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© 2013, General Electric Company. Proprietary. All Rights Reserved.

GE Power & Water


Aileen Barton

Energy efficient power

plant solutions with

opportunity fuels

Platts Caribbean Conference • January 24-25, 2013 • Nassau, Bahamas

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© General Electric Company, 2013.

GE Proprietary Information - The information contained in this document is General Electric Company (GE) proprietary information. It is the property of GE and shall not be used, disclosed to others or reproduced without the express written consent of GE, including, but without limitation, it is not to be used in the creation. manufacture. development, or derivation of any repairs, modifications, spare parts, or configuration changes or to obtain government or regulatory approval to do so, if consent is given for reproduction in whole or in part, this notice and the notice set forth on each page of this document shall appear in any such reproduction in whole or in part. The information contained in this document may also be controlled by the US export control laws. Unauthorized export or re-export is prohibited.

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Hydrocarbon consumption 2011 all sectors … energy, transportation

Hydrocarbon consumption, 2011 Million Tonnes Oil Equivalent

10,522 Total

41.2% 31.5% 27.3%

Million Tonnes Oil Equivalent, 2011

Source: BP 2011

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Forecasted growth and demand shifts

Hydrocarbon substitution predicted in the OECD

Source: BP 2012

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US Gas

… But this could change tomorrow

Sources: EIA, Platts

Asia LNG Oil $/MMBtu $/MMBtu $/BBL

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

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'06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

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'06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12

Decade lows

New peaks

$2.50

$15.80

WTI US Oil Brent EU Oil

Shifting constraints and opportunities

Gas supply constraint lifted

Nuclear constraints

Intensify

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

'06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12

$110

Geopolitics

Policy constraints on Iran erupt into an oil shock

Economic slowdown

constrains oil demand

EU Crisis

Shale gas Fukushima

6 Presenter and Event

1/24/2013

© 2011 General Electric Company. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be copied

or distributed in whole or in part, without prior permission of the copyright owner.

North America

• Shale gas • Coal syngas

• Carbon capture

• Bio-fuels

• Refinery off-gas

Latin America • Ethanol

• Heavy fuels

• Syngas

W. Europe

• LNG Wide Wobbe

• Coal syngas

• Carbon capture • Biofuels

E. Europe

• Blast furnace gas

• Coal syngas China


• Refining pet coke

• Heavy fuels • LNG Wide Wobbe

India • LNG Wide Wobbe



• Naphtha

• Ethanol

Middle East • Light crude

• Heavy fuels

• Carbon capture


Developed Regions

Emerging Regions

Asia

• Biofuels

• Coal syngas

• Carbon capture

Wider spectrum of fuels used for power generation

Economics driving new look at opportunity fuels for power generation


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Required fuels capability … broad range

Sour gas

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What technology to choose ?


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Fuel flexible gas turbine solutions …

• Efficiency … lower fuel consumption

• Air quality and carbon footprint

• Greater energy independence/autonomy/adaptability

Drivers:

… with no change in the availability, reliability and economics associated with traditional

natural gas operated units

High H2 Fuels Refinery gas Petrochemical gas Hydrogen power

Gaseous Fuels Natural gas Sour gas LNG LPG

Ultra/Low LHV Blast furnace gas BFG mixed Air blown IGCC Biomass gasification * 46-57%

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Liquid Fuels Naphtha

Distillates Crude oils Residual oils Bio-fuels

Medium LHV Weak natural gas Sour gas Landfill gas Coke oven gas Corex gas IGCC coal/petcoke

Expanded definition of available fuels …


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Technical challenges with opportunity fuels

Typical

composition

Lower Heating

Value kJ/Nm3

(Btu/scf )

Typical specific fuels Technical challenges

Ultra/Low LHV

gaseous fuels

H2 < 10%

CH4<10%

N2+CO >40%

< 7,400/3,800

(<200/<100))

Blast furnace gas (BFG)

Air blown IGCC-N2 enriched

Biomass gasification

Fuel flow

Low hydrogen content

Compression

Medium LHV

gaseous fuels

CH4< 60%

N2+CO2 = 30-50%

H2 = 10-50%

11,200-30,000

(300-800)

Weak natural gas

Landfill gas

Coke oven gas

Corex gas

Sour gas

IGCC – O2 enriched

Fuel flow

Combustion dynamics

Emissions

Operability

Gaseous fuels

including high

LHV gaseous fuels

CH4 = 90%

CxHy = 5%

Inerts = 5%

30,000-45,000

(800-1200)

Natural gas

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Wobbe index

Contaminants

CH4 and higher

hydrocarbons

CxHy > 10%

45,000-190,000

(1,200-5,000)

Liquid petroleum gas (butane,

propane)

Refinery off-gas

High hydrogen

gaseous fuels

H2 > 50%

CxHy = 0-40%

9,500-15,700

(250-400)

Refinery gas

Petrochemical gas

Hydrogen power

Flame speed

Combustion dynamics

Liquid fuels CxHy, with x>6 32,000-45,000 kJ/kg

(18,000-23,000) BTU/lb

Diesel oil

Naphtha

Crude oils

Residual oils

Bio-liquids

Contaminants: Sulfur,

vanadium, salts

Viscosity

Ash deposition

Lubricity

GT combined cycle solutions and case studies


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Heavy liquids gas turbine combined cycle plant

HFO 380

@200ppm V

Pre-combustion

Fuel Oil treatment Mg inhibition

Efficiency & availability Air quality control

Combustor Turbine SCR, FGD & ESP

Salts • Durability • Accessory upgrades

Flexibility and reliability Emissions

Inlet

Chilling

Horizontal

HRSG

ST

• S1N • Availability • Maintenance

Qualified vendors to guarantee performance

Fuel chemistry


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Value elements

High efficiency

Higher lifecycle output

Early power dispatch

Outage and maintenance planning

Operational flexibility Fuel flexibility

Life cycle cost optimization Cost

43-46% plant

efficiency

../../Documents and Settings/800033408/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Documents and Settings/MonettBr/Local Settings/GE-SEC Joint Committee/Meetings/Saudi April 18-21, 2010/SEC-COA/HFOCC Maint Schedule.xls


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Opportunity fuels … flexible solution

• 310 MW 2x9E combined cycle w/cogeneration steam.

• Increasing electricity capacity of Sri Lanka by 8%

• Heavy fuel oil operation since 2008

• Up to 50 ppm Vanadium

• Tri-fuel configuration

• 70 ppm NOx (with water injection)


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HFO to gas … the opportunity was right

Evaluation factors: External … air quality standards, HFO price, increasing availability of natural gas Internal … Cost to convert, plant output and efficiency, operational cost, emissions compliance, outage cycle time Results:

Output +5.0%

Heat Rate -0.9% Conversion cycle time ~40 days Emissions <15 ppm NOx Payback <2 years

~ One third of the fleet converted to date

Syngas and low BTU fuels

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Value drivers … process gas to power

Benefits

• Efficiency… more MW from the same Gas volume

• Operational flexibility … rapidly adapts to changing gas availability, minimizes flare

• Fuel flexibility where co-fire and back-up fuels are desired

Additional scope required for steel mills

• Syngas turbine adapted for lowest heating value

• Fuel gas compressor for low pressure fuel process gas

• Provided with the 9E BFG system

• Fuel gas cleaning – wet ESPs (electrostatic precipitators)


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Technology innovation Recovery gas

type Low availability Nominal availability High availability

Flow (Nm3/HR x 1000)

Thermal (MWh)

Flow (NM3/HR x 1000)

Thermal (MWh)

Flow (Nm3/HR x 1000)

Thermal (MWh)

BFG 336 305 499 452 554 502

COG 81 422 66 347 72 379

LDG 69 163 64 152 77 181

Total mix 486 890 629 951 703 1062

LHV of Mix with NG (kCal/Nm3)

1575 1300 1299

NG blending eliminated with technology innovation in the syngas GT

9E BFG Integrated Single-Shaft Gas Turbine & Fuel Gas Compressor

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Value drivers … waste fuel to power

• Higher efficiency GTCC power island with improved reliability and operational flexibility

• Economical to convert waste product to electricity

– Opportunities for selling excess electricity … increased ROI

• Prospects for polygeneration

• Other economical byproducts … steam, chemicals, electricity

• Feedstock flexibility … solids, liquids, gases

• Lower emissions … flare reduction, efficiency improvement

20 / AEIC2004.ppt GE Confidential Information

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Italy • 550 MW - 3 x SS109E

• Power/steam/hydrogen/desal

• GE Gasification

• Refinery residues

• Turnkey - 2001

• Project financed

• LBTU Syngas (~20%H2,

~30%CO, ~40%H2O) … 6400

KJ/Nm3 (~160 Btu/scf)

9E

Refinery IGCC Polygeneration


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Solids, liquids to syngas …

Gasification Gas Turbine

H2 & CO

(syngas)

Partial

oxidation

Solid feedstock is gasfied

MNQC Combustor

Diluent (N2, Steam)

Gas clean-up


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Syngas to hydrogen … CO2 capture

Gasification “Shift” Process CO2 Capture +

Compression

Gas Turbine

CO + H2O => CO2 + H2

(H2 rich syngas)

H2 & CO

(syngas)

H2

CO2

EOR or Storage

Partial

oxidation AGR & CO2 Compression Steam/Syngas Reactor

Solid feedstock is gasfied

Catalyst based Water-Gas converts CO to CO2

Acid Gas Reactor system removes CO2, which is compressed and piped off-site

MNQC Combustor

Diluent (N2, Steam)


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Flexibility … reliability … efficiency