TUTORIAL WEEK 4 GENDER DISPARITIES

TUTORIAL WEEK 4GENDER DISPARITIESBy: Aurdie Sabrina Munirah bt Jamaluddin Nuramalina bt Zainal Abidin

DEFINITIONDisparity can be defined as lack of evenness or social disparity. It can also be defined as treating individuals unequally on the basis of their gender. It occurs from different socially assigned gender roles. (Inequality, 2012)The distinct roles and behaviour may give rise to gender inequalities

DISCRIMINATIONDiscrimination is due to gender roles assigned by the society to specific genders Example: women are not good in the tasks which demands physical strength For example: Armed forces, body building, weight lifting, and also which requires mental calculations such as mathematics, business and engineering etc.

TYPES OF DISCRIMINATIONDiscrimination at work place - Horizontal segregation - Vertical segregation - Glass ceiling - Statistical discrimination

Discrimination at home - Gender roles in parenting and marriage

DISCRIMINATION AT WORK PLACEDiscrimination is also present at work places, where equally qualified and skilled group of workers are paid more than the other group.

Women are considered not much skillful and competent person.

So when they are hired to any occupation people started to dislike it.

Men hesitate to enter in female dominated jobs, so they dont like women to enter in male dominated jobs. (Goldin, 2002)

Horizontal segregation

Occupational gender segregation occurs because men and women are thought to have different physical, emotional, and mental strengths.

These strengths make them different from each other.

Because of that manual work is given to males and non manual tasks are given to females. (Meulders, Plasman, Rigo, & ODorchai, 2010)

Vertical segregation

This segregation occurs because jobs which are considered to be prestigious, powerful, authoritative and offering high income are given to men where as women are excluded from holding such jobs. (Meulders, Plasman, Rigo, & ODorchai, 2010)

Since 1960s women are entering in different occupations in large numbers because of that each is associated with femininity or masculinity.

Certain jobs have become more inclined towards or against either gender.

Occupations like teaching, nursing, and librarians have become female-dominated and jobs such as architects, electrical engineers, and airplane pilots are male dominant.

GLASS CEILING A possible contributor of gender wage gap is Glass ceiling effect.

This effect suggests that it is difficult for women to achieve a higher position or ranking in different corporations and organizations because men are preferred to have those positions.

The term glass ceiling implies those unseen barriers which exist in the society and with hold women from advancing.

These glass ceiling effects are more in higher powered or higher income occupations, where very few women are holding these kinds of occupations.

This also indicates the limited chances of women for becoming a successful person.

Because of these reasons inequality of the glass ceiling is increasing day by day. (Lewis, 2012)

Statistical discrimination

This discrimination is also present in the workplaces.

Statistical discrimination indicates that employers like to hire men more than women because females are more likely than males to leave their jobs when they become married or pregnant.

So they are assigned with jobs which have low mobility.

The first woman who became a President

Sirimavo Bandaranaike (Ceylon) - 21 July 1960-27 March 1960 (4 years 249 days)

Eugenia Charles (Republic of Dominique) - 21 July 1980- 14 June 1995 (14 years 328 days)

Anneli Jaatteenmaki (Finland) - 17 April 2003 24 June 2003 (68 days)

Top 10 Worlds Billionaires1. Bill Gates (81.4 bilion)2. Carlos Slim Helu & family (74 billion)3. Warren Buffett (73.2 billion)4. Amancio Ortega (62.8 billion)5. Larry Ellison (54.6 billion)6. Christy Walton & family (42.5 billion)7. Jim Walton (41.6 billion)8. Charles Koch (41.3 billion)9. David Koch (41.3 billion)10. Alice Walton (40.2 billion)

Discrimination At home

Gender roles in parenting and marriage

Attempts in equalizing household workWomen are usually associated with house hold so they are expected to quit their jobs and look after their family. While men do the work (job). However, there are some women who choose to do work as well as to take care of their gender role for example cleaning the house and taking care of the family.Women are considered as primary care givers to their family even if they are doing a job. Studies show that working women give an 18 extra hours a week to do her household or childcare related activities. On the other hand men give only an average of 12 minutes a day in childcare chores. (Ellen G. Friedman, 2004)

Recommendations/Suggestions

Educating women equally as men.We should include women in the mainstream of the society that is we should not isolate her from the society.Employment should be increased for women.Women should actively participate in politics and social activities.We should arrange programs which condemn violence against women and promote social protection programs.Parents should not discriminate among their sons and daughters. We should aware parents in this regard.We should aware people to stop child abuse and violence.Activities like abortions should be stopped.Politicians should do something about the development of Social welfare for women.Educating women about technology.Women rights should be given to them.Giving those good positions and pays who work well, without any gender bias