARGO VESSEL

Fig 12:Midship Section of General Cargo Vessel

DANGEROUS GOODS• Dangerous goods mean the substances, materials

and articles covered by the IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous Goods).• These goods(including mixtures and solutions) are

divided into classes 1-9.Some classes are further divided into sub classes.• The numerical order of the classes and divisions is

not that of the degree of danger.

DANGEROUS GOODS CLASSIFICATION

GOODS CLASS REMARKS

Explosives 1 Has 6 subdivisions.

Gases 2 Has 3 subdivisions.

Flammable Liquids 3

Flammable Solids 4 Has 3 subdivisions.

Oxidising Substances/Organic Peroxides 5 Has 2 subdivisions.

Toxic Substances/Infectious Substances 6

Radioactive Material 7 Has 2 subdivisions.

Corrosive Substances 8

Misc Substances 9

ARRANGEMENTS TO NULLIFY FIRE WHILE CARRYING DANGEROUS GOODS

• In ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards engaged in the carriage of dangerous goods on deck or in cargo spaces, each cargo space shall be provided with a fixed carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing system.• In the case of solid dangerous bulk cargoes for which a

gas fire extinguishing system is ineffective, a system which gives equivalent protection shall be provided. It may be a water-spraying fire-extinguishing system.• Ships engaged in the carriage of dangerous goods shall

be additionally provided with three hoses and nozzles, located on the open deck.

ARRANGEMENTS TO CONTAIN TOXICITY WHILE CARRYING

DANGEROUS GOODS• When transporting a solid bulk cargo which is

liable to emit a toxic or flammable gas, or cause oxygen depletion in the cargo space, an appropriate instrument for measuring the concentration of gas or oxygen in the air.• Dangerous goods in solid form in bulk, which give

off dangerous vapours, shall be stowed in a well ventilated cargo space.