Gas dynamics

Gas dynamics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics, concerned with the study of motion of gases and

its effects on physical systems. Based on the principles of fluid mechanics andthermodynamics, gas dynamics

arises from the studies of gas flows in transonic and supersonic flights. To distinguish itself from other sciences

in fluid dynamics, the studies in gas dynamics are often defined with gases flowing around or within physical

objects at speeds comparable to or exceed the speed of sound and causing a significant change

in temperature and pressure.[1]Some examples of these studies include but are not limited to: choked

flows in nozzles and valves, shock waves around jets, aerodynamic heating on atmospheric reentry

vehicles and flows of gas fuel within a jet engine. At the molecular level, gas dynamics is a study of the kinetic

theory of gases, often leading to the study of gas diffusion, statistical mechanics, chemical

thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics.[2] Gas dynamics is synonymous

with aerodynamics when the gas field is air and the subject of study is flight. It is highly relevant in the design

of aircraft and spacecraft and their respective propulsion systems.

Contents

1 History

2 Introductory terminology

3 Definition of a fluid

4 Real gases

o 4.1 Viscosity

o 4.2 Thermal conductivity

o 4.3 Diffusion

5 Shock waves

o 5.1 Stationary normal shock waves

o 5.2 Moving normal shock waves

6 Friction and compressible flow

7 References

8 See also

9 References

History

Progress in gas dynamics coincides with the developments of transonic and supersonic flights. As aircraft

began to travel faster, the density of air began to change, considerably increasing the air resistance as the air

speed approached the speed of sound. The phenomenon was later identified in wind tunnel experiments as

an effect caused by the formation of shock waves around the aircraft. Major advances were made to describe

the behavior during and after World War II, and the new understandings on compressible and high speed

flows became theories of gas dynamics.

As the construct that gases are small particles in Brownian motion became widely accepted and numerous

quantitative studies verifying that the macroscopic properties of gases, such as temperature, pressure

and density, are the results of collisions of moving particles,[3] the study of kinetic theory of gases became

increasingly an integrated part of gas dynamics. Modern books and classes on gas dynamics often began with

an introduction to kinetic theory.[2][4] The advent of the molecular modeling in computer simulation further made

kinetic theory a highly relevant subject in today's research on gas dynamics.[5][6]

Introductory terminology

Compressibility

Mach number

Diffusion

Gas dynamics is the overview of the average value in the distance between two molecules of gas that has

collided with out ignoring the structure in which the molecules are contained. The field requires a great amount

of knowledge and practical use in the ideas of the kinetic theory of gases, and it links the kinetic theory of

gases with the solid state physics through the study of how gas reacts with surfaces.[7]

Definition of a fluid

Fluids are substances that do not permanently change under an enormous amount of stress. A solid tends to

deform in order to remain at equilibrium under a great deal of stress. Fluids are defined as both liquids and

gases because the molecules inside the fluid are much weaker than those molecules contained in a solid.

When referring to the density of a fluid in terms of a liquid, there is a small percentage of change to the liquid’s

density as pressure is increased. If the fluid is referred to as a gas, the density will change greatly depending

on the amount of pressure applied due to the equation of state for gases (p=ρRT). In the study of the flow of

liquids, the term used while referring to the little change in density is called incompressible flow. In the study of

the flow of gases, the rapid increase due to an increase of pressure is called compressible flow.[8]

Real gases

The critical point.

Real gases are commonly referred to as ideal gases. Real gases are characterized by their compressibility (z)

in the equation PV=zn0RT. When the pressure, P, is set as a function of the volume, V, where the series is

determined by set temperatures, T, P and V began to take hyperbolic relationships that are exhibited by ideal

gases as the temperatures start to get very high. A critical point is reached when the slope of the graph is equal

to zero and makes the state of the fluid change between a liquid and a vapor. The properties of ideal gases

contain viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion.[4]

Viscosity

The viscosity of gases is the result in the transfer of each molecule of gas as they pass each other from layer to

layer. As gases tend to pass one another, the velocity, in the form of momentum, of the faster moving molecule

speeds up the slower moving molecule. As the slower moving molecule passes the faster moving molecule, the

momentum of the slower moving particle slows down the faster moving particle. The molecules continue to

enact until frictional drag causes both molecules to equalize their velocities.[4]

Thermal conductivity

The thermal conductivity of a gas can be found through analysis of a gas’ viscosity except the molecules are

stationary while only the temperatures of the gases are changing. Thermal conductivity is stated as the amount

of heat transported across a specific area in a specific time. The thermal conductivity always flows opposite of

the direction of the temperature gradient.[4]

Diffusion

Diffusion of gases is configured with a uniform concentration of gases and while the gases are stationary.

Diffusion is the change of concentration between the two gases due to a weaker concentration gradient

between the two gases. Diffusion is the transportation of mass over a period of time.[4]

Shock waves

A shock wave is a compressional force that is created by an abrupt change in fluid properties such as pressure,

temperature, and density. Shockwaves can be established in two types of flows: subsonic and supersonic. The

subsonic flow is adjusted by changes in the flow properties while the supersonic flow is the adjusted through

the change of the presence of an object.[9]

Stationary normal shock waves

A stationary normal shock wave is classified as going in the normal direction of the flow direction. For example,

when a piston moves at a constant rate inside a tube, sound waves that travel down the tube are produced. As

the piston continues to move, the wave begins to come together and compresses the gas inside the tube. The

various calculations that come along side of normal shock waves can vary due to the size of the tubes in which

they are contained. Abnormalities such as converging-diverging nozzles and tubes with changing areas can

affect such calculations as volume, pressure, and Mach number.[10]

Moving normal shock waves

Unlike stationary normal shockwaves, moving normal shockwaves are more commonly available in physical

situations. For example, a blunt object entering into the atmosphere faces a shock that comes through the

medium of a non-moving gas. The fundamental problem that comes through moving normal shockwaves is the

moment of a normal shockwave through motionless gas. The viewpoint of the moving shockwaves

characterizes it as a moving or non-moving shock wave. The example of an object entering into the

atmosphere depicts an object traveling in the opposite direction of the shockwave resulting in a moving

shockwave, but if the object was launching into space, riding on top of the shockwave, it would appear to be a

stationary shockwave. The relations and comparisons along with speed and shock ratios of moving and

stationary shockwaves can be calculated through extensive formulas.[11]

Friction and compressible flow

Frictional forces play a role in determining the flow properties of compressible flow in ducts. In calculations,

friction is either taken as inclusive or exclusive. If friction is inclusive, then the analysis of compressible flow

becomes more complex as if friction is not inclusive. If the friction is exclusive to the analysis, then certain

restrictions will be put into place. When friction is included on compressible flow, the friction limits the areas in

which the results from analysis in be applied. As mentioned before, the shape of the duct, such as varying

sizes or nozzles, effect the different calculations in between friction and compressible flow.[12]

References[

1. Jump up^ Rathakrishnan, E. (2006). Gas Dynamics. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-203-0952-9.

2. ^ Jump up to:a b Vincenti, Walter G.; Kruger, Charles H., Jr. (2002) [1965]. Introduction to Physical Gas

Dynamics. Krieger publishing company. ISBN 0-88275-309-6.

3. Jump up^ Einstein, A. (1905), "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte

Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen", Annalen der Physik 17 (8): 549–

560, Bibcode:1905AnP...322..549E, doi:10.1002/andp.19053220806

4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Turrell, George (1997). Gas Dynamics: Theory and Applications. J. Wiley.

5. Jump up^ Alder, B. J.; T. E. Wainwright (1959). "Studies in Molecular Dynamics. I. General Method". J.

Chem. Phys. 31 (2): 459. Bibcode:1959JChPh..31..459A. doi:10.1063/1.1730376.

6. Jump up^ A. Rahman (1964). "Correlations in the Motion of Atoms in Liquid Argon". Phys Rev 136 (2A):

A405-A411. Bibcode:1964PhRv..136..405R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A405.

7. Jump up^ Cercignani, Carlo. Preface. Rarefied Gas Dynamics: from Basic Concepts to Actual

Calculations. Cambridge UP, 2000. Xiii. Print.

8. Jump up^ John, James Edward Albert., and Theo G. Keith. Gas Dynamics. Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2006. 1-

2. Print

9. Jump up^ John, James Edward Albert., and Theo G. Keith. Gas Dynamics. 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall,

2006. 107. Print.

10. Jump up^ John, James Edward Albert., and Theo G. Keith. Gas Dynamics. 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall,

2006. 107-149. Print.

11. Jump up^ John, James Edward Albert., and Theo G. Keith. Gas Dynamics. 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall,

2006. 157-184. Print.

12. Jump up^ John, James Edward Albert., and Theo G. Keith. Gas Dynamics. 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall,

2006. 283-336. Print.